فهرست مطالب نگین رجب بوجانی

The cultural landscape, as a subsystem of the landscape, is influenced by rural development as a process towards village advancement. In recent years, the villages of Kuhdasht County in Lorestan, as villages caught between the duality of city and countryside, have been damaged by colonial development plans that, although adopted with the promise of rural improvement, have led to the destruction of the village identity. This article examines three villages—Khosrowabad, Pai Astan, and Abolvafa—in Kuhdasht County, Lorestan Province, through field observation. It appears that the development plans, without consideration of the village’s cultural landscape or merely objective attention to cultures, have undertaken actions under the illusion of development but have gradually altered or destroyed the heritage, values, and identity of the people. To protect the cultural landscape of villages as a form of development, it is necessary for development plans to be place-based and to consider the diversity and differences of cultures, with actions tailored to each specific area.

The "city" concept refers to the recognition of an independent, invisible entity continuously interacting with its various constituent elements. It is an aspect of a social concept that connects the components of a city in a systemic order while maintaining its independence. The definitions of city components and the type of connection between them depend on the social, natural, cultural, political, economic, functional, physical, etc. factors that explain the development and life of the city in a systemic relationship throughout history. The cities of Semnan and Damghan were formed based on the presence of water. The spatial organization of the city, urban elements, and city events and ceremonies are formed in connection with water. In addition to the current objective and subjective factors in the city that determine its overall meaning, in the abovementioned cities, the natural element of water is the most important factor in defining the elements of the city organization. It has an evolutionary and meaningful relationship with the presence of the tree in the city, and in accordance with the concepts and other objective elements of the city, it contributes to the reading of the urban landscape through the elements of spatial organization. Therefore, the present study aims to identify the organizational relationship between the elements of the urban landscape through field studies and observations. It seeks to answer the following question: in Semnan and Damghan, how are the elements of the urban landscape read based on the elements of the spatial organization of the city?The study draws upon a holistic perspective to answer this question by reviewing library sources and matching them with observations. For this purpose, the instances of the city that can narrate the concepts of spatial organization elements were read. In addition to the physical and functional instances in defining the elements of the urban spatial organization, (i.e. centrality, territory, small units, and structure), water-supply infrastructure and trees as natural elements are among the important organizational aspects in the completion and readability of the urban spatial organization elements that distinguish Semnan and Damghan from other Iranian cities.