فهرست مطالب ناصر کلینی ممقانی

Throughout history, humanity has maintained a close relationship with nature. However, the rapid urbanization in recent decades has severely limited human interaction with the natural world. In the past decades, nature has often been perceived solely as a foundation of resources and its systemic ecological processes that sustain our life have been largely overlooked. This disconnection has led to a growing sense of alienation from nature and a gradual decline in people’s appreciation for the natural environment. This phenomenon, known as the extinction experience syndrome, coined by Pyle, manifests as a general apathy towards environmental concerns. Consequently, there has been a loss of support and regard for nature. This research delves into the underlying causes of humanity’s passive and destructive orientation towards nature by providing a brief overview of the theories of extinction of experience and biophilia. Furthermore, it investigates the criteria of biophilic design as a means to bridge the gap between humans and nature. By examining various studies that draw inspiration from nature, this research explores the design criteria and practical patterns for urban furniture. The research objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of different indicators of urban furniture design, inspired by nature in biophilic design, that are efficient in reducing the disconnection between citizens and nature. The research draws upon previous studies to define the design patterns necessary for achieving this objective.

This research adopts a descriptive (causal-comparative) and qualitative methodology. The data was collected through a literature review of previous studies using the bibliographic research method to understand the components that influence the design. After studying and categorizing the design elements associated with nature-inspired approaches, the design indicators were extracted. To assess the effectiveness of these elements, a visual questionnaire was administered featuring six street benches: five benches that designed through nature-inspired elements and the other with a direct interaction with nature. A total of 220 questionnaires were distributed among residents of district six of Tehran.

The results demonstrate that the incorporation of elements inspired by nature, such as form, geometry, materials, texture, natural colors, mechanisms, and nature stimulation, in urban design evokes interconnectedness with nature and engenders a sense of being in nature among citizens. This, in turn, leads to indirect interaction with nature, thereby reducing the extinction of experience. The expansion of positive attitudes, behaviors, and emotional connections represents a valuable outcome of mitigating the loss of experiential connection. Notably, the mere presence of flower beds and plants adjacent to the urban bench, aimed at facilitating direct interaction with nature, did not fulfill citizens’ need for comfort and relaxation as effectively as the biomorphic bench. The integration with the surrounding context appears to stimulate deeper patterns in the citizen’s unconsciousness, creating a sense of active engagement with nature. These patterns establish alignment with the functions of nature and redefine nature as a positive element. It is evident that design, at this point, holds a more significant mission than merely creating visually appealing forms. By embracing nature as the main design mentor, human society can move towards sustainability and resilience. The research introduces five indicators as key elements of biophilic design for street furniture, aiming to facilitate indirect interaction with nature. These indicators can be categorized based on their level of effectiveness as follows: Nature evocation: This element, achieved through metaphorical designs inspired by natural elements, has the highest level of effectiveness. It satisfies the psychological and interactive needs of citizens by creating a sense of nature’s presence, even in situations where direct interaction with nature is limited due to the constraints of urban life. These metaphors connect individuals’ minds to natural patterns, evoking a connection with nature that may not exist in reality. Nature Textures: The use of nature textures in design serves as the second effective element. Incorporating textures such as plant textures, wood, wool, cotton, and stone plays a vital role in reminding individuals the nature’s value and stimulates their interest in the natural world. Natural Mechanisms: Employing natural mechanisms in design, known as biomimicry, represents the next effective element. By implementing nature’s mechanisms, designers can harness the wisdom of nature, not only leading to energy and material efficiency, but also connecting humans with instinctive patterns through the involvement of natural mechanisms. Natural Geometry and Form: The fourth effective element is the application of fractal geometry. Integrating fractal patterns and seamlessly blending them with the background can generate visual beauty that harmonizes with nature. The form, as the fifth indicator, complements the element of geometry. Designing shapes that emulate natural forms and structures aids in establishing a more profound connection to nature.

Urban lifestyles have resulted in a diminished opportunity for individuals to interact with nature and develop a positive orientation towards the natural environment. Given that a significant portion of urban areas is dedicated to structures and buildings, and daily life predominantly unfolds in built environments, incorporating biophilic design elements that encompass encounters with nature, association with nature, and natural experiences can compensate for the disconnection between humans and their ancient origins in nature. The application of these three aspects of biophilic design can be tailored to the nature of the product or space and, in the case of street benches, nature inspiration is particularly suitable. The five elements encompassing form, material, color and texture, geometry, mechanism, and nature evocation can recreate the sense of interacting with nature for users during their engagement with the product. This indirect interaction with nature, as defined by Kellert, represents a significant step towards reducing the disconnection between citizens and nature while enhancing their level of engagement with the nature.

Design for positive emotions has moved to broader concepts, including overall life satisfaction followed by long-term effectiveness and satisfaction with product use, pleasurable interaction, and sensory pleasures. For this purpose, the present study evaluates the design process of joyful experiences as a case in urban furniture using persuasive design principles for the target group of children. This study used the descriptive method reviewing 30 studies conducted on the considered subject, and summarizing them in the research background section. The distinction between affections and influencing methods proposed by Tromp was examined using psychology. In this research, Fogg Behavior Model also helped as the base for all persuasive design and behavior change models to find and identify a lack of psychological elements. Therefore, successful global cases were selected to identify Joyful elements in urban furniture and compared them with 28 principles suggested by Kukkonen and Harjumaa in the framework of primary task, dialogue, system credibility, and social support groups. These principles can be used with qualitative features suitable for designing various products. Card sorting tools and participatory design were used to identify users' preferences, and the obtained ideas were developed using Lockton’s subjective ideation method, and ten 8-12-years-old users were asked to assess the three presented concepts in the frame of 9 emotional dimensions of the PrEmo Method. As PrEmo Method uses cartoon characters with sound and motion, it is more comprehensible for children. The research results indicated that final ideas obtained acceptable scores concerning positive affection, and the persuasive approach serves as a prominent factor and suitable guideline for designers to design exhilarating experiences and interactions. Moreover, these principles must be amplified to increase the user’s perceived experience quality.

In the last few years, the importance of emotional effects in the user experience has stirred some controversy about how to create a multi-sensory experience in products. Surrounding a wide range of products necessitates the creation of a pleasurable experience because interaction with each product creates a unique experience for all users. It can be said, products act as an emotional signal to users, whether designers add emotional features to products deliberately or not. Therefore, anticipation of users' emotional needs and accommodating them with product features, not only plays a crucial role in users' experience but also can be a factor in increasing the level of life quality. Besides, understanding products' emotional features can make a meaningful connection between users and their experience, and ignoring the sensory needs of users can exacerbate negative experiences and eventually take the product out of the production cycle. To wit, studying the sensory needs of users and extracting them in the form of quantitative and qualitative data can prevent future damages. Thus, this research by using the emotional design approach aims to answer this question: is it possible to create a valuable experience in the saffron mill by measuring five sensory characteristics such as pleasure, enjoyment, wish, interest, fascination, or not. Hence for achieving a better answer, two fundamental steps are used in this research; that is combining quantitive and qualitative methods that help to evaluate all test results accurately. In the first step, eight saffron mills were selected for the base experiment and after using by users, their results have recorded as a quantitive table. With this experiment and numerical results, a three-dimensional chart has been created showing products' sensory distances. In the second step to discover users' evaluation, different methods such as laddering questions, user observation, and team interviews has been used. The second step’s results have shown in a table under the name of standards, goals, and attitudes which was a pivotal starting point for creating a product character triangle and designing a new saffron mill. In this part, the new product is evaluated by users and its results have recorded in a numerical table and three-dimensional chart. It should be noted that all the steps of needs extraction have been done by the Pr-EMO method with a three-point Likert scale with three options: I feel, I feel to some extent, I do not feel at all. This study is in the branch of field studies in terms of method and time of data collection. The statistical population of this study has been purposefully selected from people who are very interested in cooking and use more saffron in their food. This research shows that by combining different emotions and creating a product personality instead of focusing solely on the assumed functional features, a more desirable, and lasting experience can be created for users.

Smartphones provide countless opportunities for users to get rid of negative emotional states and have more enjoyable experiences by interacting with others and digital content. Today game designers are looking for ways to improve the user experience to enhance players' experience by improving their connections with a game. On the other hand, modern education has taken a new approach through the conceptual combination of video games. Depending on several factors, players can experience emotions such as joy, anxiety, satisfaction, fear, or disappointment, while playing. In fact, two important questions that game designers need to ask themselves are why people play games and what motivates them to do so. It can be said that the main reason for the game for people is that "video games are now considered a human experience."In different style games, the player individually is informed about affairs, events, and processes that force them to take actions such as forecasting, planning, vital decisions, and finally sensitive management if the answers are accurate, correct, and intelligent Researchers such as have shown that such games have a significant effect on selective attention, working memory, spatial visualization, reaction time and even processing speed. For all the reasons mentioned, in this study, an attempt has been made to examine the type of interest of people in different styles of games, in order to be able to help game developers.Kansei Engineering System Kansei is a Japanese word that comes from the heart of Japanese culture and is a kind of psychological feeling or product imagination that has no direct equivalent in the vocabulary of other languages. The term is actually derived from Japanese culture, which is closely related to the characteristics of this culture. The concept of kanji is very much related to the concept of personal feelings. In this research, an attempt is made to help game developers to design games that are of interest to users by using the Kansei engineering system. Researcher made questionnaire In this research, the Kansei engineering system was used to evaluate products. At first, different styles of mobile games were studied. According to a study on a variety of smartphone games, the results obtained on the styles of these game categories are action, words, puzzle, simulation, driving, hobby, strategy, sports, and music. Then, based on the opinions of activities in the field of designing games, one or two games were selected from each group. The semantic differentiation method (5 scales) was used to prepare the questionnaire. For this purpose, first, the words and vocabulary related to the scope of the games were collected, out of about 70 words, 15 words "boredom, pleasure, excitement, cheerfulness, fun, fear, stress, addiction, violence, empowerment, despair, futility, Peace, challenge and usefulness" were selected. This study was conducted on five groups of 11 to 15 years, 16 to 19 years, 20 to 25 years, 26 to 35 years, and 36 years and above. Using a simple non-probability sampling method, 32, 31, 31, 25, and 24 people answered the questionnaire for each age group, respectively. 16 games were included in the online questionnaire along with Kansei words also, at the beginning of each game, users were asked to fill in the options for that game if they were familiar with it. After analyzing the results of the questionnaire, the correlation coefficient was used for clustering Kansei words. Words that were close in correlation coefficient were numerically related to each other, regardless of the semantic relationship.

The score of each Kansei word in different games for each age group was analyzed. Kansei's words for the game of call of duty had the highest score among all the games in all groups. In the age group of 26 to 35 years, the cooking fever score was also at the level of the call of duty game. In the age group of 11 to 15 years, Amirza game had the lowest score and most words in this game had a score of less than 2. In the age group of 16 to 19 years and 20 to 25 years, Talking Angela had the lowest score and most of the words in this game had scored less than 2 and 2.5, respectively. In the age group of 26 to 35 years and 36 years and above, cooking fever had the lowest score, and most words in this game had scored less than 3 and 2.5, respectively.The highest score in each cluster. In the age group of 11 to 15 years, the game of sudoku was the most frequent among all clusters. In the age groups of 16 to 19 years, 20 to 25 years, and 36 years and above, the game Call of duty was the most frequent among all clusters and in the age groups of 26 to 35 years, Angela's game was the most frequent among all clusters. Finally, in the age group of 36 years and above, in addition to Call of Duty, clash royale and street racing games were also more frequent among the clusters.

In this study, we tried to identify users' feelings towards different game styles by the Kansei engineering system and extract the features considered by different age groups and use them in designing games. In all groups, the word entertainment had the highest score and the word fear, violence, and despair had the lowest score. Call of duty was also very popular among all age groups due to factors such as graphics, social interactions, sound effects, narrative structure, 3D images, and realism. It can be concluded that in designing any style of play and for any age, creating a sense of the real world for individuals will be the key to success. Also, paying attention to the mental and emotional states of people, according to their age, will be very effective in designing the game. In addition, it is recommended that future studies can be conducted on various gaming platforms (eg PCs, tablets, etc.) besides examining different game designs, neurologically.

The spread of the coronavirus has changed people’s lifestyles and behaviors. These changes have taken place in various area including transportation. People have different options for intercity transportation, including public, private and bicycle transportation systems. Different countries and cities exhibited different behaviors in the amount of their use of these transportation systems before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of Covid-19 on the use of different transportation systems and compare them with each other. This study used a Likert questionnaire in 2 parts to examine various transportation systems in Shiraz and Tehran. The questionnaires were responded by 7 women and 9 men. Participants included those who had used the BDOOD bike system before or after the coronavirus outbreak. Also, ANOVA analysis and the t-test were used in one part. The results of this study suggested that the use of the BDOOD bike system decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, the use of private vehicles increased, but the use of public transportation decreased. Public transport was the most common means of transportation before the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, while private vehicles were mostly used for transportation in the post-Corona period. In addition, interesting results were obtained from ANOVA analysis of age and gender with different transportation means. This study is an attempt to recognize the transportation pattern and changes that it has undergone due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Its results can be used in the planning and decision-making of transportation-related institutions.

The industrial designer is always in transition between different roles in industry and art. From Charles Ames’s point of view, industrial design is a statement of goal. When the goal has been achieved, it can be judged as a work of art if the design is good enough. Gosili presented industrial design basics by presenting the criteria of shape and form, application, ergonomics, function, culture, aesthetics, visual communication, and innovation. A deep connection between architecture and industrial design has caused these two areas of design to have common styles. According to Sottsass, one of the most successful Italian architects and industrial designers, “Industrial design is micro-architecture.” It can be said that architects work in large volumes and industrial designers work in smaller dimensions. In the field of traditional Iranian architecture, professor Pirnia’s studies in the field of Iranian historic architecture and his proposed principles are very valuable. Five principles have resulted from his efforts in scrutinizing the traditional Iranian architecture, including Inwardness, Human Scale, Self Sufficiency, Avoiding Non-essentials, and Structural Rigidity, and Homogeneous Proportion. This research has four

first, evaluating industrial design styles according to product design criteria; second, evaluating Iranian historical products in different eras; third, investigating the possibility of applying professor Pirnia’s principles with the basics of product design and eventually determining the position of Iranian historical products in prehistoric, historical and Islamic eras in comparison with industrial design styles.

In this study, the data was collected by interviewing ten industrial designers who were experts in styles and movements. After studying a brief definition of each style, the interviewees, educated in the field of industrial design, were asked to comment on the five products designed in this style, according to the product design criteria and in the form of 5- point Likert scale. A total of 43 industrial design styles and movements were evaluated. One or two products from each style or movement were furniture because most industrial design styles have produced products in this field. The obtained data were analyzed using Spss 23 software. In order to evaluate the historical products of Iran in different eras, which are three prehistoric, historical and Islamic, the five principles of professor Pirnia were used. Industrial design experts rated the historical products of these three eras based on the five principles of professor Pirnia and in the form of a 5-point Likert scale. Then the exploratory factor analysis of the data was performed. According to the exploratory factor analysis on evaluating industrial design styles with product design criteria and Iranian historical products with the principles of professor Pirnia, the expert’s opinions were categorized to man, art, and industry. In this regard, the Iranian products in three historical eras with industrial design styles were compared in three-dimensional space by installing a plugin called Kamakura analysis tools in Excel 2010 software and a Scatter chart. Then, the distance formula between two points in the space was used to determine the distance between each style with historical products.

Exploratory factor analysis on evaluating the styles and movements with product design criteria and the results of assessing three eras of historical products with the principles of professor Pirnia were valued 0.731 and 0.637 in the KMO test, respectively. This confirms a balance between the data and variables. Therefore, it is not necessary to delete variables to achieve a higher value. The value of the Bartlett test with an error level of less than 0.05 is also significant, which shows that the correlation matrix of factors with variables is not a single matrix. In this part of the study, three factors were made from a set of eight variables in the first part and six variables in the second part. Since the made factors follow the concepts of man, art, and industry, they were named with these titles according to the experts’ opinions in the interviews

By measuring the distance between each historical era of Iran with industrial design styles and movements in a three-dimensional diagram, it is possible to compare the traditional Iranian products with their respective cultural and geographical criteria with industrial design styles. The chart analysis shows that throughout history and with the genesis of different styles and movements of industrial design, the importance of art has decreased regarding the negative slope of its trendline. In contrast, the importance of man and industry is incremental regarding the positive slope of its trendline. Regarding the historical products of Iran, over time, human participation in the products has decreased, while the role of industry and art has become more important. This research enables researchers to evaluate each type of product based on these three criteria and estimate the product style in comparison with Iranian historical products or industrial design styles and movements. Determining the style of the artifact can reflect the designer’s view and purpose to some extent.

The Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a very helpful method to analyze the customer''s desires with solutions of problems along a new design to generate high quality and competitive developed products to generate high quality and competitive ergonomic products and processes. This method employs a wide range of applications for translating customers’ needs into technical requirements to fulfil customer satisfaction. In the present study a QFD analysis was performed to improve design of school furniture in Tehran. The study extended the widely used QFD into a complex set of customers’ needs about the school furniture and showed the step-by-step application of QFD that focuses on the first matrix or House of Quality (HOQ) matrix. In the first set of analysis، the quality requirements were considered، and the issues of scheduling were subsequently evaluated. The analysis was started by identifying the problem statements، specifying the objectives and designing the scopes of school furniture. One hundred sixty boys and girls students of three high schools، located in three different areas of Tehran، participated in the present study. Student’s requirements were collected and translated into the technical requirements using QFD. Data gathering was carried out through survey، questionnaire distribution and structured interview. The collected data were then analysed to find the best solutions of the problems. The results of HOQ matrix، were used to provide suggestions and solutions to decrease the problems. From students’ points of view comfortable seat was the most important issue which may cause back، neck and leg pains. The other important issues were height of the table and chair and comfortable support. Moreover، dimensions of table and chair، space for tools، ease of use and enough space in book bookshelf، appropriate slope، additional equipment and no damage to clothes were placed in the next level of priorities. Also the results showed that student’s requests are quite simple and feasible with low cost. As، students’ prior request from designers is to solve ergonomic and dimensional problems. Almost all of the classroom equipment have been found with low quality in comparison with company’s products. The latter shows that the equipment، with priority of tables and chairs، need to be improved immediately because low quality school furniture may cause several serious physical or mental problems for students. The study also showed that QFD method can help demonstrators to ascertain inter-relationship between operation requirements and measurements of performance. The current study indicated that how furniture defects can lead to student satisfying or exhausting during education process. According to the HOQ، improvement of table and chair designs may solve furniture problems and satisfy students، but confirmation of this issue needs a time course analysis study after using the product. QFD has been proven to be an effective means of process and product deployments، and it is a proper method to solve problems along with school furniture in the future. This study provides basic information about student and their requirements in classroom by which future studies could solve student''s problems with school furniture and equipment.

In marketing mix، mental image of a company among different target groups and their emotional responses toward brands، play an important role. Corporate awareness of their brand image among potential and actual audiences in the market، is a valuable input that reveals the compliance rates of their branding strategies and the real facts in the market. This can help companies to define organizational perspectives and strategic plans and draw new horizons for their short term and long term activities. With this in mind، the aim of this research is to investigate the brand image of top-selling mobile phone manufacturers amongst a group of young design students in the telecommunication sector of Iranian local market. Iranian population constitutes one of the youngest countries in the world; on the other hand the young designers are generally considered as ICT-savvy individuals that steer the market inclinations. Therefore، this segment of users has been selected as the target group. To achieve the aim of this study، the Kansei Engineering method is utilized for verbalizing the associated qualities of the brand images. This method is a practical and useful tool for extracting and evaluating psychological reactions and emotional responses toward a specific brand. To find customer''s perception of brand images، six brands were chosen respectively as followed in alphabetical order: Apple، HTC، LG، Nokia، Samsung and Sony. According to their relevance for brand characteristics، 30 Kansei pair-words have been selected. One hundred Design university students (fifty boys and fifty girls) aged between 18-30 years old participated in the study. Each participant separately filled series of questionnaires regarding each brand which given them randomly. In order to analyze the obtained data، factor analysis method has been used to find the internal relation between the image and the aforementioned Kansei words which are corresponding to psychological mapping of the subject mindset towards these brands. The results of this study showed that in Iran''s mobile phone''s market، there is meaningful difference in brand images among boys and girls. Using Kansei Engineering and the 5-points Semantic Differentiation methods، revealed these differences well. On the other hand، it was found that brands with specific and planned strategies in market، have more sustainable and identical brand image among boys and girls. From strategic point of view، this study indicated the typical strengths، weaknesses، opportunities and threats ahead of studied brands. Also it exposed some tips and hints for these brands for empowering their brand images in the market. So، the outcomes of this survey could be used by all six studied brands for developing strategies، new products، marketing campaigns and market segmentation projects at the near future. At the future، this research could be done for broader target groups in Iran''s mobile phone market for extracting the same data and results. Also the same studies could be arranged in further markets such as home appliances، computer products، audio and video products، home furniture، etc. for analyzing the brand image of active companies in mentioned markets.

Cognizing environment in human vision-system is complex process. Part of this process is perceiving image elements and attention signals in general. In the other hand، extracting special description from image elements. It is assumed that the environment scene is a kind of Image. According to this description، it is justifiable to interpret image according to the Gestalt theory principles. The human vision system could distinguish a few number of data from each other’s. Even، some components having spectacular similarity. In Gestalt principles the rule of color and orientation are defined as important as others highlight factor in emphasizing images. To evaluate and test this quotation and psychological experiment is designed to find the correlation of orientation، attention zone and area in an image. The tests are prepared in two parts. In first section، evaluating the ratio of understanding images، establish on consequent of color-limitation and gravity of image layer. In the second part، measuring and recording the characteristics of pattern and attention zone in images. Fifty fine arts university students، aged between 20 to 31 years، participated voluntary as subjects in this study. The result of this part is especially useful in communication and product design. It is possible in which images have spun vicinity between partial and global main components of gestalt happens conflict. The result of this quarrel is observing attention to the image. The things attract human attention is called pattern. It would cause to attract attention to some parts of image. Perceiving attractive elements and patterns، in an image has direct correlation to the invisible factors in background of image. The matters are conceal in inter-layer of image are formed from mutation of color. This color is distributed in all the image which create color spot or color area. From the other point of view، correlation of area and attention in the image is an important question in this research. However، area is not a mono-player of observing attention. As already mentioned، in this research the images which analyzed using MATLAB according to the color limitation are defined in two parts. In first part of test، finding the mutual relation of understanding image using oriented Gestalt image. It is kind of template matching test. In Gestalt theory، the rule of experiment is too significant. In second part، finding attention point in image base on color limitation on gravity point of image layer. The results of this section redefine the meaning of pattern and background in image. It should be noted that، the result of this investigation is shown that the human being vision system interested in finding conspicuous factors in image. The art of designer in composing visual element to understand meaning of image using gestalt principles. Result of research could be used in graphical، communication and product design. Some aspect of attracting attention to something would be find in traffic-sing and safety design factors. For future، would continue and develop this experiment to find relation of understanding image and attention in cosmetology and camouflage design.

Customer satisfaction is the major concern to many leading companies throughout the world.Customer satisfaction is the major concern to many leading companies throughout the world. More firms use satisfaction ratings as an indicator of the performance of products and services and as an indicator of the company’s future. As lately shown companies that are able to identify customer needs and align these with their core competencies are those who champion innovation. Innovation champions combine their vision and core competencies with customers’ knowledge when creating new products.Product development is a complex task in which a great deal of human physical resources, methods, and tools are involved. Understanding and identification of users needs are the important factors in product development process. Manufacturing enterprises are increasingly focusing on satisfying individual customer needs in a highly competitive global market. A constant challenge for manufacturers is how to deal with the customer satisfaction, which in turn largely determines the customers’willingness to buy the products.The Kano model is the effective one theobviousand hiddenusers needsandclassify themin terms ofproductfunctions. The present study addresses the role of Kano methodin developingnew products that are both functionally and emotionally satisfying the customer’s needs. The Kano model of customer satisfaction classifies product attributes based on how they are perceived by customers and their effect on customer satisfaction. The Kano method builds from the premise that a combination of the level of functional fulfillment and emotional satisfaction that a customer receives from a product relates to the customer’s assessment of the product’s quality. Kano model distinguishes three types of product requirements that influence customer satisfaction in different ways. The three different types of qualities are 1) the must-be or basic quality, 2)one-dimensional or performance quality, and 3) The attractive or excitement quality. Besides these three, two more quality types can be identified: the indifference and reversal qualities. Kano and his research team group proposed that the functional and emotional aspects of each product, varied across a product’s attributes, and that designers should target the proper combinations of functional fulfillment and emotional satisfaction when designing product attributes. The case studyhas been presented in this paper represent the design of dinnerwarebased on Iranian user's feelings using the combination of two the Kano classification system and the self-report classification approach. Based ontheGestaltelements of the products, thirteen attributes were chosen. The attributes were then studied in two kinds of questionnaires. The first questioner contained functional and dysfunctional questions of Kano model. In the second one, the subjects were asked to express their own perception to rank these attributes within Kano categorization.37 university students (20 women, 17 men) participated voluntary as subjects in this study.The results indicated the fact that Iranian users consider the functions of type of arrangement of the dishes for each person and usage of curve and free forms as attractive requirements in the design of the dinnerware.The resultsshowusingcombination of these twomethodswillenhance thequalityandvalidity offindings.

In our daily lives hand tools are often used in many work situations. With respect to design characteristics, hand tools can be considered a risk factor when a high level of repetition are required or when awkward postures are adopted. Therefore attention to ergonomics design rules for hand tools is the most important factor in design process. With this in mind, the aim of the present study is to evaluate a new model of home stripper which designed based on ergonomics rules. Ten healthy female subjects participate in this study. Seven tests were considered for each subject. The subject was instructed to strip a cucumber using six commercial models as well as with a new model, separately. The surface electromyography (EMG) signals were recorded from three muscles: biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and flexor digitorum. To make possible the comparison between models in all experiments varied between the subjects, the raw EMG signals was normalized. For biceps brachii muscle, the analysis of variance revealed that there was no significant difference on the mean EMG data among all models, however muscular activity for the new model of stripper was found lower than the other models. The results indicated that the changes among the mean EMG data of models for triceps brachii, and flexor digitorum muscle were found significant. Tukey tests shows that differences between the EMG data for the new model with one commercial model were significant. A new model with commercial models of stripper was tested to evaluate the effects of design characteristics on EMG signals. The results of this study show that muscular activity is mostly related to specific design of hand tools considering form, shape and product design aspects.

Design process consists of multiple coherent stages in which a lot of factors involve and their impact on each other is inseparable. Design is a process of transfer, translates, and interact the concepts and internal ideas of designer through sketches. Visual reasoning is the main factor in connecting designer's knowledge and experiences through sketch and continues till achieving a satisfactory result. This is a systematic way of using sketches to set up a new sub-goal that can then trigger a reasoning process through mediating sketches. Sketch is a vital part of conceptual design stage of a new production. Sketch has a special set of attributes that help the human mind in translating descriptive propositional information into depictive information. Sketch can be the key factor in stimulating and improving design creativity. Developing creativity and old ideas, reinterpreting ideas, simplifying idea retrieval and old information that emerge to simplify different visual ideas, are among the usage of sketch. The process of graphic representation can be defined as a conversation with oneself, in which we can communicate with sketch. This communication process is in relation with the image drawn on a paper, eye, brain and hand. In addition to making temporary decisions, sketch enables us to evaluate and interpret a design analysis without omitting other options. It has been shown that sketch illustrates how we think of problems, not what we think of them and therefore it is very important. Sketch produces knowledge and on the other hand knowledge is revealed via sketch. This shows the interrelation between design knowledge and sketch. It is more obvious that sketch describes objects faster than writing and it is a stimuli and linking tool that develops a relationship and interaction between all of the ideas and mentality. Illustration is a special crisis for a creative designer. He/she should depend on a plenteous collection of visual memory. The affluence of this collection depends on active and extended visual perception. Using sketch notebook is an appropriate way of collecting visual language and accurate observations, as it gives priority to seeing rather than watching. The importance of drawing in design process is that each signing action is an external depiction of part of the information. Most of design sketches enable the designer to have flexible thinking in different contexts. Creative designers expand their skill in effective free-hand sketches and use them while thinking. The designer uses sketch to think about current functions and revising them and find new spatial relationships and edits old spatial relationships. Conceptual sketches are produced fast, not only to adjust designer's primary ideas, but also is an effort to understand and introduce the problem. Free-hand sketches facilitate lateral transfers (movement from one idea to another with a little difference) and prevents early fixation and helps solving problems and extracting ideas. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the key role of sketch in design process and also suggest a proper method for reforming the efficiency of design process regarding the advantages of sketch.

Traditional industrial design focuses on a product's functionality and its physical features, while today's design requires different perspectives and approaches for increasingly complex design problems. Therefore, the attention of designers is shifting from mere usability and efficiency to playful, explorative, pleasure and emotion. Over the last decade, new opportunities have emerged for designers to create technological systems that engage nearly every aspect of human experience. Interaction design represents the embedding of information technology into new territories of our every day life. It is commonly viewed as a recent trend in human-computer-interaction that focused on designing user experiences with technology. It has been defined a shift of focus from what a thing does as we use it to what we do in the acts that define use. In other words, interaction design is a special method of design which want moved attention from the visual presentation of spatial form to the act presentation of temporal behavior. Interaction represents many behavior, communication and affection between human and product, human and system or human and human. Interaction design studies aims to investigate, evaluate and define these behaviors, affections and communications and trying to achieve desired performance and satisfaction for users. This method of design is a perspective of many diverse components like culture, perceptual information, sensation, essence, material, function and feeling. As a matter of fact in interaction design theories, a designer should study and explore much more than just product's function. One of the most branches to be studied in the field of interaction design is perceptual information which includes physical interaction. Hand tool, widely home-used are the range of products that just for their industrial and outlook cant be interacted appropriately by an individual home-user. Therefore, a hand tool drill is used as a case study in this paper to find how different perceptual information can be presented in product parts. This part of our study includes two phases, "user task analysis" and "usability evaluation". In this regard, there are three different and important roles in assisting user operations which used in our study to evaluate user operation tasks: "behavioral information", "conventional information", and "assemblage information". When the subjects performed the main tasks, operational processes were clearly investigated. Ten subjects participated in this study and were asked to perform the tasks and then determined subjective evaluation. A seven-level Likert scale was used to measure the difficulty level of each subtask in the current study. The data from observations were analyzed principally based on the way users operated the hand tool drill and its related parts. All finding and results indicated that drill's industrial aspect from view point of form and colors, and other product specifications such as heavy, loud sound, needed to precise control due to high speed, were most important factors which have affect to interaction between human and product. This paper demonstrates perceptual information approaches to understanding variety aspects of interaction design and incorporating them into design processes. However, research in this domain is still in an exploratory stage.

Background and aims   Recordings of electrical activity in the muscle and surface electromyography (EMG) have been widely used in the field of applied physiology. In parallel to  recording of the EMG, the detectable low-frequency vibration signal generated by the skeletal  muscle has been known and well documented. As the nature of the signal has been progressively   revealed, the term of mechanomyography (MMG) has been proposed by a recent review. The  main mechanism of the MMG generation has been considered to be sound pressure waves due to  the dimensional changes, i.e., lateral expansion of the activated muscle fibres.   Methods   Low-frequency vibrations produced by muscle fibres are clearly distinguishable from  the EMG, because MMG and EMG exhibit differences in response latency, spike duration, and  frequency. During voluntary contraction at constant force the MMG frequency content does not   change significantly.   Results   This suggests that the frequency of MMG signal is directly related to the absolute force level of the muscle, irrespective of fatigue phenomena. At low force contractions, in contrast to   EMG signal, the changes in the amplitude content of the MMG are more consistent with muscle  fatigue. This indicated that the amplitude of MMG signal might be recommended as a method to  improve the objective and reliable detection of muscle fatigue induced by low force contraction.   Conclusion   MMG is most likely a valuable supplement to EMG as a non-invasive method to  examine various aspects of muscle function including fatigue, electromechanical delay, muscle fibre type patterns, age related changes in muscular performance, muscle atrophy, and neuromuscular performance.