فهرست مطالب نعمتاللهاکبری

In today's world, improvement and promotion of logistics performance plays a key role in creating sustainable development, so that becoming an international and regional logistics hub has been one of the most important commercial strategies of countries in recent years. Iran has had poor performance in becoming the logistics hub of the region in spite of its great potential. The present study has analyzed the feasibility of establishing a logistics hub in Isfahan province. In this regard, the feasibility of establishing a logistics hub in Isfahan province was analyzed based on the seven key factors required for the construction and development of logistics hubs, which are based on the empirical literature available in the field of successful logistics hubs in the world (especially the analysis of the development of logistics clusters in Singapore and Dubai and their unique processes to become logistics hubs using Porter's methodology (2008) in the field of cluster analysis). The findings revealed that Isfahan province in comparison with other provinces of the country has the necessary conditions for creating hub logistics, and it can be done by expanding and developing rail, air and multimodal transportation infrastructure; improving the business environment and removing obstacles to attracting and developing foreign direct investment increased the potential of this province for this purpose.

Economic prosperity (recession) means that the GDP increases (decreases) between two consecutive periods. One of the important approaches in examining economic prosperity and recession is the use of the capital matrix. This matrix is a suitable solution for providing the analysis of calculable general equilibrium patterns such as the dynamic input-output model. However, the main problem in the country is the lack of regional capital matrix statistical data. Therefore, it is practically impossible to check economic prosperity and recession at the regional level. The aim of the current research is to provide a non-statistical solution based on the theoretical foundations of the data to estimate the regional capital matrix from the national capital matrix. The results show that as the time interval increases, the estimated capital formation value of the region will be closer to the real capital formation value of the sector. This is truer in sectors that are inherently more disruptive. On the other hand, the results show that the most capital productions are related to industry, construction and agriculture sectors. Also, most capital purchases are related to industry, services and real estate sectors. On the other hand, the analysis of the regional capital matrix shows economic prosperity in 2015 for Isfahan province.

Extensive and efficient infrastructure is critical for ensuring the effective functioning of the economy. Investing in public infrastructure represents an essential investment in economic development and standard of living of city residents. Therefore, it is necessary to find new methods of financing in providing services and developing urban infrastructure in metropolises and increasing the welfare of urban society. However, the current approach to revenue mobilization for cities is unlikely to meet the substantial financing needs. Instead, there is a need for a metropolitan public financing strategy that is integrated into national urban development plans and matches national development objectives. In the literature related to city finance, despite the importance of providing suitable urban infrastructures, the discussion about how to fund them, especially in Iran, is rarely done. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to provide a suitable model for providing financial sources for public infrastructure in metropolitan cities with an emphasis on Isfahan metropolis.

In this research, a mathematical model for calculating the urbanization tax has been introduced, in which the cost recovery coefficients are related to the optimal size of the cities. Therefore, an equilibrium model is constructed based on cost-benefit analyses and applied to nine Iranian cities with population more than one million people. The panel data regression analysis was performed on a fourteen-year period (2006-2020) using the Transcendental Logarithmic (Translog) function. The obtained results are placed in the basic mathematical model. It should be noted that Excel2016 and Stata12 software were used to estimate the model and analyze the results.

The results of estimating the regression models related to determining the optimal size of the cities indicate that all the metropolises have exceeded their optimal size. Among the nine metropolitan cities studied, Kermanshah, Karaj and Qom have the largest excess population. Isfahan and Ahvaz have the lowest excess population. The results of calculating the urbanization tax for Isfahan Municipality indicate that the recovery of public infrastructure depreciation costs in the first year can generate more income than the income from property tax for Isfahan metropolis.

Providing infrastructure and public services by municipalities for the urban population, especially in metropolises, is a very difficult task and requires access to capital facilities. However, the way to collect these funds and how to provide the infrastructure budget has been less attention. In order to provide public services and urban infrastructure, municipalities should collect the costs related to a certain infrastructure as much as possible from the individuals, companies, localities and groups that benefit from it.Therefore, in this study, all the urban infrastructures of Isfahan metropolis are divided into three categories based on the benefits they create. The first category is infrastructures whose benefits are assigned to certain individuals and groups. The second category is infrastructures whose benefits are mostly limited to one place or a specific area within the city. The last category also includes those services and infrastructures whose benefits are allocated to the entire city and its residents.The results show that about 38% of infrastructure costs in Isfahan metropolis are related to the third category. Considering the allocation of these infrastructures to all residents, their cost can be collected through the urbanization tax and according to the optimal size of the cities. The results related to the city size model show that the population of all Iranian metropolises has exceeded its optimal size, so it is suggested to continue receiving infrastructure costs until full recovery.The results of this research emphasize that although the urban costs have decreased with the increase in population, the urban benefits have decreased more, and in general, diseconomies of scale have been created. However, people will not necessarily involve these diseconomies of scale that they bring to the city in their decisions related to work and migration. Therefore, it is recommended to receive these costs from them.

The lack of statistical data at the regional level has led to the expansion of non-statistical methods for the regionalization of national input-output tables. The main idea of the current research is the regionalization of national dynamic input-output tables using the extension of the Charm method. This research using this non-statistical method provides an estimate of the sectoral capital matrix in the regional level, and finally, with the help of the numerical index of capital productivity and the Williamson’ capital index and comparing it with the relative advantage index, it measures the capacity of capital formation. Part of it is in Isfahan province. The results show that the industry sector with the largest share of output from the total output of the province has the lowest numerical index of capital productivity and the highest balanced diffusion effects of capital and the highest comparative advantage in 2015.

One of the most efficient methods for examining intra-regional economic capacities is the use of intra-regional and inter-regional capital matrix. In Iran, due to the lack of sufficient statistical data, no attempt has been made to estimate the sectoral capital matrix in the regional level. The purpose of the current research is to regionalize the national dynamic input-output table with the help of expanding the CHARM non-statistical method and estimating the intra-regional and inter-regional capital matrix; to provide an analysis of the capital capacity of different economic sectors in the region with the help of these matrices. In the current research, among all the non-statistical regionalization methods of the national input-output tables, the Charm approach has been selected in accordance with the regional data. The reason for choosing Charm method is the existence of Cross Hauling in Isfahan province. One of the problems of Charm's method is the placement of national and regional technology coefficients. This simplifying assumption causes the intermediate demand within the region to increase and therefore the added value, which is estimated as a residual; it will be very small or even negative. For this purpose, the current research will regionalize the matrix of national technology coefficients with the help of spatial coefficients; to solve the problem. By estimating the regional capital matrix, an analysis of the final productivity of the sector's capital factor and inter-sector capital distribution will be presented, and the results of these sectors will be compared with the indicators of comparative advantage of the sector. Finally, the research questions will be answered:
Which effect will the adjustment of the national technology coefficients have on the added value of the province?
What is the capital matrix of the sector in Isfahan province?
Which sector in Isfahan province has the highest numerical index of capital productivity?
Which economic sectors in Isfahan province have more distribution of capital formation?
What are the economic sectors with the greatest comparative advantage in Isfahan province?

At first, it is necessary to estimate the national capital matrix with the help of available data and simplifying assumptions. By estimating the national dynamic input-output table, we will have an estimate of the regional dynamic input-output table with the help of the extension of Charm method. To solve the problem of equality of national and regional technology coefficients, by multiplying the diagonal matrix of spatial coefficients in the matrix of national technology coefficients, we will obtain the spatial technology matrix of the region, and by multiplying this estimated matrix in the resulting diagonal matrix, we will obtain the regional technology matrix. Therefore, smaller regional coefficients will be estimated.
On the other hand, to estimate the intra-regional capital matrix, the difference ratio of the region's output in two periods is used to the same amount at the national level. In this case, the intra-regional capital matrix is estimated. A time interval of one year is considered. The reason for choosing this time interval is that the country's budget is one year and a huge part of the inter-sectoral investment in the region is done by the central government. To estimate the intra-regional capital matrix, the spatial ratio of the region's capital asset ownership to the entire country is used. Finally, by subtracting the national capital matrix from the intra-regional capital matrix, we will get an estimate of the correct inter-regional capital matrix. Finally, with the estimation of the capital matrix, the assessment of the capital formation capacity of the intra-regional sector of Isfahan province is carried out with the help of single-factor productivity analysis of capital and the Williamson index of capital and the estimation of the relative advantage index.

In the case that the coefficients of national technology are equal to regional technology, the added value is negatively estimated in four sectors, agriculture, mining, water and electricity, gas and construction. This is despite the fact that in the proposed method of the current research, these positive values are estimated. According to the capital matrix, the most productions were related to the industry, construction and agriculture sectors. Also, the most capital purchases were related to industry, services and real estate sectors. The highest level of sector productivity is related to the communication, mining and transportation sectors. One of the reasons for the increase in user productivity((L↑)/K ) of the sector is compared to other economic sectors. According to Wilsamson's index, the industrial sector, as a supply sector, has distributed its produced capital goods in a more balanced way among the demand sectors. Three sectors, industry, transportation and real estate, have the greatest comparative advantage according to both indicators. But none of the sectors has a high relative advantage.

In summary, the results show that the industry sector with the largest share of output from the total output of the province had low productivity in 2015. Meanwhile, according to Williamson's index, this sector has the most balanced emission effects with other economic sectors, and the results of the previous link also confirm this. Also, based on the RCA and SRCA indices, this sector has a comparative advantage. Therefore, paying attention to new investment in this sector and improving production technology can have good effects on the sector itself and ultimately on other economic sectors in the region.

The problem of the current research is the estimation of the matrix of national inter-sector capital coefficients. This matrix is an important parameter of the economic structure and the main axis of dynamic input-output tables and a very efficient way for economic forecasting. The purpose of this article is to estimate the investment required to achieve the goals of the sixth five-year plan of economic development with the help of the matrix of national capital coefficients. For this purpose, an effort is made to solve the problem of not aligning the dynamic input-output table, which has been neglected in other researchers conducted in the country, and the results in two cases of the proposed approach of this article with other methods used in other researchers conducted in the country for 2015 to be compared. The statistical population in this research is the entire economy of Iran and economic sectors are considered, according to the Central Bank’s capital balance information, including agriculture, oil and gas, mining, industry, water and electricity and gas, construction, transportation, communications, Real estate and other services. The results show that the linear normalization of the initial capital matrix reduces the capital coefficients, and the required investment for most sectors will be estimated higher than in the case of no normalization.

Financial imbalances and imbalances between resources and expenditures in Iranian pension funds have made the need for fund reforms inevitable. Today, the share of government aid in public government expenditures to the two Civil Servants and Military pension funds has increased from about 11 percent in 2013 to about 19 percent in 2021, and this trend has been increasing in recent years. However, despite the perception of the crisis by various actors in the pension system, these reforms have not been implemented. In this regard, the present study seeks pathology and finds a solution to solve the crisis of the Iranian pension system during the years 2013-2021. Due to the existence of different actors and stakeholders, one of the non-quantitative methods of game theory models, called the graph model, was used to resolve conflicts. This model is a good tool for modeling and analyzing complex problems, expresses the most likely consequences of various problems in the world, and finally provides guidelines for its improvement. The modeling results of the retirement crisis show that the fourth mode of the model, ie the state of reform, is more likely to occur. Therefore, the current situation is not a stable situation for all players, and they are motivated to leave it. According to the results, limiting government support, changing the pension system, and carrying out structural and parametric reforms will improve the current situation.

In a situation where water supply constraints have increased due to population growth and economic development, as well as a lack of a suitable consumption pattern, ecological concerns in the socio-economic environment regarding the optimal allocation of water among consumers have become an important issue. Varamin plain basin is located in the southeast of Tehran and produced the majority of agricultural production in this area. Since, the agriculture is the main and the largest consumer of groundwater in this region, so the water crisis has been affected by the pattern of groundwater exploitation. In this paper, agricultural behavior of water consumption was analyzed in the framework of three perspectives: a competitive, a constancy of time preferences and a time inconsistency of preferences during the thirty-year period from the 1368-69 to 1397-98. In order to assess this hypothesis, the current state of groundwater consumption was compared to one of three scenarios presented. In the competitive approach of water consumption, neoclassical equilibrium condition of efficient market was employed. However, in the other two scenarios, the discrete dynamic optimization technique was used to extract the behavioral pattern of water consumption. The conclusion indicated that farmers dealing with groundwater as the main source of agricultural water supply had a non-optimal pattern of time inconsistency in their consumption from a psychological point of view. Therefore, changing the status quo and ensuring the effectiveness of the water policy require the modification of the behavioral pattern of water consumption in farming.

The present study has evaluated the impact of logistics hub formation in Isfahan province on this province.
 In this regard, by designing and developing a two regional Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model (Isfahan province and other national economies), the economic effects resulting from the reduction of transportation cost (logistics cost) as a result of applying this logistics policy on this province has been evaluated. In this model, which is widely based on the theory of New Economic Geography (NEG), there are 3 basic assumptions including: 1- Iceberg-type transportation cost; 2- the utility function of Dixit-Stiglitz (1977) type and 3- the production function of the industrial sector with increasing returns technology has been taken into account. The main database used in the estimation of this model is the two-regional Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) obtained by adjusting the two-regional input-output table calculated by the researchers with the new mixed CHARM-RAS method.
The findings revealed that the establishment of a logistics hub in this province leads to industrial agglomeration, increase in employment, total gross production and labor productivity. Therefore, the application of this logistics policy has a positive economic effect on the region - without considering the environmental effects of such agglomeration.

Consideration of the importance of the role of housing in the economy, especially in metropolitan areas such as Tehran, the analysis of house pricing and identifying the factors affecting housing prices is very importance. A noteworthy point in the study of housing price changes in the metropolis of Tehran is that the rate of price growth in different areas of Tehran has not been the same. Experience shows that price changes start in one district and then spread to other districts. Therefore, we should consider proximity and spatial dependence of housing prices in urban distrists.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

In the analysis of housing price data, the spatial dependence between observations must be taken into consideration. Accordingly, many experimental studies have shown strong evidence of spatial dependence in the housing market between urban areas. Spatial dependence on housing prices is also referred to as the wave effect, implying that housing prices in a district cause changes in neighboring districts' prices. Behavioral economics is a theoretical basis that can express the phenomenon of spatial dependence between urban districts. Regarding the theories of behavioral economics, nearby urban areas have the same culture, history, environment, and policies. Other phenomena that express the spatial dependence in the housing market of urban districts include migration theory, capital transfer, arbitrage, and spatial patterns.

 A critical issue in studies using spatial econometric techniques is the choice of the type of spatial model. Depending on the type of spatial interaction, we will encounter a variety of spatial models. To select spatial models, we can first consider the general spatial model and with the relevant tests to ensure the existence of the type of spatial interaction factor. Then, the appropriate type of model can be selected. According to Elhorst (2014), using the spatial lag fixed-effect model, we have modeled the housing prices in 22 districts of Tehran city in this study. Some variables affecting housing prices are related to the demand side of the housing market, and some are related to the supply side. Here, the explanatory variables in the model are the annual population growth rate of the districts, and the annual growth rate of the real disposable per capita income, which shows the demand side influencing the housing price, as well as the number of building permits and the annual unemployment rate as the supply-side variables that affect housing prices. The dependent variable is the districts' average annual real growth rate of housing prices.

According to the spatial specification results, the dynamic SAR model has been selected as the appropriate model. The estimated coefficient of the spatial lag of the dependent variable with a time lag is 0.033, which is statistically significant and indicates a positive effect. It implies that the spatial lag of the dependent variable with a time lag has influenced the growth rate of housing prices in the 22 districts of Tehran. Among the explanatory variables affecting the growth rate of housing prices in the 22 districts of Tehran, it is observed that, except for the unemployment rate variable, the other variables have a significant effect on the growth rate of housing prices in Tehran districts. The analysis of the local Moran scatterplot demonstrates that the spatial correlation of the housing price growth rate in the northern districts of Tehran is different from the southern districts.

 CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

Among the explanatory variables affecting the growth rate of housing prices in Tehran districts, except for the unemployment rate, other variables have statistically significant impacts. Two variables of the growth rate of income per capita and population growth rate have positive effects. However, the number of building permits has negatively influenced housing prices' growth rate. The statistically significant estimated coefficient of spatial lag of the dependent variable in the model implies the spatial effects of the housing price growth rate. All the necessary tests indicate that the null hypothesis, which indicates the lack of spatial autocorrelation, has been rejected, and a spatial correlation among the housing price growth rates of districts has been confirmed. The local Moran scatterplot illustrates that the Spatial correlation of housing price growth rate in the northern districts of Tehran is entirely different from the southern areas of Tehran. It is recommended that urban policymakers should not ignore the spatial relationship between housing prices in 22 districts of Tehran. Also, it is recommended to the policymakers, due to the different spatial correlation rate of the housing price growth rate in the southern areas of Tehran city compared to the northern districts of the city, for each of the northern and southern areas of Tehran, they should make different policies.

Providing analysis using regional input-output tables is a way to understand regional economy and sector policies. Due to the lack of regional data collection by upstream institutions in Iran, non-statistical methods for estimating regional input-output tables have been of interest. The CHARM method is one of the conventional methods of regionalization of national input-output tables in the conditions of simultaneous bilateral trade. But one of the problems of the CHARM method is the assumption of the equality of national and regional technology coefficients. Despite this assumption, the regional difference is practically ignored. This research is trying to prevent the underestimation of provincial added value by regionalizing the coefficients of the national technology and including regional differences in the analysis. Also, in the following, the sections with the most posterior and anterior links will be identified. The results show that the added value of Isfahan province and other provinces of the country are closer to reality in the adjusted state. Also, the industrial sector of Isfahan province has the most backward and forward linkages in the adjusted state.

Aim and Introduction :

The pension system is of special place in the employment regulations of the private and public sectors of all countries of the world. In addition, pension funds are known as one of the most sensitive and complex financial institutions in today's world, whose main goal is to preserve the livelihood and dignity of people in old age. Pension funds have been created to provide social rights for citizens, and a long-term horizon is one of the main features of such funds. By receiving insurance premiums from the insured and investing the resources gathered in the early years and the so-called youth period of the fund, pension funds provide pensions for retirees during their maturity. The process of maturity of pension funds occurs naturally and if it is accompanied by the aging of the country's population, it will intensify. According to the International Monetary Fund, pension expenditures in the Social Security Organization and the civil serpents' Pension Fund will increase from 5.3% in 2015 to 11% in 2040 and 19.6% of GDP in 2080 and in the future, a large part of the country's budget should be spent on paying pensions.

This study seeks to simulate and apply corrective policies to improve the financial misalignment in the Iranian pension system using dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model based on the overlapping generations (OLG) model. In this regard, impulse response functions were used to examine the effects of the proposed parametric corrections. The DSGE models are stochastic, microeconomic-founded, provide the possibility of dynamic evaluation of parametric changes as well as random changes of exogenous variables of the system, and give inter-temporal optimization of the behavior of economic agents. In addition, the mechanism of intergenerational transfer in the pension funds, can be well evaluated and studied by these models, so it seems to be a suitable tool for studying the effects of demographic parametric changes on the financial balance of pension funds.

The results show that positive shocks to the variables of years of service, birth rate, and average years of insurance, the financial misalignment of pension funds decreases. According to the results, linking the retirement age with life expectancy and increasing the years of premium payment can reduce financial misalignment and increase financial stability in the Iranian pension system.

The government's decision to implement reforms in Iran's pension system is essential, taking into account social considerations and the step-by-step nature of these reforms. However, according to our findings, the following policies should be presented to improve the financial imbalance of Iran's pension system:1. The results of the positive shock analysis to the years of service variable showed that the later retirement of people reduces economic dissatisfaction, and considering the past and projected increase in life expectancy in Iran, increasing the retirement age is justified and logical. According to global experience, the average retirement age should be increased from 60 to 63 years for men and from 55 to 58 years for women (one year for every two years). Also, in the future, it is suggested that the average retirement age be linked to the growth of life expectancy.2. The analysis results of the positive shock to the birth rate variable showed that the young population reduces the financial imbalance. Therefore, it is necessary to implement policies to encourage birth in the coming years, because the population aging phenomenon will have destructive effects on the stability of the pension system.3. A positive shock to the average variable of years of insurance has positive effects on reducing the financial imbalance of pension funds. In this regard, it is suggested to change the calculation of pensions in all pension funds, including state, military, and social security organizations, based on the average salary of the last three to five years of employment, which it is currently based on the average of the previous two years.

Today, the share of government aid from the public expenditures to support military and civil servants' pension funds has increased from about 11% in 2013 to 19% in 2021 and this trend has been increasing in recent years. This study aims to use DSGE models to simulate and apply corrective measures to enhance the financial misalignment of Iran's pension system. For this purpose, the model has been calibrated once for the PAYG-DB system that is currently used in Iran and then for the system based on financial provision based on the amount of partial savings to compare their welfare and distributional effects. The simulation results show that people reduce their savings by switching to a partial savings system, which increases consumption in all generations and capital accumulation in the whole society. In the second part of the article, impulse response functions were used to investigate the effects of emerging diseases and population aging variables on the financial misalignment of pension funds. The results show that the financial misalignment of pension funds increases following the positive shock in the above variables. Based on the results, parametric reforms such as a mechanism linking the retirement age to life expectancy and transition to a partial savings system can reduce financial misalignment and increase financial sustainability in Iran's pension system.

The analysis of data on housing prices and their growth rates, typical of spatial data, is undoubtedly affected by spatial dependence. This means that housing prices and their growth in one district are affected by housing prices in neighboring districts. However, the other issue regarding housing prices in different districts is the heterogeneity of spatial dependence. This suggests that there are differences in the spatial dependence of housing prices in urban districts over time so that the spatial effects in urban districts when prices rise are different from the effects when prices fall. The theoretical analysis of this phenomenon is based on the theories of behavioral economics. In this study, the heterogeneity of spatial dependence of housing price growth rates was investigated for 22 districts of Tehran. Using a dynamic fixed effects spatial panel model, the effects of determinants on growth rates were estimated for 22 districts of Tehran. The test results indicate the existence of nonlinear relationships in the model. Therefore, the model was estimated by a smooth transition panel regression model with a transfer function in which the spillover rate of housing price growth rates from neighboring counties was determined as a transfer variable. The results show that the coefficient of spatial dependence for housing price growth rates is higher in boom times than in recession for Tehran districts. Thus, it can be concluded that there is heterogeneity in the spatial dependence of housing price growth rates in the urban districts of Tehran over time.JEL Classification: C31, C33, R31.

Most populous cities in the world are currently facing the air pollution problem, and Iran is no exception. Air pollution in many megacities of Iran has reached a dangerous level so that the PM2.5 concentration in metropolises is three times the national standard and most of this contamination originates from cars and industry. Isfahan is the third most populated city in Iran and its pollution is a leading cause of many diseases and deaths along with economic problems every year. Traffic parameter as key factor that play a very important role in PM2.5 pollutant emitted should be included as an important variable in air pollution modeling.Since one of the most important sources of air pollution is mobile sources, this paper tries to estimate the health effects and economic costs of PM2.5 concentration emitted by transportation in the urban network of Isfahan during 2018-2019. So In this study, we focus on the health endpoints assessment caused by the emission of motor vehicles pollutants in Isfahan.In this regard we estimate the concentration of pollution caused by vehicles by using the results of the Generalized Additive Model (GAM). A statistical model are used to estimate the share of traffic from PM2.5 concentrations to calculate road transport -related air pollution in Isfahan. We also calculate the spatial distribution of pollution in Isfahan using ArcGIS. Then, the health impacts of air pollution caused by motor vehicles are assessed using the AirQ+. This can estimate long-term natural mortality due to all natural causes and other mortality due to Ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and Lung cancer. Damages and economic costs of these health impacts are finally estimated by value of a statistical life and mortality rate approach. Value of a statistical life (VOSL) is a preferred method, calculated using the willingness to pay and means the willingness to pay of people in the community for the marginal reduction in mortality risk. In the compensation payment method (mortality rate), a fixed amount is set by the government on an annual basis to compensate for the costs of mortality.The results indicate that the mean concentrations for 2018 is 31.03 µg/m3. Using the results of Generalized Additive Model based on the shares obtained for traffic in the five areas studied in Isfahan, the concentration of PM2.5 pollution caused by urban traffic is 4.94 µg/m3.In general, 607 (95%Coeffecient Interval: 404-789) premature deaths in adults in 2018 can be attributed to PM2.5 pollution in Isfahan, among which 150 premature deaths are because of PM2.5 pollution caused by motor vehicles, i.e. about 25%. Out of a total of 150 deaths, the number of deaths caused by each factor is 51 (95%Coeffecient Interval: 30-107) cases of Ischemic heart disease (IHD), 3 (95%CI: 2-5) cases of Lung cancer (LC), 8 (95%CI: 4-12) cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thus PM2.5 caused by traffic in 2018 accounts for 1.76% of all adult mortality.Using the value of a statistical life approach, the estimated total annual economic cost of traffic pollution in 2018 is USD 57.9 million and 304 billion IRR per year using compensation payment (mortality cost).Health effect valuation is an important part of assessing the social costs of air pollution because by implementing cost-benefit analysis, a criterion can be achieved to prioritize pollution control measures and policies can be adapted in accordance with these priorities

One of the important tools to increase supply chain productivity and reduce logistics costs is to establish logistics hubs. Since there is no logistics hub in the central region of Iran, this study was conducted to identify a suitable area for a logistics hub in Isfahan province. In this line, criteria influencing the location of the logistics centers in terms of certain limiters (geological and environmental factors) and cost influencer (measurable factors with quantitative values (compensation criteria)) criteria were identified, and then, the process of locating was implemented in two separate phases. In the first phase, geographical boundaries associated with limiters criteria were excluded from the study scope to identify the potential site options for a logistics hub within the province. In the second phase, the mathematical modeling approach was used to model the total cost of the logistics network. Next, the cost of establishing a logistics hub was calculated in possible sites in terms of cost influencer criteria and using geographic data layers. The findings revealed that the optimum location is in the central part of the province, where all the economic activities are concentrated. Still, rail and road infrastructures and industries are the most influencers in the optimum location.

Annually, large quantities of agricultural products are wasted and a lot of damage is done to the country's financial and food resources. The most important causes of this waste are related to the various sectors of transportation, packaging, storage, processing and distribution of agricultural products. One significant tool to increase in supply chain productivity and reduce logistics costs of the agricultural sector is to establish agricultural logistics centers. The current study seeks to identify a suitable area for the construction of an agricultural logistics center in Isfahan province. In this regard, criteria affecting the selection of locations for logistics centers (compensatory and non-compensatory) were first identified and then the process of locating was implemented in two separate phases. In the first phase, in order to identify potential site options for a logistics center within the province, geographical boundaries associated with non-compensatory criteria were excluded from the study. In the second phase, according to the mathematical model presented, the cost of establishing a logistics center was calculated in possible sites in terms of compensatory criteria and then relevant geographic data layers were developed and, at the end, all data layers were integrated.

This paper, first, studies the experimental literature in the field of successful logistics centers across the world as to identify criteria affecting the location of agricultural logistics centers in terms of non-compensatory grammatical (geological and environmental factors) and compensatory (measurable factors with quantitative values) criteria. Next, the process of locating is implemented during two stage. In the first stage, in order to identify possible sites for Logistics Park within the province, geographic data layers associated with non-compensatory criteria are gathered and the respective boundaries are excluded from the study. Note that in order to unify mapping units being studied with respect to 1: 2500000 scale map of analytical maps used, the province is divided into 4510 separate blocks of 25 Km2. For the second stage, based on the general framework of logistics activities, the spatial analysis is carried out for load flows (the production and consumption profiles) of agronomic, horticultural and livestock. According to the location theories in minimizing costs, a mathematical model is developed to compute costs of agricultural logistics center establishment per each 1440 blocks located in potential sites in terms of compensatory criteria and then under the Arc GIS software environment, all data layers related to these criteria are developed and integrated. The best option is to install a block logistics center having the minimum cost. Due to the large volume of data gathered as well as the variety of analysis and calculation units (blocks of 25 Km2), the C++ programmer is used to perform algebraic and matrix calculations. (Road and rail) distances applied in the model for different origins and destinations are calculated and extracted as the distance of the network through the Arc GIS software. Raw data of road bill of lading blocks have been obtained from the Road Maintenance and Transportation Organization of Isfahan for the period between 2013 and 2018 for the commodity groups including agronomic, horticultural and livestock

The most optimal (least expensive) area for the establishments of an agricultural logistics center is located in the west of the urban complex of Isfahan and between the counties of Tiran and Karvan, Najafabad and Lenjan. The proposed area acts as an intermediary between the production centers of agronomic, horticultural and livestock products in the west of the province and the urban complex of Isfahan as a major consumer of agronomic, horticultural and livestock products. Proximity to the west-north freeway makes it possible to send the province's surplus products to the northern and eastern provinces of the country.

It seems relatively in the developing and sometimes developed countries individuals and legal entities try to evade taxes legally or illegally. As a result, tax evasion has become a serious issue for countries including Iran. Being aware of the amount of tax evasion, politicians and statesmen can adopt the necessary policies to reduce it and improve the tax system. In this study, using the Multiple Indicators - Multiple Causes Method (MIMIC), the relative amount of tax evasion in Iran was estimated during the period of 1976 to 2016. The results indicated that the relative size trend of tax evasion during these 41 years has had ups and downs, starting from 8.18% of GDP and reaching its lowest level of 3.01 in 1987 and the highest amount in 1995, is 21.97% of GDP. Finally, the relative size of tax evasion reached 6.95% of GDP in 2016. The average relative size of tax evasion during these 41 years is 10.99.

One of the important issues that is ignored in the development of regional spatial planning in some countries is paying attention to the threshold of land tolerance in loading activities and population density. Hence, determining the carrying capacity can help in the balanced use of the land. Nowadays, the use of different approaches and methods of land evaluation, including the evaluation of ecosystem services, especially in terms of supply and demand, can be quite important in determining the balance of land use. Considering the regional spatial planning model based on the supply and demand of the proposed ecosystem services, the amount of supply of ecosystem services can be fixed according to the land use / coverage and the amount of demand for ecosystem services can be fixed with regards to the activities and population of the region and the required areas for development, and the improvements can be determined with respect to the shortages or excess of ecosystem services. Then, the considered areas are adapted to the potential areas of development resulting from the assessment of ecological potential, and the appropriate areas for the development of each land use are determined in each region. The designated area is used as the basis, along with other items, including the trends and macro trends, to formulate the scenario and evaluate the effects of each scenario on the spatial organization to determine the appropriate population settlement pattern and activity in the area. The existence of a clear assimilating framework of the relationship between the various methods of land assessment makes it possible to achieve synergy in the measurement of the main principles and components of the landscape in a way to ensure the proper formulation of regional spatial planning for the sustainable development.

Municipalities use three kind of resource including toll, local tax, sharing tax revenue and intergovernmental transfers. By acting laws such as Value Added Tax law, major revenue of municipalities is financed from sharing tax revenue associated with VAT. Distributing sharing tax revenue associated with VAT is in a way that involves sum kind of fiscal illusion that is called flypaper effect. This paper is trying to test flypaper effect in concentrated sharing tax revenue associated with VAT (adapted in Note (2), Article (39) VAT law) in cities of Iran. For this purpose, a regression model with dummy variables is used and flypaper effect coefficient is estimated separately for municipalities with different grades. Results show there is no flypaper effect in concentrated sharing tax revenue for none of municipalities; however, flypaper effect coefficient for metropolitans and small towns are larger than other municipalities. It could be a basis for choosing the intergovernmental grants methods for different municipalities.

This study tries to predict the rental rates in district six of Isfahan for five years in the future by using an agent-based model. According to this simulation, district of Hezar Jerib has the highest and Hemat Abad has the lowest rental rate. Districts of Sa'adat Abad, Abshar, Baghnegar, Feiz, Masjed Mosala, Kuye Emam, Takht-e Foulad and Shahid Keshvari are followed by the district of Hezar Jerib. From the demand point of view, the high rental rate in Hezar Jerib district is due to higher comfort index in that region. From the supply point of view, the high rental rate in Hezar Jerib district is due to low supply of residential units.

As a geographical context, cities are expanded to meet the basic human needs, including the economic, cultural and social needs. In Iran, focusing on the concept of the creative city, with an emphasis on internal possessions, including human and cultural capital, is a low-cost way to strengthen the local economic foundations. In this regard, spatial creativity index was extracted through Landry's descriptive model with ten main indexes for Kashan. In order to determine the coefficients of importance of these indices, ten experts of urban economics and art economics were used. Also, to collect qualitative information, a questionnaire was used. The result shows that among the spatial creativity indices for Kashan areas, correlation index and attitude index have the highest value at 15,11,5 zones. Civic participation is also the highest in areas 14,13,6. In most of the indicator conversion areas, the idea conversion indicator was low, with about 60% of respondents citing lack of government support. In order to determine the degree of eligibility of each area, location creativity indices for Kashan were analyzed using ANP network analysis method and Super Decision software. The results show that zone 11 is ranked first in terms of spatial creativity indicators among the 16 zones of Kashan city.

The present study uses a system of simultaneous equations to analyze the effect of international tourists entering Iran on the country's economy & effect of country's economy on the international tourists entering Iran. The estimation was done using the 3SLS method. the results of this estimate showed that every 1 percent increase in global gross domestic product will decrease the number of tourists entering Iran by 2.87 percent. the effect of tourism on economic growth can also be confirmed. accordingly, economic growth will increase by 1% with a 0.15% increase in the number of international tourists. Also, with a 1% increase in the number of international tourists, employment will increase by 0.05%. JEL Classification: L83, O47, E24, C32