هادی بهرامی احسان

This research has been done with the purpose of explaining the types of methods of understanding adjectives in the psychological verses of the Qur'an and with a descriptive-analytical method. The research findings show that in order to know the meaning and understand the psychological keywords of the collected verses, three methods can be used. The first method is "conceptology" or the discovery of the components of the psychological word, which is done by dividing its different dimensions. It has three functions. Also, the third method is to examine the "synonyms" of psychological words, the first step of which is to discover synonyms, and then, in the second step, to discover the characteristics of synonyms, which is done through the use of dictionaries, contexts, and other verses. As a result, in order to understand psychological terms, firstly, the components of the word such as roots, types, and works are discovered, and then the real, figurative, or ironic aspects of that word are examined, and finally, by discovering its synonyms and also examining the distinguishing features of the selected word. It is possible to provide new psychological understandings of the verse.

 Determining the boundaries of mental disorders has always been one of the most challenging topics in psychology. Different schools of psychology and specialized associations in this field have explained and classified the disorders. Despite the challenges that exist in the way of defining and classifying the disorders, it is necessary to deal with it through citing a revealed and authoritative source, namely the Holy Quran. The purpose of this research is to present a model of mental disorders from the perspective of the Holy Quran.

 The method of this study is qualitative. In the present study, the target text, which was analyzed and analyzed to obtain a specific topic, namely the definition of mental disorders and its pattern, is the Holy Quran. In the upcoming research, three main methods of Quran-to-Quran reflection, reflection on different chapters or surahs of the Quran and word analysis were used. The authors of the article reported no conflict of interest.

 Based on this research, it was determined that mental disorders from the perspective of the Quran are defective processes that are created as a result of the impact of external negative influences on the components of the human being's structure such as perception and belief, attention, faith, assets and capabilities, and behaviors. Each of these five areas has specific properties.

 The definition of disorder from the perspective of the Quran and its classification has advantages over the existing definitions and classifications including the use of a principled and scientific method for model extraction, basic conceptual explanation with high research priority, the comprehensiveness of the definition and classification compared to the definitions that only emphasize the feeling of a problem on the part of the individual, the structural and pathological nature of the definition against the sign-based nature of some theories, and reliance on the philosophy of revelation which is more sophisticated than other underlying philosophies.

This study aimed to investigate the difference between the psychological symptoms of nurses working in the COVID-19 wards and other wards and the relationship between these psychological symptoms and their organizational well-being. Causal-comparative (post-event) and descriptive research method was used. The statistical population included all nurses working in different wards from October 2019 to March 2020 (70 nurses in COVID-19 and 70 nurses in non-COVID-19 wards) of Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital in Babol, Iran. Symptoms Clinical List-Revised (SCL-90) (Drogatis et al., 1973) and the Organizational Well-Being Scale (Zheng et al., 2015) were used to collect data. Multivariate and univariate variance and Pearson correlation analyses were conducted for statistical analysis. The findings indicate a significant difference between the two groups of nurses working in the Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 wards regarding hostility (Ƞ2=0.08, p<0.05, F = 0.057) and paranoid ideation (Ƞ2=0.049, p<0.05, F = 0.049). Also, among the nurses working in the covid-19 wards, the relationship between interpersonal sensitivity (r=0.348), depression (r=0.546), anxiety (r=0.353), hostility (r =-0.351), phobic anxiety (r=0.334), paranoid ideation (r=0.303) and psychoticism (r=0.397) are inverse and significant with organizational well-being. In conclusion, the score of aggression and paranoid ideation was significantly higher in nurses working in COVID-19 wards than in nurses working in other wards, and there is a relationship between psychological symptoms and organizational well-being among nurses working in COVID-19 wards.

Chronic kidney disease is one of the widespread public health problems. This disease is associated with extensive cognitive deficits, among which visual attention, psychomotor speed and executive function can be mentioned. In most of the researches conducted in this field, the combined view in measuring executive functions and evaluating both types of objective and subjective executive functions has not been used, and this has hindered the acquisition of integrated knowledge in this field.

The aim of the present study was to compare objective and subjective executive functions between chronic kidney dialysis patients and normal people.

The design of present study is causal comparative type (ex post facto) design and the population of the present study includes all chronic kidney dialysis patients who went to Labbafinezhad Hospital and Clinic in Tehran for treatment in 1401 and 1402. Gpower software was used to determine the sample size, and 39 people were considered for each group, and these people were sampled in a purposeful manner and completed the research tool, which included the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test (Cambridge Cognition, 2012) and the deficits in executive functioning scale (Barkley, 2012), and the research data was statistically analyzed by Multivariate analysis of variance using SPSS 21 software.

The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups of chronic kidney dialysis patients and normal patients in terms of the objective executive functions of visual-spatial span, the number of spatial working memory errors, problems solved with minimum movement and average movements in hard problems. Also, there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of subjective executive functions of self-organization/problem solving and self-control/inhibition (p<0.05).

According to the results of present study, it is suggested to pay special attention to the role of objective executive functions and some subjective executive function in the early identification of structural and functional brain damage in chronic kidney dialysis patients.

 Childhood is the most important and sensitive period of human development, and its evaluation is one of the most important tasks of parents and experts in this field. Despite the availability of various scales, it is necessary to devise scales on an Islamic theoretical basis. The present study aims at constructing the first period of a development scale based on a Holy Quran development system (Okhovat 2014-2019) and examining its validity and reliability.

 The research is based on an exploratory mixed methodology. The scale was devised in the qualitative section, while the quantitative section evaluated its validity and reliability. The research population consisted of the parents of children aged 5-7 years in Tehran who were sampled by the cluster sampling method. The sample size was 820 in the main step. In the present study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interests.  

 The validity (0.78) and reliability ratios (0.94) indicate the acceptable validity and reliability of the scale. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that the scale consisted of two fundamental factors, and the loading factor of items was higher than 0.4. In studying structural validity, the scale included two infrastructural factors and eight components. All paths from items to factors were significant at the 0.05 level. The scale enjoys proper structural validity.

 The findings suggest that the developed scale, titled the developmental scale of Tayyeb words, is a proper instrument to be used in the Iranian community.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the adaptation improvement protocol based on the multimodal model on the level of mental health of women with breast cancer.

The current study is a randomized controlled clinical trial with pre-test and post-test with experimental and control groups. The present study was an applied study and the research method was quasi-experimental and its design was pre-test and post-test with experimental and control groups. The statistical population included patients with breast cancer referred to the specialized clinic of breast diseases in Mashhad. Among them, 30 were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group was trained in adaptation improvement protocol based on the multimodal model and the control group did not receive any intervention. The research instrument was depression, anxiety and stress scale. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance and SPSS-24 software.

The results of multivariate covariance analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the linear combination of depression, anxiety and stress subscales (Wickels lambda = 0.30, F =17.73, p <0.05). The results of univariate analysis of covariance showed that the adaptation improvement protocol based on the multimodal model has significantly reduced depression, anxiety and stress in women with breast cancer (P<0.001) and the effect size of the group on these variables was 65, 33 and 54, respectively.

The adaptation improvement protocol based on the multimodal model improved the level of mental health in women with breast cancer by creating spiritual, psychological, social, emotional and physical adaptation.

Temptation and relapse are important factors involved in drug recurrence, and women have more tempting experiences than men. Therefore, the aim of this research was to identify the factors that cause the perpetuation of temptation, realization, or suppression of relapse in this particular group. The method of this research was the qualitative method of grounded theory. The research participants consisted of 40 women who were referred to the drug addiction treatment center of Behboudgostaran Hemgam in the years 2017 to 2018,  who were selected by theoretical sampling method, and with this number of samples, saturation was achieved The research tool was a semi-structured interview, and the data were analyzed using open, axial and selective coding methods. The exploratory themes of the current research are as follows: 1- Individual and familial perpetuating factors of temptation (consisting of the categories of family cognitive factors and 4 steps of individual cognitive factors: 1. Reluctancy, 2. Obtaining relapse permission, 3. Justification of reuse, 4. Virtual consumption, the category of personal and familial emotional-affectional and behavioral perpetuating factors of temptation, 2- Individual, familial, and social ending factors of temptation and realizing relapse, and 3- Individual, familial, and social suppressive factors of relapse. The present study showed that identifying the factors involved in temptation and relapse in women's addiction treatment is necessary, and it seems that the use of these factors in the treatment and awareness of women will make the possibility of relapse prevention more possible.

The family is one of the main pillars of society with a specific structure in defining individual and social roles and responsibilities. Explaining the roles of men and women in this structure is very important to prevent family injuries. Considering that consistency is a characteristic Allah has set for men in verse 34 of Surah AnNisa', this characteristic can be studied from different aspects. The present study aimed to investigate the Qur'an's view on consistency and how it deals with marital conflicts. The research method is contemplation in the Qur'an, specifically the word contemplation, which has been done by asking a question from verse 34 of Surah An-Nisa' and examining the propositions and contemplating its words. Findings showed that consistency is a responsibility that obliges men to perform tasks in society and the family. One of these tasks is to manage conflicts in the family. A variety of conflict management strategies such as advising, temporarily leaving alone, and Punishment and combining these strategies can effectively explain the roles of men and women to manage conflict and ultimately reduce marital conflicts. As a result, consistency reduces marital conflicts and leads to improved relationships by applying appropriate strategies.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of adaptation protocol based on multidimensional model on the level of spiritual and social health of women with breast cancer. The present study was a quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test with experimental and control groups. The present study was an applied study and the research method was quasi-experimental and its design was pre-test and post-test with experimental and control groups. The statistical population included patients with breast cancer referred to the specialized clinic of breast diseases in Mashhad. Among them, 30 were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group was trained in adaptation improvement protocol and the control group did not receive any intervention. The research instruments were spiritual well-being questionnaire and social health questionnaire. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance and SPSS-24 software. The results showed that the adjustment protocol based on the multidimensional model significantly increased the spiritual and social health of women with breast cancer (P <0.001). Multidimensional modeling adaptation protocol improved the level of spiritual and social health in women with breast cancer by creating spiritual, psychological, social, emotional and physical adaptation.Keywords: Adaptation, Spiritual health, Social health, Breast cancer

The COVID-19 crisis has caused a wave of stress, psychological disorders and physical problems in the world, but some people experience post-traumatic growth despite these problems. The aim of this study was to explain the religious coping strategies of growth based on the experiences of patients with COVID-19.

A qualitative research design was conducted using content analysis method. Twenty-five participants were selected using purposive sampling and interviewed using semi-structured and in-depth interviews. Purposeful sampling was used to achieve data saturation. Data were analyzed according to the step-by-step process of Brown and Clark content analysis using MAXQDA software.

Data analysis resulted in 386 primary codes, 18 basic themes, 11 organizing themes. Religious coping strategies of post-traumatic growth in patients with COVID-19 were: “Spiritual reflection”, “Positive religious framing”, “Prayer”, “Religious benevolence”, “Invocation”, “Trusting”, “Religious hope”, “Religious modeling”, “Religious acceptance”, “Preparation for Death”, and “Seeking Religious support”.

Positive religious coping strategies significantly contribute to post-traumatic growth in patients with COVID-19. The findings of the present study can be used to design scales for measuring religious coping strategies, design and effectiveness of intervention programs to help COVID-19 patients to cope with disease stress and facilitate post-traumatic growth.

The prevalence of Covid-19 in the world has caused many mental and physical problems for individuals, but some people experience post-traumatic growth despite these problems. The aim of the present study was to explain post-traumatic growth facilitators based on the experiences of patients with Covid-19. A qualitative research design was conducted using content analysis method. Twenty-five participants were selected using purposive sampling and interviewed using semi-structured and in-depth interviews. Purposeful sampling was used to achieve data saturation. Data were analyzed according to the step-by-step process of Brown and Clark content analysis using MAXQDA software. </strong>Data analysis resulted in 90 initial codes, 23 basic themes, and 6 organizing themes. The most important facilitating factors and their sub-categories were: Perception of support (support of friends, support of family, self-sacrifice, support of medical staff); Spirituality (spiritual beliefs, spiritual behaviors, religious background); Personality traits (optimism, extraversion, hardiness, no history of neuroticism, flexibility, conscientiousness, self-efficacy and deep thinking); Safe attachment (safe family relationships, feelings of being loved); experience of going through a crisis (unfortunate events, history of illness, history of loss, facing death); And demographic variables (youth, higher education). The results showed that various factors may facilitate post-traumatic growth in patients with Covid-19. Identification of these facilitators can significantly help in designing and modifying intervention programs for patients with Covid-19.

The purpose of the present study was to develop and evaluate a model for predicting drug use among University students in Tehran. The current study was applied by purpose and correlational by method. The statistical population included all students of Tehran University (47,605 individuals) studying in the academic year 2018-2019. In this project, 200 students (male= 119 & female= 81) were selected by stratified-proportional random sampling and answered the National Scale of Students Life Profile (NSSLP). Data were analyzed using frequency, mean, standard deviation, analysis of variance, logistic regression analysis, and path analysis by SPSS23 and AMOS23. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that frequency of brushing teeth, daily fruit consumption, number of study hours per day, religious attitude, worrying about not achieving wishes, depression, anger and irritation, using a car whose driver used drugs and alcohol, risky sex, and suicide attempts significantly predicted drug use. The results of the path analysis method showed that religious attitude directly and negatively predicted drug use (standard coefficient - 0.26), and the effect of religious attitude and worry about not achieving wishes on drug use was mediated by depression and anger and irritation (standard coefficient 0.18). The results of this study suggest that low religious belief and worry about not fulfilling wishes play an important role in drug use through the development of depression and anger. It is recommended that the university identify students at risk and develop a prevention plan for them according to the identified risk factors..

The purpose of this study was to discover the advantages and disadvantages of women with various drug use disorder methods of quitting an addiction in Tehran and providing efficient strategies to improve the quality of their treatment.

The method of the present study was the qualitative method of grounded theory. The study population consisted of women with drug use disorders who had a history of experiencing at least one voluntary or involuntary action to quit their addiction. The sample of the present study was 40 women with substance use disorders who had referred to the Behbastaran Women's Addiction Treatment Center to quit their addiction. In 2018 and 2019, they were selected by theoretical sampling method and were interviewed in depth.

Six treatment methods for quitting addiction with a license, quitting in an addiction camp without a license, quitting at home, quitting a hospital, quitting a prison, and quitting in addiction quit clinics with pills and medication, as the most important methods for quitting addiction in women was discovered in Tehran. By analyzing the text of the interviews, three themes of the advantages of different methods of quitting women, the disadvantages of different methods of quitting women and the positive and negative consequences of different methods of quitting for women emerged. Also, strategies were provided to improve the quality of various treatment methods.

Each method of quitting addiction for women has specific and common advantages and disadvantages, and drug-dependent women, their families, and medical staff should be aware of and provide the best choice for the individual according to the circumstances.

Marital satisfaction is one of the many keywords that family researchers have focused on for years. Despite extensive studies in this field, so far no research has been done on designing a native pattern and profile for predicting marital satisfaction. The present study aims to design a native operational profile for predicting the success rate in creating marital satisfaction based on the important and determinative components. Inspired by existing research, the most important variables involved in marital satisfaction were identified and a questionnaire was prepared. To discover the existing components and factor structure of marital satisfaction in the Iranian society, 240 married individuals living in Tehran randomly answered the prepared questionnaire regarding marital satisfaction. The data were analyzed by factor analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC). The findings showed that the factor structure has been assigned to love, spouse emotional stability, marital forgiveness, commitment, financial understanding, and sexual satisfaction. The results also showed that the values of these factors are not the same in men and women. Thus, two profiles were obtained for the groups of men and women. The results of this study portrayed that by using these profiles, the level of marital satisfaction can be well predicted in a future oriented perspective. The results of this study can be well used in developing educational programs aimed at promoting marital satisfaction and also in couples counseling.

Covid-19 as a stressor causes several psychological disorders and physical problems around the world, but some people experience post-traumatic growth despite these problems. The aim of this study was to explain post-traumatic growth coping styles based on the experiences of patients with Covid-19.

Qualitative research design was done by thematic analysis method. Twenty-five participants were selected using purposive sampling and interviewed using semi-structured and in-depth interviews. Purposeful sampling was used to achieve data saturation. Data were analyzed according to the step-by-step process of Brown and Clark content analysis using MAXQDA software.

Data analysis resulted in 96 primary codes, 31 basic themes, and 13 organizing themes. The most important coping styles of patients growing from Corona were: deep thinking style, prayer style, trusting style, hopeful style, modeling style, normalization style, acceptance style, Problem solving style, Meaningful style, Conscious procrastination style, Emotional outburst style, Humorous style, and Supportive style. Finally, the validity and reliability of the identified styles were confirmed using Lincoln and Gaba methods along with four indicators of credibility, conformability, dependability and transformability.

grown individuals have a wide range of coping styles that they use to cope with the stress of Covid-19 disease. The results of this study can significantly help to design the scale of assessment, educational and therapeutic interventions of coping styles that facilitate post-traumatic growth in Covid-19 patients.

Nowadays, due to the increasing growth of behavioral disorders in the field of psychology, the need to scientifically explore comprehensive and convincing theories that help more and more specialists in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders, seems more than necessary. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of growing group counseling on depression from the perspective of the Qur'an and depression (Beck) in women. For this purpose, in a quasi-experimental study of pre-test-post-test with a control group of 30 married women aged 30 to 40 years who had primary school children in Tehran's 14th education district, randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Experiment and control were placed (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group). At the beginning and end of the study, the groups completed a questionnaire on depression from the perspective of the Qur'an ((Fayyaz, Sarmast, Bahrami Ehsan and Okhovat, 2015)and depression (Beck, 1996). Then, the experimental group underwent growth-oriented group counseling based on depressive indicators from the perspective of the Holy Quran for three months (12 sessions of 90 minutes). The results of analysis of covariance showed that the mean scores of depression (in both scales) as well as subscales of Quranic depression in the experimental group, in the post-test phase decreased significantly compared to the control group (p <0.0001). Significance of this effect on the experimental group was maintained in the quarterly follow-up phase. Thus, based on the above findings, it can be said that the development of group counseling based on the Holy Quran, all of which ultimately promote the level of growth and individual spirituality, can have positive and significant effects on mental health indicators such as depression and mood disorders.

This study examines the effectiveness of different interviewing tools in consolidating eyewitness memory. This applied research used the post-test with control group design. The population includes all undergraduate students of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science of the University of Tehran, studying in the academic year 2019-20. Eighty participants (21 males and 59 females) were selected using cluster sampling and divided into four groups of equal size. First, participants watched a video recording showing a bank robbery. In the second session, they were interviewed using an eyewitness interview tool (no interview session for the control group). In the last session, all participants were examined using a free recall task. Data were analyzed using MANOVA in SPSS-23 software. The results indicated no significant differences between the CI and the self-administered interview groups (SAI) in either the interview session or the delayed recall task. Participants in the structured interview group recalled significantly fewer details in the first interview session than did the CI and SAI groups. However, this significant difference was only found between the CI and SI groups in the delayed recall session. Thus, the results suggest that early recall can help consolidate witnesses' memory and help them recall more information in later recall attempts.

Fear of death is a global and cultural issue. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a scale for afterlife fears in the Iranian sample. This study was an exploratory sequential mixed method design. The Qualitative phase included semi-structured interviews with 12 acute cardiac patients. The content of patients answers about afterlife fears rearranged as 14 items for quantitative phase. At the quantitative phase, 313 subjects (230 women and 83 men) were selected from Tehran city and carried out the questionnaires online. For studying construct validity of Afterlife Fear Scale, the responses of normal sample analyzed by exploratory factor analysis method. For assessing the concurrent validity of new Afterlife Fears Scale, its correlation with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II, 1996) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES, 1965) were calculated. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis, principal component extraction method and parallel analysis. Three factors were extracted which were named as "fear of punishment and grave torment", "loneliness and abandonment" and "longing and confidence in God", respectively. The internal consistency method was used to determine the reliability of the scale. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the subscales ranged from .63 to .88, which indicated the appropriate internal consistency of the scale and its components. The Afterlife Fears Scale has good reliability and validity in the Iranian Muslim sample and can be used to identify the underpinning fears of cardiovascular patients and anxiety reduction interventions, as well as cross-cultural comparisons.

Mindfulness has recently been considered by many mental health professionals as a predictor trait of mental and physical health and many therapeutic methods seek to increase clients' mindfulness in order to achieve health. However, there is no difference between the effectiveness of static psychotherapy and mindfulness-focused approaches. Also, mindfulness-based therapeutic methods usually perform mindful interventions the traditional way in a static manner, which leads to the repression of emotions, and these methods are not compatible with the dynamism and pace of the modern world and the dynamics of the postmodern human mind. Movement, dynamic psychotherapeutic interventions, exciting games, and challenges have been designed into sensorimotor mindful interventions. In the present study, sensorimotor mindful interventions were designed and formulated through a bio-psycho-social approach, using a mixed-method and the data obtained from 20 (including 10 men and 10 women) of the clients of the psychology clinic. In the quantitative study, the effectiveness of the designed interventions on integrative self-knowledge was measured for a sample of 30 people (including 19 men and 11 women). In this paper, the literature in the field of psychotherapy that confirms the theoretical basis of sensorimotor mindful interventions was reviewed under the discussion and conclusion section. The results of this study showed that sensorimotor mindful interventions are in line with the most up-to-date studies in the field of health and psychotherapy and these interventions incorporate a wide range of therapeutic methods. The quantitative study also showed that sensorimotor mindful interventions increase integrative self-knowledge (p < 0.05). With regard to the fact that integrative self-knowledge is one of the most important emotional self-regulation processes and a predictor of health and a sign of becoming conscious of the unconscious, the results of this study showed that sensorimotor mindful interventions lead to derepression, reconstruction of real scenes of each individual’s life, and compassionate confrontation with mental and physical reality without verbal barriers. Also, empowering the mind and body using a variety of games and challenges which bring broad personality traits to consciousness in each individual leads the person to self-actualization and talent development.

Methods of achieving mindfulness have been implemented by slowing down movement, creating stillness, and following the traditional teachings of Buddhism. The long-term effectiveness of traditional mindfulness methods on anxiety and depression has been associated with conflicting results. Recently, bodily, dynamic, and objective interventions while moving and playing on the unconscious and strengthening consciousness for the integration of mind and body have been suggested. Can these therapeutic exercises change the abnormal patterns of an anxious and depressed personality?

This study aimed to study the effectiveness of mindful sensorimotor interventions in treating abnormal personality patterns leading to anxiety and depression in clients seeking psychotherapy.

This research is an explanatory mixed-method study. The first study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of the study was the clients of psychology clinics in Tehran. a sample of 20 (7 women and 13 men) of the clients of a psychology clinic in Tehran responded to Castello-Comrey (1967) anxiety and depression questionnaires before and after eight weeks of mindful sensorimotor interventions (Kashanaki et al., 2021). In the second study, during and after mindful sensorimotor interventions, personality disorders, mental health, and personality traits predicting anxiety and depression in one client were assessed by the SWAP personality test (Shedler and Westen, 2007).

The results of a correlated t-test showed that mindful sensorimotor interventions are effective in reducing anxiety (p < 0.00001) and depression (p < 0.05). The second study showed that the patient changes his pathological personality patterns and personality disorder by interventions; this intervention transformed immature defenses into more mature defenses and increased mental health factors in him, which led to a decrease in anxiety and depression.

The results of this study showed the effectiveness of mindful sensorimotor interventions in reducing anxiety and depression. These challenging interventions and a variety of games are likely to empower and increase the capacity of the mind and body and motivate them to endure anxiety and cope with depression.