فهرست مطالب ناصر کلهر

Male infertility is a complex disorder that affects a large portion of the male population. However, the causes of infertility are mainly unknown. Proper and complete implementation of spermatogenesis requires the expression of many genes. So, stopping or disrupting the expression of any of them may lead to blocking or upsetting the process of spermatogenesis. Identification of such genes and evaluation of their function provides valuable information about the role of these genes in adult spermatogenesis. The present study investigated the expression of PRMT1 and MAPK14 genes in healthy and oligospermic individuals.

Semen samples of normal sperm and oligospermia were collected according to WHO standards from individuals referring to Qom University, Jihad Infertility Treatment Center, after obtaining their consent. Semen samples were assessed regarding the expression of PRMT1 and MAPK14 genes in normal and oligospermic groups using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The data obtained were analyzed with the independent t test using PRISM software. The significance level was set at P<0.05.

The study on cDNA from normal sperm and oligospermic individuals showed that the expression of the PRMT1 gene in oligospermic individuals increased 3.989 times compared to the control group, but the MAPK14 gene did not change significantly.

Increased expression of the PRMT1 gene in oligospermic individuals increases the process of apoptosis and ultimately reduces the number of healthy sperms.

Spermatogenesis is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by various genes. One of these genes that is likely to be effective in causing azoospermia is CLCA4. This study was conducted to investigate the association between rs763763348 and rs190628533 single nucleotide polymorphisms in CLCA4 gene and azoospermia in Iranian men.

In this cross-sectional study, blood samples were collected from 100 men suffering from non‐obstructive azoospermia referred to Jihad Daneshgahi Infertility Treatment Center in Qom, as well as 100 fertile men who had at least one child and had healthy sperm test. The DNA of the samples was extracted by salting out method. Then, Tetra-primer ARMS PCR technique was used to check single nucleotide polymorphisms and the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and male infertility was investigated.

The mean age of healthy people was 33.12±2.789 years and the mean age of patients was 32.54±2.571 years. The mean level of FSH hormone in healthy and sick subjects was 6.86±1.214 and 15.05±2.078, respectively (p<0.0001). The mean level of LH hormone in healthy people (4.12±1.04) and in sick people (11.44±1.54) showed a significant relationship (p<0.0001). In all studied subjects, the genotype of 100% of the subjects regarding rs190628533 was CC and the genotype of 100% of subjects regarding rs763334876 was GG. There was no significant difference between the healthy and sick groups in the evaluation of these two SNPs.

According to the results of this study, single nucleotide polymorphisms of rs190628533 and rs763334876 are not the cause of infertility due to azoospermia among Iranian men.

One of the most significant factors in the success of dental implant procedures, can be mentioned by the quality and quantity of jaw bone. The occurrence of some problems such as trauma, infection, pathological lesions and the long-term absence of teeth in patients, it causes irregularities in the jaw bone and can get bone resorption. Sever defects after trauma or tumor resection needs bone reconstruction. Sticky bone is a new biological agent that provides stabilization of bone graft in the defect, and therefore, ameliorates tissue repairing and decreases bone loss during healing period. In this study, the evaluation of sticky bone performance to reconstruction of defects in two patients jaw's bone was considered.

Two patients (1 male, 1 female) with an average age of 50 years underwent surgery, due to the history of tooth extraction. They had resorption of jaw bone for implant surgery. The teeth were 11 and 37. This study was performed in Al-Mortaza's Clinic, Qom province, Iran, from May 2016 to January 2017. 10 ml of blood were taken individually and centrifuged at 1300 revolutions per minute (rpm) for 8 minutes to separate the platelet-rich fibrin. Then, platelet-rich fibrin was combined with allogeneic bone to form sticky bone. Sticky bone prepared during implant surgery, with implant inside the patient's jaw bone was used.

The use of sticky bone to stimulate and induce bone resorption in toothless area was associated with increased implant's success. Sticky bone due to multiple growth factors, such as TGF-β1 and VEGF, usability is an appropriate and efficiency method for stimulation of bone resorption.

The avascular nature of cartilage tissue has posed a clinical challenge for replacement, repair, and reconstruction of damaged cartilage. Injuries to cartilage and osteochondral tissues can be due to osteoarthritis, sports, aggressive cancers, and repetitive stresses and inflammation on wearing tissue. Due to its limited capacity for regeneration or repair, there is a need for suitable material systems which can recapitulate the function of the native osteochondral tissue physically, mechanically, histologically, and biologically. One of the most important alternative methods introduced as an effective solution in this field is the Tissue Engineering (TE) strategy. The main goals of orthopedic tissue and medical engineering are the development of biological alternatives to repair, maintain or improve the damaged tissue and function of the cartilage organs. Three general components are involved in tissue engineering: (1) reparative cells that can form a functional matrix, (2) an appropriate biomaterial as scaffold for transplantation and support, and (3) growth factors, and cytokines that will support and choreograph formation of the desired tissue. TE scaffolds are designed to provide a 3D environment to support and direct cellular processes in their migration, proliferation, and differentiation toward functional tissue while promote angiogenesis in the in vivo implant of scaffold. The selection of bio-scaffolds for cartilage engineering requires excellent mechanical properties to support cellular functions, biocompatibility, capability of waste and nutrient transport, and sufficient structural integrity for joint reconstruction. Both natural and synthetic materials have been applied as cartilage tissue engineering biomaterial as scaffolds in a variety of forms, including fibrous structures, porous sponges, woven or non-woven meshes, and hydrogels. In recent decades, nanomaterial science has introduced new methods for improving and fortifying TE scaffolds, and lies on the forefront of cutting-edge TE strategies. These nanomaterials enable unique properties directly correlated to their sub-micron dimensionality including structural and cellular advantages. In this review article, it has been attempted to examine, in addition to a glimpse into cartilage tissue engineering, research studies and clinical trials in this area. This review article aims to provide a detailed overview of osteochondral regeneration and repair using TE strategies with a focus on research studies and clinical trials in this area.

The widespread use of effective vaccines against infectious diseases has been one of the most important public health progresses in the 21st century. Early vaccines containing weakened or inactivated pathogens or toxins may elicit robust, protective immune responses, but this approach cannot always be used because it is impractical and inefficient to culture large numbers of organisms, and lack of safety. In such cases subunits (e.g., microbial proteins or carbohydrate) are being considered as vaccine antigens. Since the subtypes of antigens often have weak immunogenic properties, they cannot stimulate the innate immune system. This property is probably the cause of the reduced efficacy of the vaccine. Adjuvants are molecules, compounds, or supramolecular complexes that boost the potency and longevity of specific immune response to antigens, but can cause minimal toxicity or long-lasting immune effects on human. Adjuvants can be used to enhance immunogenicity, modulate the type of immune response, reduce the amount of antigen or the number of immunizations required for efficacy, and/or improve the efficacy of vaccines in specific populations (e.g., newborns or elderly). The present paper reviews the different types of adjuvants and examines the characteristics and mechanisms of their performance.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a very complex and heterogeneous disorder that genetic and environmental factors have a significant contribution to its creation. PCOS is the commonest endocrine abnormality in 6 to 10 percent of women in fertility age that FBN3 gene is one of the most important candidate genes, for PCOS. This gene has 20 polymorphisms. This study examines the relationship between rs2303169 polymorphism in FBN3 gene in women with PCOS.

This study is a case-control study which is done on 100 women with PCOS and 100 healthy women. In this research, Tetra-ARMS PCR method was used to study the relationship between rs2390169 genotypes in FBN3 gene and the probability of getting PCOS in both patient and control groups. Connecting data from this study are analyzed statistically using SPSS software, chi-squared tests and Independent student t-test.

The results of the research showed no significant relationship between rs2303169 polymorphism in FBN3 gene and PCOS (P = 0.152). Also, CT and TT genotypes increased the probability of getting PCOS to 1,995 and 1,621 times towards CC genotype respectively.

For the first time, this study showed that there is no significant relationship between rs2303169 polymorphism in FBN3 gene and PCOS. However, relationship between polymorphisms of other genotypes in FBN3 gene and PCOS needs a wider research in greater populations and different ethnicities in the country. Key words: Polycystic ovary syndrome; Polymorphism; FBN3 gene.

Two decades have passed since platelet rich fibrin (PRF) was first introduced. The primary objective was to develop a therapy where platelet concentrates could be introduced into wounds by effectively utilizing the body’s natural healing capacity. This was achieved by collecting growth factors derived from blood in a natural way. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) and platelet rich growth factor (PRGF) had been commercialized, yet both contained secondary byproducts that were both unnatural and known inhibitors of wound healing. By removing these anti-coagulants and modifying centrifugation protocols, PRF was introduced some years later with the potential to markedly impact many fields of medicine including dentistry. Many aspects important for tissue regeneration have since been revealed including the important role of fibrin as well as the preferential release of growth factors over longer periods of time from PRF. Furthermore, by introducing a new set of cells into platelet concentrates, a marked impact on tissue regeneration and wound healing was observed. Further modifications to centrifugation speed and time have additionally improved PRF into a concept. Investigators began to modify surgical techniques to favorably treat patients with PRF with improved clinical outcomes. In this first chapter, we highlight the discovery of PRF and the studies leading to its first use in regenerative medicine. We focus specifically on its properties for wound healing and how its presented advantages over previous versions of platelet concentrates have favorably enhanced the regenerative potential of platelet concentrates in dentistry.

Parkinson's disease (PD), a degenerative disorder commonly affects the extrapyramidal system, is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. It has been shown that caloric restriction increases life expectancy, decreases the incidence of several age-related diseases, and preserves youth activities in a large scale of laboratory animals. Several studies have revealed that exercise may have neuroprotective effects and increase neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of caloric restriction diet on reserpine-induced catalepsy in a rat model of PD. 54 Wistar male rats were divided into 9 groups (control, exercise, PD, caloric restriction, PD + exercise, caloric restriction + exercise, PD + caloric restriction, caloric restriction+ PD II, and PD + exercise +caloric restriction). PD was induced by administration of reserpine (1 mg/kg, i.p). The bar- test was used to measure cataleptic symptoms. All animals in the Exercise group were forced to run on a motorized treadmill (24 m/min for 20 min, 5 days/week) for 3weeks. Animals in the caloric restriction groups were under 30% caloric restriction diets. Catalepsy was significantly lower in the caloric restriction + PD and PD + exercise groups than in the PD group. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in catalepsy was observed in the PD + exercise +caloric restriction group compared to the PD. Caloric restriction of 30 percent and treadmill exercise can improve reserpine-induced catalepsy in an animal model of PD. In addition, application of caloric restriction before induction of PD may reduce the severity of complications in PD, including catalepsy.

One of the most important involved factors in pregnancy occurrence following intrauterine insemination (IUI) is semen sample preparation. Recently, supernatant product of adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (SPAS) method has been shown to improve semen parameters.

To compare the effect of preparation methods in order to IUI, SPAS and density gradient centrifugation (DGC).

This trial was done on 80 couples with male factor infertility who attend jihad daneshgahi infertility treatment center of Qom province, undergoing ovarian stimulation and IUI cycle. Various semen parameters including motility, count, DNA fragmentation and capacitation were evaluated before and after preparation. The effect of semen preparation methods and influence of various semen parameters on pregnancy occurrence were examined.

The overall clinical pregnancy rate was 17.5% per patient with no miscarriage. The pregnancy rate for DGC and SPAS were 5% (2 of 40) and 30% (12 of 40) respectively. Since there is no significant difference in improving motion parameters between two groups (except recovery of total number of motile spermatozoa), it seems that these parameters alone are not sufficient to predict IUI pregnancy outcome whereas in samples with >25 million motile spermatozoa in inseminate, there was a clear trend for a higher pregnancy rate for the sample processed using SPAS.

Considering SPAS as a new and effective method leading to provide a combination of various improved semen parameters, is expected in near future.

Training with active learning approaches and student - centered are more effective to strengthen problem-solving skills in nurses. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of PBL method and lecture on nursing student's knowledge and performance in Qom Islamic Azad University.
This quasi-experimental study with two groups of pre-post test method was conducted during 2015 on 64 nursing students (in their third semester) who had chosen evaluation of health status course in Qom Islamic Azad University. The students were randomly divided into two groups of cases (32 persons). Having applied PBL and lecture during 2 week, knowledge and performance were evaluated via one questioner and checklist at the end of two months after the course. Data was analyzed using mean, standard deviation, Fisher, dependent and independent t-Test. The level of significance was 0.05.
Learning significantly increased the mean scores of knowledge (9.66 ± 1.92) and performance (4.16 ± 1.41) in the learning group based on problem solving in relation to the lecture group with (6/28± 1/9) for knowledge and (2/81 ± 1/71) for performance
There was no significant difference between the lecture group and the problem solving before the intervention in terms of level of knowledge (P = 0.574).
our results suggest that although both forms of teaching were effective, PBL seemed to be more effective than Lecture in improving knowledge and performance; because the instructor manage the process of discussion, give positive feedback, and conduct a summary.

Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA) is a slowly progressive form of diabetes managed with diet and oral hypoglycemic agents before becoming insulin requiring. Islet autoantibodies are used for differential diagnosis between LADA and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aims of this study were to investigate the frequency of LADA using islet autontibodies in population with T2DM and characterize clinical and biochemical characteristics of them.
In this cross-sectional study, 86 T2DM patients aged between 28-67 years were tested for the presence of autoantibodies by ELISA technique. The Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody, Islet Cell Antibody and Insulinoma Antigen2 Antibody were evaluated for diagnosis of LADA patients.
Of 86 T2DM, 35 (40.70%) were antibody positive and 51 (59.30%) persons were negative for any antibody. A significant difference was found between groups in age at study, insulin therapy, C- peptide levels and family history of autoimmune diseases. On the other hand, no significant difference was found between the two groups in other risk factors.
Among our T2DM subjects, the number of LADA patients were not high. Also, multiple autoantibodies were more frequent than single autoantibodies in LADA patients

Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA) is a form of autoimmune diabetes initially managed with oral hypoglycemic agents before becoming insulin requiring. One of the LADA risk factors is family history of diabetes (FHD) that less well understood. Our aim was investigate the influence of FHD on the incidence of LADA compared with those for type 1.
In this cross sectional study, 126 patients participated. Of these, 86 patients had type 2 diabetes and 40 persons were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. The two groups compared for biochemical, anthropometric and clinical characteristics. The GADA, ICA and IA2A assessed by ELISA technique used for diagnosis of LADA patients. Then, LADA and T1DM patients compared regarding diabetes mellitus family history.
According to the findings this study, 26 (74.28%) patients with LADA and 17 (42.50%) patients with type 1 diabetes had a family history of diabetes. Also, a significant association was observed between family history of diabetes and LADA. Mean concentrations of C-peptide in LADA patients with a family history of diabetes was 0.62±0.22 and in those without a family history of diabetes was 1.05±0.43 ng/mL, showed significant differences (p= 0.001).
Our study indicates that family history of diabetes could be a risk factor for LADA and that the effect of family history may be mediated through a heritable reduction of insulin secretion.

Spermatogenesis is a strictly regulated process in sperm production that is needed for sperm production transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulations. The cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding (CPEB) protein regulates cytoplasmic polyadenylation of mRNAs in oogenesis and spermatogenesis. The purpose of the present studywas examining the association between rs2303846, which is located at 3'UTR of CPEB gene, and Iranian male infertility.
In this case–control analysis, 140 blood samples were collected (70 fertile men and 70 infertile men). rs2303846 genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP method and the results were confirmed by sequencing. The differences in genotype distributions between cases and fertile controls were examined using Chi-squared analysis and SNPSTAT software. Corelation between this SNP and miRNAs was examined.
TT genotype was observed in 5 infertile men among 70 case samples, while all control samples showed CC genotype and there was a significant association in this difference (P= 0.023). This SNP exist in seed region of three miRNAs (hsa-miR-143-5p, hsa-miR- 6511b-5p, hsa-miR-3944-5p) and T allele causes seed destruction. In addition, T allele leads to the loose binding of all the selected miRNAs.
Our results indicate that rs2303846, which is located on CPEB1 is associated with the risk of infertility in Iranian population. Our bioinformatics analysis showed that changing the T allele of rs2303846, instead of C allele could loose miRNA binding to their target genes in our selected miRNAs. Consequently, the gene is stable and its expression continues.

Increased kidney disease in human societies is now one of the urologists concerns. Many of these kidney disorders can be caused by various drugs including blood pressure lowering drugs.

In this experimental study, 40 male wistar rats were used. The rats were divided into 4 groups of 10 including control, first, second and third experimental groups which received respectively water, 0.03, 0.06 and 0.08 mg/ kg methyldopa drug via gavage. After 1 month, these40 mice were anesthetized and their kidneys were removed.After preparing microscopic sections, they were stained using H & E staining and stained samples were observed with a light microscope. Then images of desired samples were prepared using a light microscope equipped with camera.

the obtained results shows that the consumption of high doses methyldopa drugs lead to disturbance in kidney function and related enzymatic processes. Moreover it can cause remarkable changes in different kidney layers.

regarding obtained results, prescribing methyldopa drug should be done more carefully.

Beta thalassemia is the most common autosomal recessive disorder. Up to now, more than 200 mutations have been identified, which affect beta-globin gene function and lead to lack of production or reduction of beta chain. This disease has a relatively high prevalence in Iran. Iran's population is composed of different ethnic groups, thus, determining the frequency and distribution of these mutations is essential in different parts of the country. Knowing the type and frequency of beta-thalassemia mutations in a separate area, could be necessary and useful in the prenatal programs of that area. This study was carried out with the purpose of determining the frequency of IVSII-1mutation of beta globin gene in thalassemia carriers in Qom province.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study, blood sample was taken from 50 individuals (mean age, 25±5 years) referred to Amir-Al-Momenin Laboratory affiliated to Qom health Center in order to determine the type of anemia in line with the pre-marriage tests that had given the diagnosis of minor thalassemia. In order to the identify and determine the prevalence of the IVSII-1 (G>A) mutation, DNA was extracted from 100 chromosomes from 50 beta thalassemia carriers by a commercial kits and examined using ARMS-PCR. Data were analyzed by t statistical test at the significance level less than 0.05.
IVSII-1(G>A) mutation with a frequency of 10%, was observed in the studied subjects.
Identification of this mutation with the frequency of 10% in Qom province indicates that the population of this region are at the exposure of the IVSII-1(G>A) mediterranean mutation. Therefore, this study can be beneficial in diagnosis programs of beta thalassemia mutations and prenatal screening.

Caffeine is a chemical and edible substance, which is found in some foods, such as coffee, cocoa, cola, tea, chocolate and some drinks. Caffeine is the most widely used drug among people and almost 90 percent of people are using it on a daily basis. Given that taking food and drinks containing caffeine including chocolate, tea and coffee is very high in Iran as well as its effects on cardiovascular disease is still not fully understood; hence, the purpose of this research was to study the effects of caffeine on cardiovascular diseases and to report the results of research conducted in this regard.Research

In this study, library collection, searching the scientific literature and papers were used. The views of relevant experts were also examined.

The results showed that using tea has no harmful effects on the cardiovascular system. According to obtained results chocolate consumption will reduce both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In general, drinking coffee causes increased blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, increased blood cholesterol, increased levels of homocysteine and increased risk of heart attacks. Several studies indicated fetal cardiac arrhythmias caused by excessive consumption of caffeine in pregnant women.

According to the results, green and black tea has no harmful effects on cardiovascular diseases, but in some cases positive effects have also been reported. Consumption of chocolate, cocoa and coffee have harmful effects on the cardiovascular system. Due to the effects of caffeine on pregnant women, consumption of coffee and caffeine should be reduced during pregnancy.

Although the presence of articular cartilage progenitor cells is already known, but due to lack of blood supply, its ability to heal is poor. In past, tissue engineering approaches has been mainly focused on the collection and culture of chondrocyte cells on biodegradable scaffolds such as polyglycolic acid in vitro and their autologous transplantation. Recently, due to the difficulties in collecting these cells, research have shifted to stem cells to chondrocyte production. Biological scaffolds with good mechanical properties are important factors for tissue engineering and to provide a suitable environment for optimal growth and differentiation of stem cells. In this study, the efficacy of three scaffolds including alginate, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and fibrin glue (FG) in creation of the perfect environment for the growth and differentiation of mesenchymal stem was evaluated. In this study, the alginate and PLGA and FG scaffolds were prepared and mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from adipose tissue. Then, these cells were cultured and differentiated on the three scaffolds, separately. After 2 weeks, chondrogenic gene expression analysis was performed for each scaffold by Real time PCR. The results of this study showed that the highest expression of chondrogenic genes was in the FG compared to other scaffolds. It was seen that natural scaffolds have a huge potential for appropriate growth and differentiation of cells.

In this study, it was done to evaluate the efficiency of both PRP and Fibrin Glue scaffolds in producing suitable environment for the growth of mesenchymal stem cells. In this study, the preparation of PRP and Fibrin Glue Scaffold were carry out and Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) isolated from adipose tissue. The mesenchymal phenotype of these cells was determined by mesenchymal surface marker using flow cytometry. Then, MSCs were cultured, and on the third passage (P3)stage, they were seeded separately on the two scaffolds and after 48 hours of cell culture, the ability of the scaffolds seeded cells was evaluated by MTT assay for cells viability. Flow cytometry results showed that human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell expressed CD44, CD90 and CD105 surface markers. Also, the results of this study showed that the active PRP could be creating a more suitable environment for the survival and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells in compare with Fibrin glue It is suggested that the PRP as a protective scaffold could be used for mesenchymal stem cells growth to provide effective strategies in order to tissue engineering development and regenerative medicine.

Various diseases and injuries can lead to loss cartilage tissue. Cartilage tissue engineering based on the use of stem cells which has provided a promising opportunity to repair damaged tissue. Recently، adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have captured considerable scientific and clinic interest because of their easy access، rapid expansion in vitro and ability to differentiate into diverse cell lines. The aim of this study was to introduce the pellet culture system as an in vitro model for cartilage engineering approaches. This experimental study was performed in Stem Cell laboratory، The Academic Center for Education، Culture and Research، Qom in 2013. In this study، ADSCs were isolated and expanded from human adipose tissue. The cells were centrifuged and the chondrogenic differentiation was performed in pellet culture system. Viability potential and chondrogenic genes expression were evaluated by MTT assay and Real-time PCR analysis، respectively. In this study، data statistical analysis was carried out by independent T-test. In this study، our obtained results using MTT assay and Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated cell survival ability and proliferation and also the expression of chondrogenic-specific genes at pellet in comparison with control group. It is suggested that this method can be used for induction of chondrogenic.

Peganum harmala from the zigophilauses family has compounds such as: alkaloid, saponine steroid and lignin which in used as a traditional medicine with antibacterial, anti-tumor, inhibition of MOA enzyme, and stimulation of the nerves system. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the methanolic extract of Peganum harmala on serum levels of thyroids hormones parameters of adult rats. In this experimental study, conducted at Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR) of Qom in 2012, 60 adult female rats weighed approximately 200±10 grams were divided into 4 groups: the control group, and 3 experimental groups (100,200,400 mg/kg Peganum harmala oral extract daily for 60 days). Finally by collecting the blood samples of the animals, serum level of TSH, T3 and T4 were measured and the collected data were analyzed via SPSS software utilizing ANOVA. The study results revealed that the 200, 400 mg/kg Peganum harmala extract significantly reduced the TSH, T3, T4 levels in rats, whereas experimental group of 100 mg/kg extract Peganum harmala did not demonstrate any significant changes. The study results indicated that the Peganum harmala extract might be used for treatment of hyperthyroidism and its related complications. However further studies are necessitated to explore this concept.

Background and Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most widely used cell sources for cartilage tissue engineering. In the present study, human stem cells were used as a cell source. Scaffolds play an important role in tissue engineering, therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the ability of fibrin scaffolds in chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs). In this study, after preparing fibrin scaffold, isolating mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue, and confirming their isolation the cells were cultured into fibrin scaffolds. Seven days after cell culture, their potential of survival and growth were evaluated using MTT assay. Finally, 14 days after the end of the chondrogenic differentiation, gene expression analysis and chondrocyte morphology formation was performed by Real time PCR and histology analysis, respectively. The mesenchymal stem cell viability, proliferation and expression of 4 specific chondrogenic genes significantly increased in a fibrin scaffold compared with those of the control group. Moreover, the formation of chondrocyte cells on fibrin scaffold was confirmed. Fibrin scaffold was found suitable for condrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Aim and Tissue engineering is a science using advanced techniques to repair damaged tissue and cause their recovery and reconstruction. The success of this process requires the presence of optimal and effective factors. Among the important factors in this success is to use appropriate scaffolds with wonderful mechanical and biological properties to provide an optimal growth environment and appropriate condition for the differentiation of stem cells. In this research, the evaluation of PRP and PLGA scaffolds efficiency in producing suitable environment for growth of mesenchymal stem cells was carried out. In this study, after preparing PRP and PLGA scaffolds and isolating mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue, the cells were seeded separately into two scaffolds and after 48 hours of cell seeding, the cells viability was evaluated by MTT assay. Our findings showed that both PRP and PLGA scaffolds were used as an ideal environment for the culture and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells. The obtained results of this study using MTT assay indicated that when the active PRP are used with mesenchymal stem cells, its efficiency was higher than PLGA. It seems that using PRP-derived scaffolds as a protective scaffold is better to be considered for mesenchymal stem cells growth to provide effective strategies for the development of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Cell therapy is one of the most principle and promising science in relation to treatment of many diseases. By attention to unique capability of stem cells, these cells can be for treatment as a valuable source in science and medical researches. However, there are a lot of problems in relation with use of embryonic stem cells, which has limited their use. Thus, requirement to find an alternative technique to produce these cells, is one of the most important concerns of scientists to improve and use of this science. Induced pluripotent stem cells, is one of these technologies. Different methods which have the ability of altering gene expression profile and cell proteins, cause to change cell morphology and function in reverse way to undifferentiated cells and generation of stem cells, are developing. These methods include nuclear transfer, use of cell extract and synthetic molecules, forced expression of defined genes and change in cytoplasmic levels. Nowadays, there are development in nonintegration ways, but about increasing efficiency of these methods, many researches are ongoing. In this article techniques, advantages and ahead opportunities in generation of ips cells are examined.