فهرست مطالب نرگس صالح نیا

Climate change is among the vital phenomena related to human societies, and its consequences have been demonstrated, particularly in recent decades, with varying intensity in many regions of the world. The importance of climate as one of the fundamental aspects of human life has never been as significant as it is today in macroeconomic and social issues. Analyzing climate change's economic impacts necessitates precise national and local analyses. Although numerous global studies examine the economic effects of climate change, limited research has been conducted at local levels within countries, especially concerning Iran. This article attempts to provide a comprehensive analysis of the susceptibility of the country's provincial economic production to climate change by utilizing a new dataset of weather conditions in the provinces from 2000 to 2020 through the random forest algorithm of machine learning subsets. Studies indicate a significant relationship between weather and sectors beyond agriculture, forestry, food security, tourism, health, fisheries, livestock, mining, and energy. Weather conditions can directly or indirectly impact various economic sectors, and their effect on economic activities is inevitable. However, research results regarding the impact of weather fluctuations face varied findings. Drought, with a higher recurrence than floods, poses more significant challenges to the economy on scales beyond local levels.

Today, the increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and its adverse environmental effects have been noticed more than ever. In this regard, The main goal of this research is to investigate the impact of CO2 emissions on the tourism income of selected countries that are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) during the annual period of 2008 to 2019 using the panel quantile regression model. The quantile panel regression estimation results show that carbon emission (LCO2) hurts tourism income in all deciles except for the first, second, fourth, and fifth deciles. The rest of the deciles have statistical significance. Gross domestic product (LGDP) positively and significantly affects all deciles. Trade openness (LTRADE) positively affects tourism income in all deciles except for the fifth, sixth, and seventh deciles. The rest of the deciles have statistical significance. The number of incoming tourists (LTN) up to the sixth decile positively affects tourism income, and the seventh and eighth deciles have no statistical significance. The governance index (GOV), except for the second, third, and fourth deciles, has a negative effect. However, in the rest of the deciles, it positively affects tourism income, and the sixth, eighth, and ninth deciles have statistical significance. The exchange rate (LEX) negatively affects tourism income in all deciles, and except for the first decile, the rest have statistical significance.

Current research seeks to investigate the role of per capita consumption of renewable energy, carbon emissions per capita, trade openness, and urbanization growth rate on life expectancy by using quantile-on-quantile regression (QQR) modeling in the annual time frame from 1965 to 2022 for Iran. The results show that the per capita consumption of renewable energy has a positive effect on life expectancy. This positive relationship was stronger in the quantiles (0.6 to 0.95) of per capita consumption of renewable energy and the quantiles (0.7 to 0.95) of life expectancy. Also, carbon emissions per capita hurt life expectancy in some quantiles and have a positive effect in some quantiles, and this negative relationship in quantiles (0.05 to 0.95) of carbon emissions per capita and quantiles (0.6 to 0.95) life expectancy has been stronger. Also, trade openness and urbanization growth rate have positively affected life expectancy. Thus, the findings of this research show that governments should identify their potential in renewable energy sources and design policies such as tax regulations or relevant incentives to encourage investment, consumption, and production of renewable energy, which can help achieve the goal of sustainable development and life expectancy.

Investigating the effect of oil price uncertainty on the Tehran Stock Exchange index is of great importance because with increasing uncertainty in oil prices, the systematic risk of the stock market index increases. On the other hand, in oil exporting countries such as Iran, oil revenues are among the most important and influential factors in macroeconomic variables and, consequently, financial market indicators. The present study investigates the effect of oil price uncertainty on the Tehran Stock Exchange index using the wavelet-based quantile regression model (MODWT-MRA) during the period April 2011 to April 2021 in Iran.. The results of the model estimate showed that with the increase in oil price uncertainty, the Tehran Stock Exchange index will decrease. According to the results, the effect of oil price uncertainty on the Tehran Stock Exchange index in the first few quantiles has a smaller coefficient than the final quantiles, so the negative effect of oil price uncertainty on the Tehran Stock Exchange index in recent months is more than the first months. Also, the coefficient value on the component 5 scale is much higher than the component 1 scale; Therefore, the negative effect of oil price uncertainty on the Tehran Stock Exchange index in the short run is much greater than the value of this effect in the long run. This is because in the long run, the investor will adjust to the uncertainty.

Ensuring energy security is one of the most vital goals for countries that seek sustainable economic development because fluctuations in global energy markets lead to economic instability for energy-exporting countries (such as Iran). Also, developing countries (such as Iran) have reasons to worry about energy security. First, they cannot apply imported energy technologies, which leads to dependence on foreign know-how. Second, these countries need better governance to manage energy technologies effectively. Third, in cases of disruption due to natural or man-made events, the energy infrastructure in these countries is more vulnerable. In this regard, the current research seeks to investigate the role of the energy security risk index and inflation rate in improving the economic stability of Iran by using the very new approach of quantile-on-quantile regression (QQR) modeling in the annual period from 1991 to 2021. The results show that the quantile (0.5 to 0.7) of the energy security risk index and the quantile (0.4 to 0.9) of economic stability indicate a negative relationship. Therefore, the energy security risk index causes economic stability to decrease. Also, in quantile (0.1 to 0.95) inflation rate and quantile (0.1 to 0.7) economic stability have a negative relationship, and in quantile (0.6 to 0.95) inflation rate and quantile (0.7 to 0.95) economic stability has a positive relationship. Therefore, a high inflation rate hurts economic stability in the long run. Thus, the results show the importance of international cooperation in developing a more sustainable energy system that increases the security of energy supply and economic stability.

Renewable energies have the ability to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Still, in previous studies, less attention has been paid to their role by emphasizing two sources of wind and solar energy. Therefore, the current research seeks to investigate the role of renewable energy consumption, wind and solar energy consumption in reducing per capita carbon emissions (CO2) by using the very new approach of quantile-on-quantile regression (QQR) modelling in the annual period from 1990 to 2021 and for Group of 7 (G7) countries. The QQR econometric approach investigates how the per capita consumption quotients of renewable energy, wind and solar energy have an asymmetric effect on the per capita CO2 emission quantities by providing a sufficient framework to understand the overall dependence structure. The results show that the use of renewable energy, especially wind and solar energy, as an alternative to traditional energy sources (fossil energy) can lead to a significant reduction in carbon emissions. More precisely, it can be concluded that the per capita consumption of renewable energy and the per capita consumption of wind and solar energy have had a negative effect on per capita carbon emissions in all G7 countries and in all quantiles (0.05 to 0.95). However, in some quantiles, this negative correlation was weaker. In this way, the need to pay attention to the development policies of renewable and new energies and to provide solutions to have a greater impact on the reduction of CO2 emissions in the environment is of great importance.

The relationship between economic, financial, political risks and per capita carbon emission (CO2) is considered as one of the major global challenges. The effect of these three factors on carbon emissions is very important. Therefore, the current research seeks to investigate the role of economic, financial, and political risk in reducing per capita carbon emissions (CO2) by using the very new and fresh approach of quantile-on-quantile regression (QQR) modeling in the annual period from 1990 to 2018. The statistical relationship between the variables mentioned in Eviews12 and Matlab2022 software platform has been investigated for Iran. The results show that the economic risk variable in all quantiles (0.5 to 0.95) had a positive effect on carbon emissions per capita in all quantiles (0.5 to 0.95), and this positive relationship was relatively stronger in the quantiles (0.3 to 0.95), of the economic risk variable. the financial risk variable in all quantiles (0.5 to 0.95) had a positive effect on carbon emissions per capita in all quantiles (0.5 to 0.95), and this positive relationship was relatively weak in all quantiles (0.5 to 0.95) of the financial risk variable, as well as Politics risk has a positive effect on carbon emissions per capita in all quantiles (0.5 to 0.95) and this positive relationship is relatively weak in all quantiles (0.5 to 0.95) of the Politics risk variable. Thus, the need to pay attention to Iran's economic, financial, and political stability to improve the environment's quality and reduce carbon emission (CO2) is very important.

In this research, the effect of central bank sanctions on the accumulation of financial capital of the private sector will be investigated in the framework of a Post-Keynesian model of SFC. The reason for using this model is the suitability of the post-Keynesian approach to the research topic. Post-Keynesian market economics states that if the social is to be realized automatically, the government must step in as a market firm that aims or changes the outcome in a desirable way, with minimal interventionist policies, to achieve social action. Post-Keynesians are against the role of the government in the economy and believe that the markets need the support of the government in order to manage the management. In this research, macroeconomic modeling was done with an accounting approach. This approach gained popularity after the Great Financial Crisis of 2007, which brought macroeconomic problems to many developed countries. The matching model used in this research provides the possibility of connecting the real and financial aspects of the economy in a coherent and integrated framework, which is an important advantage of these models compared to the common classical models. The research model is made in such a way that it records the changes made in the whole system when one of the parameters is modified by changing the behavior of each of the parts involved in the model. This feature allows the model to reflect the consequences of fiscal or monetary policy as well as exogenous shocks such as sanctions and shows how the balance sheets of individual sectors are interdependent .First, the model is estimated using the data of Iran's economy for the period 2010-2015, and then this model is simulated to create a basic scenario for the period 2001-2011, based on which the shock effects of the central bank sanctions in three scenarios, weak sanctions (in which 80% of foreign exchange resources return to the country), moderate sanctions (in which 50% of foreign exchange resources return to the country) and strick sanctions (in which only 20% of foreign exchange resources return to the country) for a period of 50 It has been simulated and analyzed. The results of the research show that sanctioning the central bank and restricting its access to foreign exchange resources resulting from the trade surplus can have adverse effects on other sectors of the economy in addition to the central bank itself. Sanctioning the central bank will reduce the accumulation of financial capital of the private sector, which can disrupt the economic production by reducing the resources necessary for private sector investment and create the grounds for the economy to enter recession. Also, the extent of this effect depends on the severity of the sanctions, and with the tightening of the sanctions, the accumulation of financial capital of the private sector is more affected. If the sanctions are permanent, it will cause the financial capital of the private sector to reach its stable state after a few years of reduction (depending on the severity of the sanctions), at a lower level than before. The thing to think about is that the more severe the sanction, in addition to a sharper decrease in the financial capital variable, it will take much longer for the variable to reach a stable state. This time will be about 10 years for a weak permanent embargo, about 15 years for a medium permanent embargo, and about 20 years for a severe permanent embargo. According to the post-Keynesian theories, the duty of the government is to intervene in the economy and prevent the formation of recession. In this regard, the effect of the two expansionary financial policies of increasing government spending and reducing taxes that the government can do is to prevent the reduction of financial capital accumulation. The private sector was investigated. The results of the research showed that these policies have a positive effect on the accumulation of financial capital of the private sector and Yolet can reduce the severity of the negative effects of sanctions on the accumulation of financial capital of the private sector by applying them. This means that if the government wants to prevent the reduction of the accumulation of financial capital of the private sector due to the sanctions of the central bank, it has to impose a budget deficit on itself. It is clear that the government's budget deficit has consequences for Iran's economy. Whether the government's intervention in the economy is the right thing to do in this situation or not, it needs further study and examination and comparison of the negative consequences of the government's budget deficit and the decrease in the accumulation of private sector financial capital in Iran's economy. But what emerges from the results of the research is that the sanction of the Central Bank has harmful effects and consequences on the Iranian economy and affects all sectors of the economy.

The decrease in the marriage rate and the increase in the divorce rate in the last few decades are among the changes in the family institution. The growth of the divorce rate is considered as one of the severe harms of the change in the family institution, which brings with it the expansion of numerous social problems. The status of the economic factor is an influencing factor in divorce because economic disturbances cause quarrels and conflicts between the spouses, other effective factors are social and culture status, etc. There is a parallel relationship between the trends of macroeconomic developments in Iran and the trend of divorce. On the one hand, the unfavorable situation of Iran's macroeconomic variables and on the other hand, the significant increase in the number of divorces in Iran for the past few decades, make it important and necessary to examine the impact of macroeconomic indicators on divorce.

The two-stage least squares method has been used to investigate the effect of economic variables on the divorce process in Iran (1370-1400; 1991-2021). The estimation of the equations has been done in a systematic way. This issue has been analyzed with the help of simultaneity bias and diagonality test. From identification problem over specified equations are confirmed.

The results show that the effect of unemployment and inflation on divorce is likely to be significant, their coefficients are equal to 0.70 and 0.14. There is a direct relationship between women's participation in the market and the divorce rate; its coefficient is 0.74. Also, there is a simultaneous relationship between the average age of women at first marriage, this variable, and the divorce rate.

The economy is an influential factor in couples' decision to get divorced. Therefore, to reduce its rate, the unfavorable situation of economic variables should be improved. The role of women's participation rate in the labor market is significant, but it should be noted that part of it can be due to the previous context. That is, couples have decided to divorce, due to bad economic conditions, social disturbances, personal factors, etc., but women's lack of independence has been an obstacle to divorce, with the woman's employment, ultimately, divorce takes place.

Considering the upward trend of the inflation rate and the relative stabilization of the nominal interest rate in Iran, this question becomes important: how have the stock returns of different industries reacted to these two macroeconomic variables? In this article, the effect of inflation and interest rate on stock returns of different industries in Iran is investigated empirically according to monthly data of the period April 2010- March 2022 using Panel-ARDL model. First, to make the comparison between stock indices of different industries possible, these indices were homogenized based on a base month and then the model was estimated. Empirical results show that inflation in the short and long term has a positive and significant effect on the nominal returns of stocks of various industries for the period, but inflation has a negative and significant effect on the real returns in the long term. The nominal interest rate in the short and long term causes a decrease in the nominal and real returns of stocks of various industries. In addition, the variables of exchange rate, global oil price, and liquidity were also considered as control variables. These results show that stocks have not been able to protect against inflation in the long term, and monetary authorities should pay attention to its effects on the stock market when managing interest rates.

Sustainability is basically an exchange challenge that shows environment is under pressure to improve the human’s quality of well-being. Some of the introduced indicators, such as ecological footprint, environmental sustainability, environmental performance and human development, have received more attention. However, the lack of a comprehensive index that considers both economic and environmental criteria to measure sustainability can be seen. This subject seems to have been considered in the ecological intensity of well-being. Dietz. Rosa and York first introduced the index in 2012, defining it as the per capita pressure imposed on the environment for each unit of human well-being to measure sustainable development. For the first time in Iran, this study calculates the value of this index for the years 1996 to 2017 for Iran and predicts it for the years 2018 to 2022 using ARMA models and R software. The results show that despite the increase in the ecological footprint over the past three decades, the value of the EIWB has been almost halved, which indicates the improvement of life expectancy during this period.

Today, many risks, including economic, financial, and political ones, threaten the economies of countries. On the other hand, governments try to manage the negative consequences and neutralize or minimize their impact on the economy. A review of the situation shows that most underdeveloped and developing countries, especially those rich in natural resources (resource rents), have been severely affected by these internal and external shocks (resource curse) due to their high dependence on oil revenues; in contrast, developed countries have suffered less by adopting appropriate policies. The purpose of this study is to construct and introduce a composite resource curse vulnerability index and then investigate the impact of each of the economic, financial, and political risks on the resource curse vulnerability index. Therefore, using the latest available data, the econometric approach of panel data was performed for 14 selected countries in the Mena region from 2005 to 2018. Results indicate an inverse and significant relationship between independent variable risks on the dependent variable (resource curse vulnerability index), which confirms the research hypotheses.

Financial rules can prevent budget fluctuations by regularizing the financial relations of the public sector. This research analyzes four financial rules in the framework of the Stock-Flow Consistent model. These rules are government spending as a constant ratio of GDP, government budget deficit as a constant ratio of GDP, government debt as a constant ratio of GDP, and a balanced budget. The simulation results of the research model for 50 years (2011-2061) show that the choice of financial rule can differ depending on the government's goals, the desired time horizon, and the economic conditions. Among the examined rules, government spending as a fixed ratio of GDP is optimal in the condition of oil sanctions, since it reduces the negative effects of oil sanctions on the selected macroeconomic variables of the model. Considering the importance of choosing a financial rule in accordance with changing economic conditions, such as an oil sanction, it is suggested that the rules should be designed considering the requirements of the country's economy and the goals of the policymaker, and get revised with changes in economic conditions or changes in the priority of goals.

In recent decades, the inflation rate in Iran, in addition to having an upward trend, has also experienced many fluctuations over time. On the other hand, the industry index, as one of the important indices of the stock market, shows the performance of the stock market and the state of the industry and production of each country, which is also affected by macroeconomic variables such as inflation. Therefore, investigating the effect of inflation on the industrial index of the Iranian stock market provides important results. Therefore, this paper has experimentally investigated the effect of time varying inflation on the Iranian stock market industry index using conditional regression (WLS-Rolling Window) with monthly data during the period from April 2018 to March 2018. Conditional regression results show that the effect of inflation on the industry index is not constant over time, in the sense that inflation has had a positive effect on the industry index at some times and a negative effect on the industry index at some times. In addition, this effect has had a drastic change since August 2019, when the trend of the industry index has changed.

One of the attractions of the city of Mashhad is historical houses, these houses, while beautiful, need to be renovated and commercialized, and to provide solutions for how to turn historical houses into a place for tourism development and income generation, as well as cost reduction. Government services are vital. The subject of this research is the Pishevaran house located in the Arg neighborhood of Mashhad. By examining the international and domestic experiences and the position of the House of Craftsmen, it was found that the highest relative advantage is in the service and commercial sectors. Therefore, the activities of hotels, restaurants, real estates and business service rentals were investigated in relation to this type of building, and Pishevaran's house has positive effects due to its proximity to the Holy Shrine. With the investigations carried out for collections with similar use and the average price received in a medium-sized restaurant in Mashhad, the overall costs of the project, the costs of restoration and reconstruction, the costs of project equipment, personnel costs, Project current costs, maintenance costs were estimated, and project revenues were analyzed. By taking into account the assumptions, goals of the project, cost-benefit analysis technique, Kamfar software, the economic evaluation of Pishevaran house as a case study and the high economic efficiency of this building has been proved.

The rapid spread of the coronavirus and its high mortality rate has caused serious and widespread damage to society and the economy. Therefore, the present study examines the correlation between Covid-19, water security, food security, and the environment. The Covid-19 outbreak has prompted an expansion in the utilization of water in the country. during the pandemic of coronavirus, some arid parts of the country, which have poor water security in terms of water poverty and environmental water supply, or sometimes face water insecurity, have become more unsafe in terms of water. the Covid-19 outbreak and implementation of the National Coronavirus Headquarters approvals have had many positive impacts on the environment including decreasing air pollution in the metropolitan, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing environmental pollution (such as rivers, forests, plains, and mountains). On the other hand, it is necessary to mention that staying at home has led to producing more waste, which can be dangerous for the environment if it is not recycled; Besides, the Covid-19 pandemic has damaged the economic activities and livelihood of the people and disturbed job and food security (based on the National Document on Nutrition and Food Security (2012-2020)). The coronavirus has shown many tenets to human society, including improving personal hygiene, using masks to reduce the spread of infectious diseases and social participation. Using social participation to advance goals and resolve existing crises such as global warming and water crises can be exploited.

The impact of a free press on development may never have been properly assessed. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to calculate such an effect. However, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of media freedom on the Human Development Index (HDI) in a group of 21 countries in Southwest Asia in the annual period from 2002 to 2020. To investigate and measure this relationship, the dynamic panel data econometrics method and the generalized two-stage system torque (SGMM) approach have been used. The results of the specified model show that media freedom has a positive and significant effect on the human development index and with one unit increase in the media freedom index, the human development index increases by 4.290 units. Also, other variables of this study, such as GDP per capita and the number of Internet users, increase the human development index by one percent to 2.290 and 6.101 units, respectively, and therefore a positive and significant relationship for both variables was obtained. In addition, the variable of the corruption control index has a negative and significant effect on the human development index and with one unit increase in the corruption control index, the human development index will decrease by 0.006 units

Recent developments in the global economy have led to re-evaluation and elaboration of some economic concepts. One of the changes in economic and financial theories is the great importance of the relationship between the two real and financial sectors in the economy. In this regard, after the global financial crisis of 2007, the impact of monetary and financial policies on the real sector has been accompanied by many controversies. According to what was mentioned, the present research has tried to introduce an index for the financial sector in Iran's economy in the first stage, so that it can represent the different dimensions of this sector. In the following, the threshold vector regression model was used to determine the nonlinear effects of financial and monetary policies considering the financial stress on economic growth during the period of 1369-1397. The results show that the reaction of economic growth to monetary and financial policies is different depending on the tension in the financial sector. So that only monetary policy has a non-linear effect on economic growth, which is dependent on financial stress. Regardless of the state of tension, fiscal policy has the same effect on economic growth, which is always greater than monetary policy in terms of quantity.

In addition to health costs, institutions are a factor influencing directly and indirectly the promotion of health in a country. Air pollution, the main cause of which is the industry and in the control and reduction of which the governments have an important role, is another important factor affecting the health situation in a country. This paper reports the results of a study on the health impact of institutions, considering health costs and air pollution.

The impact of institutions on health in 38 developing countries during the period 2006-2018 was determined using the threshold panel method, health proxy life expectancy index and good governance index as the quality of institutions and explanatory variables of misery, per capita income, health costs and happiness. Based on the CO2 threshold variable, the sample was divided into two homogeneous regimes and the model was obtained with EVIEWS (10) and Stata (15) software packages.

The findings indicate that the governance index and happiness in both regimes are significantly positive. Health costs in the upper group were found not to be significant and in the lower group to have little effect on health. In addition, income was significant in both regimes, though with little effect. Finally, the misery index was also found to be significant, but its coefficient in the lower group was not in line with the relevant theories.

Based on the findings of this study, institutions in developing countries play a major role and form a causal chain among other sectors which are very important in promoting health of the populations. Therefore, in order to promote health in these countries policies should be designed and implemented for institutional improvements.

Monitoring and evaluating social welfare is one of the most important issues for policymakers in many countries, including developing countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of natural resource rents and good governance on the welfare of developing countries. To achieve the purpose of the study, from the econometric method of quantile panel data with fixed effects, the relationships of variables in different quantiles during the period 2007-2018 have been estimated. The results showed that the effect of natural resource rents on welfare in all quantiles is negative and significant so this effect is more pronounced in developing countries with low welfare. In other words, the existence of the phenomenon of the welfare curse in developing countries is confirmed. The results also showed that the effect of good governance in different quantiles is positive and significant. So good governance can increase prosperity in developing countries. Also, according to the results, other variables such as Urban population, employment rate, and environmental performance index in different quantiles have a positive and significant effect on welfare. In addition, the effect of gross capital formation on welfare is positive and significant In all quantiles except the fifth and sixth quantiles.

Resilience is recognized as a potential capacity of a community at risk that faces hazards for adaptation or resistance to change to achieve or maintain an appropriate level of performance. Occurring environmental changes, rural areas are affected more and more vulnerable. Considering the importance of resilience in understanding the syntax of dealing with critical issues, this study examines the role of livelihoods diversity in resilience and welfare of the rural community in facing climate change using the factor analysis method with 5 indicators and 38 sub-indices in 2019-2020. In this study, 206 questionnaires were completed in the village of Jaro in Alborz province. To achieve the research goal, using Cronbach's alpha was first used to ensure the reliability of the questionnaire. The results show that 38 factors are questioned in eight groups. In the first group (the most important group), many indicators such as participation in collective employment activities, familiarity with new market needs, business development through the use of new technologies, business development through the use of new technologies, experience in a variety of occupational environments, learning new skills in economic activities reflect the importance of recognizing the basic needs of the market and increasing the ability of villagers to carry out alternative agricultural activities in crisis.

One of the most important and complex challenges facing Iran is the abuse of water due to its wrong valuation. In this regard, reforming the pricing system based on the economic value of water, as one of the most efficient tools of demand management, helps to regulate the water consumption pattern. This study tries to create a hypothetical market for Mashhad citizens in 2020, using the contingent valuation method (CVM) and logit model, to estimate the willingness to pay and investigate the factors affecting the public preferences of the economic value of water. The results show that the willingness of citizens to pay for each cubic meter of excess water has a negative relationship with the water bill per capita, household size and the bid variables and has a positive and significant relationship with the level of education. Also, the results show that the household size and ethical individuals variables had the greatest elasticity and impact on the willingness to accept an increase in the amount of water bill. The results also indicate that the average water consumption of Mashhad citizens for each household (average dimension of 3 people) is equal to 23.41 cubic meters per month and monthly willingness to pay of each household is equal to 14631.52 Rials per cubic meter of agricultural excess water. The results can be the basis of true pricing of water, get offenses related to water abuse, Detailed explanation of step-by-step payments, and finally targeted receipts are in line with the development of the country's water industry.

The ‘new economic geography’ literature has been developed as a theory of the emergence of large agglomerations that rely on increased returns to scale and transportation costs. This article attempted to investigate how the savings caused by localization and also the savings caused by urbanization on the economic growth of Iran's food and beverage industries in the period 2013-2019. The statistical population of the study included 31 provinces of the country and dynamic panel data and generalized torque method (GMM) was used to estimate the model. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Concentration Index (HHI) was selected to measure the savings from corporate aggregation, and the first urban index was selected to measure the savings from urbanization. The results indicated that urban savings had a positive effect on the economic growth of food and beverage industries; however, its variable coefficient (with a coefficient of 0.61) was not statistically significant. The economies of localization had a significant positive effect (with a coefficient of 0.44) on the economic growth of these industries, which means that the concentration of firms close to each other would save them. The results also show that by choosing the right and creating and developing clusters in industrial areas, it is possible to have a significant impact on the economic development of that area by increasing cooperation and exchange of information. Therefore, it is recommended to apply centralization policies and avoid decentralization policies for firms with similar activities.

The water crisis is one of the most important factors that limit the production of agricultural products in arid and semi-arid regions, which requires the optimal consumption of water in agriculture to achieve food security in these regions. To investigate the economic efficiency of water and nitrogen fertilizer on Quinoa, an experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018 at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Treatments included three irrigation methods (furrow irrigation (FI), fixed alternate furrow irrigation (FAFI), and variable alternate furrow irrigation (VAFI)) and three-level of nitrogen fertilizing (50, 100, and 200 Kg/ha). The different furrow irrigation methods on the economic productivity of fertilizer, CPD, BPD, NBPD, and PFP were highly significant (p < 0.01). The different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on the economic productivity of fertilizer, BPD, NBPD, and PFP were significant at 1 percent levels (p < 0.01), and on CPD was significant at 5 percent levels (p < 0.05). The interaction effects on the economic productivity of fertilizer and PFP were highly significant (p < 0.01) and on NBPD and BPD were significant at 5 percent levels (p < 0.05). The results showed that under traditional furrow irrigation conditions, increasing the nitrogen fertilizer reduces the economic efficiency of water and fertilizer (compared to using 50 kg/ha N). The results showed that the highest economic and physical water productivity and BPD were obtained in the treatment of variable alternate furrow irrigation + 200 kg/ha of nitrogen.

Climate change on planet earth as a result of growing economies in recent decades has had many effects that could not be ignored agricultural wise. The agriculture sector is one of the main sectors influenced by climate change because of it’s role in providing nutrition, which in turn effects the economy of region. Some regions, including the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA), are exposed to more severe climate change. Therefore, in this research, the effects of climate change on value-added agriculture in the MENA region countries are investigated. For this purpose, we used temperature and precipitation data and value-added agriculture of 11 MENA countries during 2001-2016. This study employed Panel Data cointegration models of Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS). The results revealed that there is a cointegrated long-term relationship between climate change and value-added agriculture. Additionally, comparing these estimated coefficients in both applied approaches shows that temperature changes had a negative and significant effect, and precipitation changes positively and significantly impacted the value-added agriculture variable. It implies that with a one percent increase in temperature and precipitation over the long run, value-added agriculture is changed in the FMOLS model at a rate of -0.28, 0.03 percent, and in the DOLS model -0.09, 0.02 percent, respectively.Climate change on planet earth as a result of growing economies in recent decades has had many effects that could not be ignored agricultural wise. The agriculture sector is one of the main sectors influenced by climate change because of it’s role in providing nutrition, which in turn effects the economy of region. Some regions, including the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA), are exposed to more severe climate change. Therefore, in this research, the effects of climate change on value-added agriculture in the MENA region countries are investigated. For this purpose, we used temperature and precipitation data and value-added agriculture of 11 MENA countries during 2001-2016. This study employed Panel Data cointegration models of Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS). The results revealed that there is a cointegrated long-term relationship between climate change and value-added agriculture. Additionally, comparing these estimated coefficients in both applied approaches shows that temperature changes had a negative and significant effect, and precipitation changes positively and significantly impacted the value-added agriculture variable. It implies that with a one percent increase in temperature and precipitation over the long run, value-added agriculture is changed in the FMOLS model at a rate of -0.28, 0.03 percent, and in the DOLS model -0.09, 0.02 percent, respectively.Climate change on planet earth as a result of growing economies in recent decades has had many effects that could not be ignored agricultural wise. The agriculture sector is one of the main sectors influenced by climate change because of it’s role in providing nutrition, which in turn effects the economy of region. Some regions, including the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA), are exposed to more severe climate change. Therefore, in this research, the effects of climate change on value-added agriculture in the MENA region countries are investigated. For this purpose, we used temperature and precipitation data and value-added agriculture of 11 MENA countries during 2001-2016. This study employed Panel Data cointegration models of Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS). The results revealed that there is a cointegrated long-term relationship between climate change and value-added agriculture. Additionally, comparing these estimated coefficients in both applied approaches shows that temperature changes had a negative and significant effect, and precipitation changes positively and significantly impacted the value-added agriculture variable. It implies that with a one percent increase in temperature and precipitation over the long run, value-added agriculture is changed in the FMOLS model at a rate of -0.28, 0.03 percent, and in the DOLS model -0.09, 0.02 percent, respectively.Climate change on planet earth as a result of growing economies in recent decades has had many effects that could not be ignored agricultural wise. The agriculture sector is one of the main sectors influenced by climate change because of it’s role in providing nutrition, which in turn effects the economy of region. Some regions, including the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA), are exposed to more severe climate change. Therefore, in this research, the effects of climate change on value-added agriculture in the MENA region countries are investigated. For this purpose, we used temperature and precipitation data and value-added agriculture of 11 MENA countries during 2001-2016. This study employed Panel Data cointegration models of Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS). The results revealed that there is a cointegrated long-term relationship between climate change and value-added agriculture. Additionally, comparing these estimated coefficients in both applied approaches shows that temperature changes had a negative and significant effect, and precipitation changes positively and significantly impacted the value-added agriculture variable. It implies that with a one percent increase in temperature and precipitation over the long run, value-added agriculture is changed in the FMOLS model at a rate of -0.28, 0.03 percent, and in the DOLS model -0.09, 0.02 percent, respectively.