نوید قوی پنجه

The worldwide population growth leads to an increase in livestock production that along with the challenges caused by climate change and water scarcity highlights the importance of raising resistance livestock such as camels. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of partial and total replacement of dietary alfalfa with camelthorn. Total 18 fattening Sandi growing dromedary camels (9 to 10 months old with an average initial weight of 115±7.7 kg) were randomly assigned to one of three experimental treatments in a completely randomized design, with 6 replicates for each treatment. Experimental diets included: 1- control diet (without camelthorn), 2- diets containing 25% camelthorn, and 3- diets containing 50% camelthorn (dry matter basis). The feed intake was recorded daily and the animals were weighed monthly (on days 0, 30, 60, 90, and 150 of the experiment). The results showed that dry matter intake was increased with increasing camelthorn inclusion in the diet (P ≤ 0.05). Although, the average daily gain was reduced in the diet containing 50% DM camelthorn (P ≤ 0.05), but no significant difference was observed between the treatment containing 25% DM camelthorn and control. Feed cost per kilogram weight gain and profit per kilogram of weight gain tended to increase (P = 0.01) with increasing the inclusion of camelthorn in the diet. Overall, the findings of this study showed that feeding camels with camelthorn up to 50% of dietary DM, not only did not have severe deleterious effects on growth performance, but also reduced the production costs.

The present study was aimed to evaluate temporal changes in milk fatty acids and antioxidants of Saanen goat in response to berberine (BBR) supplementation during the transition period. Twenty-four primiparous Saanen dairy goats were used from 21 days before predicted parturition to 21 days after kidding. Experimental treatments were included: 1) control (without BBR supplement), 2) control + 1 g/d BBR, 3) control + 2 g/d BBR and 4) control + 4 g/d BBR. Body condition score (BCS) and body weight (BW) of individual goats were measured on days -21, -14, -7, 0, 7, 14 and 21 relative to parturition. Also, milk samples were harvested at days 0, 7, 14 and 21 following parturition. The results showed that dry matter intake (DMI), BCS and milk yield were increased with supplementation of 2 and 4 g/d BBR (P≤0.05). Milk lactose was also enhanced with increased BBR ingestion (P≤0.05). BBR consumption caused changes in milk fatty acids (FAs) profile in accordance with the energy balance. By supplementing 2 and 4 g/d BBR in transition goats, the level of de novo FAs were increased and free fatty acids (FFAs) were decreased (P≤0.05). BBR supplementation was also associated with a decrease in C18:1n9 fatty acid. The level of milk malondialdehyde (MDA) in goats supplemented with 2 and 4 g/d BBR was also decreased (P≤0.05). The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) as well as the level of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes in the milk of goats fed 2 and 4 g/d BBR was higher than the control (P≤0.05). In summary, these results showed that BBR supplementation as a new therapeutic strategy in transition period could improve lactation performance, energy balance, and milk antioxidant indicators.

The aim of the present study was to determine the nutritive value of Alhaji camelorum plant using nylon bag and gas production techniques which compared with alfalfa hay. Fodder samples were hand harvested and its chemical and phenolic composition was determined according to standard laboratory methods. The methods of gas production, nylon bags and three-step enzymatic digestion were used to determine the nutritive value of the samples. The amount of organic matter, crude protein and Ca of Alhaji camelorum was lower than alfalfa hay (P<0.05). Wheras, the neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, ash and phosphorus content of Alhaji camelorum were significantly higher than alfalfa hay (P<0.05). The amount of total phenolic compounds, total tannin, condensed and hydrolyzable tannin of Alhaji camelorum was also higher than alfalfa hay (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the fast degradable, slow degradable and degradablity rates of Alhaji camelorum and alfalfa hay. However, the effective degradability of Alhaji camelorum was lower than alfalfa hay (P<0.05). Gas production rate (c) of Alhaji camelorum and alfalfa was similar, however, its gas production potential (b) was lower than alfalfa hay (P<0.05). Organic matter digestibility, metabolizable energy, and net energy for lactation were also estimated to be lower in Alhaji camelorum than alfalfa hay (P<0.05). According to the results of the present research, Alhaji camelorum plant with appropriate nutritional caractristics and digestibility parameters along with its lower production cost compare to alfalfa hay, can be replaced with a part of the forage of camel diet.

Using efficient mathematical methods can be effective in order to breed identification and genetic grouping. So, the aim of this study was to compare the morphological features of native camels of central desert of Iran with dairy camels of Pakistan using the principal component analysis method. For this purpose, 25 native camels of Iran and 62 dairy camels of Pakistan were used. Measurements of shoulder height, pin width, udder circumference and udder depth were considered. Principal component analysis (PCA) carried out using ggfortify package in R version 3.5.3. Also, scores of camel type were compared using the independent samples t-test in SPSS software (version 22). The results showed that Pakistan’s dairy camels was taller than native camels (p <0.05). Pin width, udder depth, and udder circumference in Pakistan’s camels were larger than native Iranian camels (p <0.05). The mean evaluation score of Iranian native camels was 57.12 ± 10.03 and in camels of Pakistani origin was 76.71 ± 12.31 (p <0.05). The results of PCA showed that native camels of the central desert of Iran and dairy camels of Pakistan are in two separate categories and have different morphologies. The results of the present study showed that it is possible to use mathematical methods including principal component analysis (PCA) in order to accurately distinguish Iranian native camels from dairy camels of Pakistan origin.

In the present study, the chemical composition and nutritional value of quinoa crop residues were determined using insitu and invitro gas production techniques in comparison with alfalfa hay. After harvesting, whole quinoa plants were dried at environmental temperature, the seeds were separated, and the crop residues were used for the experiment. The results showed that the content of gross energy, dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and lignin of quinoa was higher than alfalfa hay (P<0.05). Crude protein concentration of quinoa (12.29%) was lower than alfalfa hay (14.32%). The main part of the tannin in quinoa was hydrolysable. Although the degradation rate and post-ruminal digestibility of quinoa and alfalfa hay were similar, ruminal, and total tract digestibility of quinoa were lower than alfalfa hay (P<0.05). No significant differences were found in gas production rate (c) between quinoa and alfalfa hay, however, it’s gas production potential (b) was lower than alfalfa hay (P<0.05). Organic matter digestibility, metabolizable energy and net energy of lactation in quinoa crop residues were also lower than alfalfa hay (P<0.05). Based on the results of this study, quinoa crop residues have suitable nutritional potential for replacing part of the forage to meet part of the nutritional requirements of ruminant feeds. However, invivo studies are recommended to determine it’s appropriate level in the diet.

Food- feed competition is one of the main challenges in the sustainability of livestock production systems. From this point of view, it is important to identify the nutritional value of agricultural waste as an alternative for animal feeding. The current study was carried out to evaluate nutritive value, phenolic compounds and in vitro digestion characteristics of different parts of Berberis Vulgaris plant. The experimental treatments included: 1) alfalfa hay, 2) barberry branches, 3) leaves before barberry harvesting, 4) leaves after barberry harvesting and 5) a mixture of branches and leaves (in the ratio of 60:40). The samples of barberry harvest wastages were manually prepared and sun-dried. The chemical compositions and phenolic compounds of samples were determined according to standard laboratory methods after milling samples and gas production of samples was assessed at zero, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr. The results revealed that dry matter, organic matter and ash content were similar among treatments. The highest crude protein was observed in barberry leaf; also the main tannins in barberry wastes were hydrolysable. Gas production rate (c) was the same among treatments; however, the highest gas production potential (b) was observed in leaf (P<0.05). Feed fermentation efficiency, organic matter digestibility, metabolizable energy and net lactation energy were also higher in barberry leaf than alfalfa hay (P<0.05). In conclusion, barberry harvest residues (except branches) has acceptable nutritional value and due to its large volume in South Khorasan province, the possibility of industrial scale preparation and lower cost than alfalfa, can be used as a replacement for current forage like alfalfa in ruminant nutrition.

To evaluate antioxidant effects of tomato pomace in broiler diets contained full-fat linseed on the production index, energy and protein efficiency, 396 one-day old Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated to 36 cages for nine dietary treatments with four replicate. This experiment were carried out in a completely randomized design with 3*3 factorial arrangement withthree levels of full-fat Linseed (0, 3 and 6% LS) and three levels of tomato pomace (0, 5 and 10% TP). Birds were fed with two diets of grower (10-24) and finisher (25-42d). Dietary contained TP and LS did not affect feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Supplementation of TP and LS to diets did not affect production index, Energy and protein efficiency of broiler chickens; however, the diets contained of 10% TP and 6% LS reduced the feed efficiency and production index of broilers at 28 d (P<0.05), with no effects on other parameters. In conclusion, supplementation of TP and LS to broiler diets may be with no effect onthe production index, energy and protein efficiency ratio, but the diets contained higher levels of LS (6%) and TP (10%) might reduce the energy efficiency and production index.