نرجس اکبری

Human interferon gamma (hIFN-γ) as a pleiotropic cytokine, modulates both innate and adaptive immune networks and is important to the function of virtually most immune cells such as macrophages and T lymphocytes. It was originally discovered, and named, as a secretory factor that interferes with viral replication. The hIFN-γ has a multitude of roles in immune modulation and broad-spectrum pathogen defense including fungal, bacterial, and viral infections. In 1986, early clinical trials of IFN-γ initiated to evaluate its therapeutic potential. The initial studies focused on the tolerability and pharmacology of IFN-γ and systematically determined its antitumor and anti-infection activities. Nowadays, it has been approved for treatment of chronic granulomatous disease and malignant osteopetrosis, and its application as an immunotherapeutic agent against cancer and inherited and autoimmune disorders is an increasing prospect. The hIFN-γ has been heterologously expressed in different expression systems including prokaryotic, protozoan, fungal (yeasts), plant, insect and mammalian cells. However, these expression systems did not reveal satisfactory results in terms of yield, the biological activity of the recombinant protein or economic viability. Thus, it is essential to find an efficient expression system to produce glycosylated recombinant hIFN-γ with correct folding, biologically active and a high half-life in the bloodstream. The review aims to gather available information from previous studies on the production of hIFN-γ and provides direction to future researches in this field

The creation and continuation of a wound resulting from surgery can cause various complications, including pain, swelling, inflammation, infection, dysfunction, delay in the treatment process, and lack of beauty. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine and investigate the effect of low-power laser treatment on complications after crown lengthening surgery.

The present double-blind clinical trial study was conducted in 2020-2021 on 12 patients who needed crown lengthening surgery on two premolar teeth on both sides of the jaw. Immediately after the surgery, and on the first and third day after the surgery, each volunteer randomly received laser radiation on one side of the jaw. On the other hand, radiation was not performed despite the placement of the device in the mouth. Tissue edema and tissue color were evaluated on the first, third, and seventh days after surgery. Pain intensity assessment was also done 24, 48 and 72 hours after surgery. Data were analyzed using Kendall, Friedman and Mann-Whitney tests.

The improvement of tissue edema in the irradiated group was significant compared to the non-irradiated group during the first week (P=0.00), but the improvement in tissue color did not show a significant difference between the two groups (P=0.057). The difference in pain intensity 24, 48 and 72 hours after surgery was not significant among the groups (P=0.707, 0.812 and 0.974) and the improvement of pain intensity during consecutive days was not significant in the irradiated group (P=0.164).

In the present study, low-power laser did not have a significant effect on improving tissue color and reducing pain after crown lengthening surgery in the case group compared with the control group, but it was effective in improving tissue edema after surgery.

Today, due to the high prevalence of infectious diseases and the risk of infection transmission in dental clinics, the control of infectious agents is critically important in dentistry. Given the importance of proper autoclave performance in dental processes, the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of autoclave devices in the sterilization process using biological methods in dental clinics in Birjand. In this analytical cross-sectional study, all 65 dental clinics in Birjand were included. After collecting the questionnaire about equipment sterilization process and the characteristics of the autoclave, a vial containing spores of Geobacillus stearothermophilus was used for biological monitoring of autoclave devices. At the end of the autoclave cycle, the biological vials were incubated for 24-48 hours at 55 °C. Data were analyzed using Chi-Square or Fisher exact tests in SPSS 18 software. Among 46 clinics (71%) participating in this study, 36 clinics (83.7%) used class B autoclave. Out of 34 (77.3%) clinics that monitored the performance of the autoclave, 24 clinics (70.5%) used the chemical method, 6 clinics (17.5%) used the physical method and 4 clinics (12%) used biological methods. In the biological monitoring of the autoclave sterilization process in this study, the performance of one autoclave (2.2%) was reported to be inappropriate and this had a significant relationship with the number of autoclave uses. Despite the fact that biological monitoring of autoclave performance was not carried out in many dental clinics in Birjand, the results of this study showed that the autoclaves of a large number of dental clinics had good performance in the sterilization process. Given the importance of validating autoclave performance in dental processes, the quality control of autoclave devices in dental clinics can be taken into consideration.

Communication skills are critical in the present era. Due to their professional position, dentists require competent skills for proper rapport with colleagues and patients. This study intended to determine the interpersonal communication skills and the related factors among dentists in Birjand, Iran.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed in 2020 on 120 general and specialist dentists who were selected through consensus sampling in Birjand. The standard Dental Consultation Communications Checklist (DCCC), with 31 items was used as the data collection tool, which was filled out by 99 participants. The data were analyzed through t-test and analysis of variance using SPSS software.

There were 44 (44.5%) general and specialist dentists with the age range of 30-39 years. The mean score of interpersonal communication skills was 75.114± 834.22 for general dentists and 73.123±226.19 among the specialist dentists. There was no statistically significant relationship between the variables of age, sex, academic rank and work experience with the dentists’ score of interpersonal communication skills. The mean score of the participants’ communication skills was significantly higher after having passed the communication skills training course (P-Value<0.05).

The results of the study detected that "communication skills" of dentists ranged from medium to high and due to the positive impact of training on communication skills, planning for courses on effective communication skills and holding practical workshops in this field should be prioritized to improve interpersonal communication among dentists.

Mental health is one of the important dimensions of health and it is considered as one of the areas of health assessment in different societies. For any effective action in the first step, properly monitor the current situation. Therefore, the present study was conducted to Study and compare the stress, depression and emotional intelligence between students Birjand University of Medical Sciences.

In this descriptive-analytical study, the population of our study was all students of different degrees of doctoral and undergraduate students at Birjand University of Medical Sciences. The school year was 1396-97. Sampling was done randomly. In this study, Beck depression questionnaire was used to assess the emotional intelligence. The standard questionnaire for SSEIT-33 was used to assess depression. The Dass 21 questionnaire was used to assess the stress. Data analysis was done using SPSS 18 software.

In the current study, the incidence of depression was 49.4% of which 21.9% had a mild depression, 9.8% had a moderate level of depression, and 17.7% of students had severe depression. In the present study, there was no significant difference between mean score of stress and depression with the students' level (P> 0.05). There was a significant difference between the mean score of intelligence and the students' level (P <0.05).

Regarding the prevalence of depression among students of Birjand University of Medical Sciences, this rate is very high, which should be worried about the future of young people, especially medical students, and appropriate decisions and facilities to reduce the incidence of depression by relevant authorities.

It is believed that forests are effective in producing water, preventing floods and reducing soil erosion. Today, using advanced techniques and the latest technologies, floods are directed to aquifers, to make optimal use of the minimum rainfall, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. It is possible to create vegetation and especially to create a forest park in the urban suburb of arid and semi-arid areas. Therefore, this study seeks to evaluate the role of flood spreading in the creation of tree vegetation. Therefore, in this study, soil moisture storage and the amount and speed of permeability in the treatment without flood spreading and flood spreading in arboreal vegetation (dense forest) were investigated. The results show that the cost-effectiveness index in flood spreading treatment with tree cover is less than flood spreading treatment without tree cover (rangeland). In fact, combining flood spreading with planting trees is less than planting shrubs at 88000 Rials per cubic meter of water. Therefore, by using flood spreading technology and combining with suitable tree species, in addition to increasing the effectiveness of moisture retention, more water can be stored to penetrate the aquifer into the soil.

Mothers are the main key to improving the oral health of children, and their beliefs in this area are very influential on the way children's oral care works. The aim of this study was to determine the status of knowledge, attitude and performance of mothers about the preventive behaviors of dental caries in 4-6 year old children based on integrated behavioral model. This descriptive analytic cross sectional study was conducted on 275 mothers with 4-6-year-old children referring to Birjand Comprehensive Health Services Centers in 2018. They were selected through randomized multi-stage cluster sampling method. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the constructs of the integrated behavioral model, whose validity and reliability were checked and verified (Cronbach's alpha = 0.99). Data were analyzed by SPSS software (Version 19) using one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc test, linear regression and Pearson correlation coefficient. Mean score of mothers' knowledge was 5.03 ± 2.48 and mean score of mothers' performance was 2.64 ± 2.11. There was a positive and significant correlation between performance scores and the mean scores of different constructs of the integrated behavioral model (P <0.001). Regression analysis indicated that the variables of knowledge and behavioral control were effective variables on performing preventive behaviors of dental caries. Based on the results of this study, knowledge and behavioral control constructs was predictor of the preventive behaviors of dental caries. It is suggested that this model be used to examine other health behaviors.

Academic achievement is one of the important indicators in the evaluation of higher education system. in this regard, problem-solving skills are among factors influencing students’ academic achievement. the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between problem-solving skills and academic achievement of students at Birjand University of Medical Sciences. This study is a descriptive-analytic, correlational study in which 342 students studying at Birjand University of Medical Sciences were selected via a stratified random sampling method in the academic year of 2016-17. the data collection tools comprised of a demographics form, Hepner & Petroson Standardized Problem Solving Questionnaire, and students’ total GPA scores as indicators of academic achievement. Data analysis was performed by SPSS18 using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage), Pearson correlation test, independent t-test, and, analysis of variance. The majority of participants in this study (58.5%) were girls. Based on Pearson correlation test, there was a significant positive correlation between problem-solving and academic achievement. There was also a statistically significant difference between the students' GPA scores in terms of gender and student's faculty (P <0.001). But the score was not found significant differences between male and female students' problem-solving. Given the direct relationship between problem-solving and academic achievement of students, it is suggested that teachers put the learner in a position of solving problems rather than forcing them to rote learn concepts, methods, and rules so that they can see themselves in the real scene and face the problem and solve it.

Oral health is one of the components of primary health care and the principles of an important part in the prevention of tooth decay. The present study has been designed to examine oral health in staff and teaching hospitals of Birjand University of Medical Sciences in 1395.
This descriptive cross-sectional study on 385 staff and teaching hospitals of Birjand University of Medical Sciences carried out who were selected by stratified proportion sampling method. For data collection, WHO Oral Health Questionnaire was used. The questionnaire assessed 29 questions for oral hygiene (9 behavioral questions, 10 questions dental problems and 10 questions for other areas of oral health). Data were collected and then entered and analyzed with SPSS version19 software (Manvitni test, Kruscal valice test and p 95.6% of employees used a toothbrush that 70.6% brushed at least once a day and 50.6% use dental floss. 76.4% visited a dentist at least once a year and the main reason for referral was treatment and dental pain and the average of oral health behavior score from 9 points was 7.49±1.1 and problem score from 10 points was 1.41±1.6 and the problem score mean in those with under high school education level is significantly higher than other educational groups (p The results of this study showed that staff and hospitals of Birjand University of Medical Sciences had favorable status and therefore oral problems were little.

Aims: Considering the existence of fungal contamination and the close contact of dentists with the oral cavity of their patients, the question raised here is whether addressing the dental profession can be considered a risk factor for oral candidiasis with Candida albicans? This study aimed at investigating the relationship between dentistry and oral colonization of Candida albicans.
This case-control study was conducted among 72 individuals in Birjand, Iran in 2016; they were selected by random sampling method and divided into 2 groups: The case group consisted of 35 dentists working in Birjand and the control group consisted of 37 non-medical personnel of Birjand University of Medical sciences. The samples were obtained from rear surface of the tongue and salivary secretions. Individuals with positive culture results were considered Candida albicans oral carriers. The data were analyzed by SPSS 18 software, using Chi-square and Fisher exact tests.
Findings: Although the number of positive culture results in Candida albicans oral carriers (17.1%) was twice more than in control group (8.1%), there was no significant difference between two groups (p>0.05)
The dentists are at risk of contamination and oral colonization of Candida albicans not more than what non-medical personnel are.

Oral cancer is one of the ten most frequent cancers worldwide. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), may play a key role in human cancer development. Inflammation occurs in cancers and increases oxidative stress agent COX2 over expression in oral premalignant lesions. Several studies showed COX2 inhibitors con improve antioxidant system. The aim of this study is the evaluation the effect of topical and systemic celecoxib on serum antioxidant in induction of tongue neoplasm in rat. m aterials and Fifty male Sprague Dawley adult 3-3. 5 month's old rats were used as animal model in this study. The tongue SCC was induced by a daily administration of 30 ppm 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO), in drinking water, for 8 months. The rats in case groups received dietary or topical CCB. CCB powder was added to powdered basal diet and e ach rat received CCB with daily food. Adhesive Gels were prepared by mixing the base plasty with oral paste including two different dose of CCB. These groups include: group A» 30 ppm 4-NQO treatment; group B» 30 ppm 4-NQO+dietary CCB treatment; group C» 30 ppm 4-NQO+topical low dose CCB treatment; group D» 30 ppm 4NQO+high dose topical CCB treatment and group E» dietary CCB as control+water. Statistical analysis showed significant differens between groups in total antioxidant, hemoglobin and nutrophilic count. Topical CCB can use as adjuvant treatment for premalignant lesions