هادی کریمی

Improving field operations through precise spot planting rates depends on the accurate functioning of seed flow sensors within the working rows. Despite the availability of these sensors in the market, achieving measurement precision remains a challenge in their optimal design. Seed flow sensors can be categorized into two primary types: optical and non-optical. Among these, optical sensors—particularly infrared sensors—are gaining popularity among researchers due to their distinct advantages, including simple circuit design, cost-effectiveness, and a strong correlation with seed flow. However, the accuracy of these sensors tends to diminish over time due to dust accumulation from planting operations and the effects of sunlight. In response to these challenges, researchers are actively exploring various solutions, employing diverse approaches such as the development of different algorithms and the utilization of alternative hardware configurations. Each research initiative aims to address specific challenges associated with these sensors, with the overarching goal of facilitating effective commercialization, optimizing resource use, and minimizing waste.

Two distinct algorithms, utilizing analog-to-digital converter and interrupt-based methodologies, were meticulously developed and thoroughly evaluated to determine the more effective method for monitoring. Correspondingly, unique circuits were engineered for each algorithm.
To enhance the sensitivity of the sensor while simplifying the circuit's complexity and dimensions, the lm324 Op-Amp was used in the interrupt-based sensor circuit. Adjusting sensitivity was made feasible through a multi-turn potentiometer, enabling precise adjustment of the external interrupt within the microcontroller. On the other hand, the analog-to-digital converter-based circuit, without relying on the LM324 chip, provided a more straightforward and quieter configuration.
The intricate nature of construction mandated the design of circuits using Altium Designer 17 software, which was then printed onto circuit boards. Both developed circuits featured the deployment of the STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller, renowned for its robust capabilities and cost efficiency.
In the interrupt-based algorithm's development, the microcontroller's external interrupt was used, selecting its sensitivity to detect both rising and falling edges. This strategic configuration ensured comprehensive scanning of all receivers by the analog-to-digital converter upon any interruption in the infrared sensors. Given the singular passage of seeds in precision seeding, each pass was counted as a single seed.
At the start of the planting operation and upon reaching the end of each planting row, the microcontroller employed a micro-switch to sample the output of the infrared sensor, which were then used to execute further calculations based on those samples. Throughout the planting process, the microcontroller continuously performed sensor scanning and promptly converted the sensor outputs into binary values based on defined thresholds. Then, it counted the seeds based on the predetermined counting thresholds for the number of passes.
The efficacy of these developed algorithms and sensors underwent rigorous testing encompassing hybrid corn seeds, popcorn, soybean, and mung bean. The evaluation was conducted on an 11-meter-long conveyor belt platform, tested at three different speeds: 4, 7, and 10 km h-1, through five distinct iterations. This comprehensive evaluation ensured the robustness and reliability of the algorithms across diverse seed types and varying operational conditions.

Test results indicate that interrupt-based sensors demonstrate impressive seed counting capabilities; however, they may encounter issues such as susceptibility to dust and the need for manual recalibrations. Moreover, these sensors exhibited acceptable performance across various crops, including corn and soybeans. Nonetheless, variations in seed characteristics could affect counting accuracy. Additionally, simultaneous seed passage through the sensor under certain conditions posed challenges, diminishing the sensor's precision. On the other hand, sensors employing analog-to-digital algorithms showed promising performance. They offer enhanced adjustability compared to their interrupt-based counterparts, showcasing adaptability to diverse conditions. In summary, each sensor type has its strengths and weaknesses. Sensors that utilize analog-to-digital converter algorithms may offer superior performance in varied scenarios due to their advanced features and adaptable configurations.

This study developed and tested two seed counting algorithms: one based on interruption and the other utilizing an analog-to-digital converter. Both algorithms effectively counted seeds larger in diameter than the distance between adjacent LEDs with remarkable accuracy. However, due to their reliance on infrared optical components, both were susceptible to dust generated during planting operations. The algorithm utilizing the analog-to-digital converter demonstrated a notable advantage. Its ability to adjust the threshold either at the start of planting or at the end of each crop row provided a distinct edge over the interruption-based algorithm. Consequently, the analog-to-digital converter-based algorithm was selected as the superior choice for this research.

The role of the prosecutor in criminal detention is one of the important and controversial issues. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to examine the question of what role does the prosecutor's office play in the management of criminal prosecution in Iran and the United States of America? The present article is descriptive and analytical and has investigated the mentioned question by using the library method. The findings indicate that the prosecutor's office in Iran is appointed and affiliated with the judiciary, while in the United States it is elective and affiliated with the executive branch. In both legal systems, criminal prosecution is managed by the prosecutor's office; With the difference that in America, by accepting the principle of having the status of prosecution, the prosecutor's office has wider powers in the management of criminal prosecution. Trimming the prosecutor's office in Iran and transforming this institution into a strong and efficient management of criminal prosecution requires that, first of all, While in the American legal system, the focus of prosecutors is on the management of criminal prosecution and the society is sensitive to the performance of the prosecution in the management of criminal prosecution and as a result of correcting the wrong procedures of the prosecution institution, it has become the desire and demand of the society regarding the correction of wrong procedures in the case of the prosecution. There is no such demand in Iran.

AbstractIn many date palm gardens, different varieties of date fruits are commonly grown. Each of these varieties has different physical and chemical properties. Therefore, in the first step of developing intelligent sorting systems and quality monitoring systems, it is highly desirable to develop an automatic method for identifying the type of date fruit variety. This study aims to develop a classification algorithm of date fruit varieties using electronic responses from capacitive sensors and a force transducer. To simultaneously obtain the capacitive properties including the frequency and analog responses of date fruit and the force parameter related to the weight of the date fruit, an electronic platform was designed and constructed. In this platform, the capacitive responses and force parameters were provided by setting up the IC 555 and calibrating a 1 kg load cell. 120 date fruits from four different varieties, including Zahedi, Qhasb, Mazafati and Medjool were considered for the model development. A total of 30% of the samples were separated for final classification evaluation.  Decision Tree (DTs) as a non-parametric supervised learning method was chosen for classification. To tune, the classification model with the best hyper parameters fitting 3 folds for each of 2204 candidates, totaling 6612 fits were examined. The evaluation of the developed model resulted in a classification quality with F-scores of 64%, 50%, 100% and 100% for the four varieties Zahedi, Qhasb, Mazafati and Medjool. It was concluded that the developed capacitance base classification system can be successfully used to classify date fruit with acceptable quality.

Introduction :

Seed drills are the planters that plant the seeds in rows in close proximity. The sowing rates of seed drills are regulated by fluted roller seed metering mechanism which may have different seed numbers each time in their grooves. Given the nature of these types of seed, it is not possible to completely prevent the change in seed flow rate. In addition, during sowing with seed drills over a field, seedless areas may remain largely due to unavoidable problems, such as a malfunction of the seed metering mechanism, clogging of seed tubes, emptying of the seed hopper, etc.  Due to the closed-loop of the sowing process seed drills, seeds can be placed with an undesirable population per unit area. In this regard, the seed drill performance monitoring system by providing online feedback on the operating status of various parts could optimally improve sowing efficiency.

Materials and Methods :

At first step, to develop a seed drill monitoring system, an infrared seed sensor was designed to be installed in sowing tubes of seed drills. To establish an equation for mass flow rate estimation, the sensor was evaluated by a roller seed metering system and three types of seeds including chickpea, wheat and alfalfa (respectively, representative of large, medium and fine seeds). It was found that a completely acceptable equation can be made between the voltage and the flow rate of each type of seed. Afterwards, designing and constructing a seed drill performance monitoring system based on developed seed flow sensors was considered. In the proposed monitoring system, the seed flow sensors were installed separately in each seed tube, so that the amount of seed flow rate, the presence or absence of seed flow in the graphical interface can be displayed.  The forward speed is measured with the Hall sensor and, taking into account the mass flow rate of the seed, the sowing rate is calculated according to the seed mass sown per unit area. During operation, the system registers sowing data with the location information provided by the GPS module. The overall information from the sowing performance is then recorded simultaneously on the embedded memory card and displayed in the graphical interface. In addition to sowing operations, the proposed system continuously indicate the seed and fertilizer levels of the hoppers measured by ultrasonic sensors.

Results and Discussion:

The developed monitoring system was constructed and installed on a seed drill, equipped with 13 sowing units. With applications of three levels of ground speed and sowing speed during field experiment, the sensing system is assessed under outdoor operating conditions, including planter vibrations, tractor speed variation, and the dust. The field test resulted in a correlation coefficient of 85 percent between the mean of the weighted data obtained from the scale and the mass flow estimates. The outdoor experiments results appeared to be weaker than laboratory evaluation. Regarding the outdoor operating conditions, the obstruction of the optical elements by the dust seems to have the most adverse effect on the performance of the proposed sensing system. In addition, increased forward ground speed and sowing rate resulted a negative impact on the performance of the developed seed flow sensor. So that with increasing speed and mass flow rate, the passing seed flow becomes denser and more seed remains hidden from the measuring elements. In the case of the hopper level control sensor, ultrasonic sensors had proven to be a suitable and inexpensive practical solution for checking the fertilizer and grain level.

Conclusion :

There are some suggestions for the development of the sowing monitoring system in future research. When designing an optically based seed sensor, optical elements with a smaller propagation angle are preferred. In this case, the error caused by optical overlap would be minimized. The sowing performance monitoring can be triggered as appropriate feedback received from the forward speed sensor. The flow sensor can therefore only be activated when the tractor is moving and exceeds a predefined threshold. In this case, the environmental effects that affect the performance of the seed sensor can be automatically zeroed when the tractor is stopped. Reduce the wiring between system components by establishing wireless communication protocols, CAN, etc., the use of new operating methods for the modification and cleaning of infrared elements against dust, the development of a graphical interface in Android and iOS systems and the use of tablets and mobiles Phones to display sowing information are some of the issues that could be considered in future system updates and developments.

One of the methods of assessing the performance of seed drills may be to compare the performance with the crop population growth. Pixels of crop emergence zone appear to have similar characteristics concerning image parameter variations between soil and crop. The use of deep learning methods based on convolution neural networks to map regions of interest in the image seems appropriate. In this regard, a total of 2720 images of early-growth cereals were obtained from a field. 212 images with different backgrounds were selected and annotated to feed and train a neural network model. Raw images were defined as inputs and maps of manually marked growth points as network outputs. In order to calculate the network cost, the predicted output of the network was compared with the pre-marked pixel map. Prediction errors were then back-propagated and the network parameters updated. Examination of the initial network output showed that the trained network had responded incorrectly to plant tips, weeds and plant remains as plant growth points. To overcome these errors and improve network performance, a penalty function was defined for the mistaken predicted points. The network was trained with three penalty rates and evaluated with nine Soft Max thresholds. According to the network output, images were arranged in terms of plant density. In order to evaluate the model in different ranges, images from each particular range were selected at random. These images were fed to the model and their outputs compared with the truth. For the ranges where approximately 94% of the total field images existed, the average harmonic accuracy of the precision index and the recall index was estimated to be over 80%, indicating good model performance. The results showed that the model can provide acceptable feedback on sowing performance and improve farm management and efficiency in the next steps.

Considering that receiving a sum under the title of underwriting in endowment properties has become common by the trustees, the main issue is on what jurisprudential and legal basis this amount can be justified and what is its status? In this article, which first described the underwriting in a descriptive and analytical method and then analyzed it based on the purpose of the donor (founder of an endowment) and the benefits of the beneficiaries, it was proved that receiving the underwriting, if it is in accordance with the purpose of the donor (founder of an endowment) and the benefit of the beneficiaries, is legal and lawful that in this situation, like the endowed object, must be spent for the benefit of the whole beneficiaries. In terms of function, the payment of the dowry by the tenants of the endowment property is considered as a consideration (replacement) for the possession in the object of endowment, because the tenants are entitled to the construction of the building on the endowment land by paying the underwriting.

The role of community participation in health care has been confirmed in order to achieve fair and equitable results. The aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting community participation in primary health care delivery.

This study was carried out in combination (quantitative and qualitative). At first, 25 experts were selected and 200 clients from networks and health centers affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences participated in this study, and were selected by using available sampling method and analyzed using SPSS software and LISREL software version 7.8.

Factors affecting community participation in providing health care, including "exchanging information between health care organizations and people", "encouraging and preparing people", "reviewing and transforming health centers and homes", "direct role and the effectiveness of the people and informing them "," the equal relation of people and authorities, and the participation of the people in all stages of decision-making " and " timely informing the clients about the opportunity to decide on their participation "and, finally," trust and the reliance of the clients on the system of health and accountability and the promotion of their efficiency "and" development of social capital ".

The present study, with regard to the specific context of the social and political environment in Iran, identified the factors influencing community participation in primary health care. This study provides a practical guide for policymakers and primary health care managers to participate in decisions that affect their lives, which ultimately lead to improved quality of service and patient and community satisfaction.

In this study, a FeAl powder synthesized by mechanical alloying and annealing process was used as a binder to produce WC-FeAl composite. The powders of WC and FeAl were blended with composition of WC-25 vol% FeAl and sintered by spark plasma sintering at 1150℃. The hardness, fracture toughness and wear behavior of sintered WC-FeAl sample was investigated and compared with a commercial WC-Co. Structural evaluation of mixed powder was showed a homogeneous distribution of WC and FeAl which related to particle size of FeAl to be in the range of 50-800 nm. FeAl nanoparticles were able to diffuse faster between WC particles and occupy interparticle spaces among larger particles in the sintering condition; thus resulted to formation of an almost homogeneous structure with densification to near theoretical density. The hardness and fracture toughness of WC-FeAl was 17.90 GPa and 9.1 MPa√m, respectively that this hardness was higher than that of WC-Co (15.7 GPa) and fracture toughness was lower slightly. The results for wear test showed that the specific wear rate of both samples was enhanced with increasing the test temperature from room temperature to 500℃. Furthermore, WC-FeAl showed higher wear resistance than WC-Co at both room and 500℃ temperatures.

In recent years, manganese-nickel alloys have been studied by many researchers due to their unique magnetic properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pressure of the compartment on the manganese evaporation process and to determine critical and inhibit evaporation pressures and temperature for this element in manganese-nickel alloys (70Mn-25Ni-5Cr and 40Mn-55Ni-5Cr). In this regard, manganese-nickel alloys in a vacuum induced melting furnace, under the atmosphere of argon by positive pressure (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, and 4.5) bar melted at temperatures of 1450, 1550 and 1650°C. For the above conditions, the rate of evaporation was calculated and illustrated by plotting evaporation rate graphs with pressure, the critical pressure and impeding pressure for manganese evaporation determined. The results showed that pressures of 1 bar and 3 bar were sequencly critical pressure and impeding pressure for manganese evaporation in manganese-nickel alloys. It was also found that the increase in melting temperature caused an increase in the evaporation rate, but the critical pressure and inhibit pressure remained unchanged for manganese evaporation in the alloys.

In this study, an acoustic system is proposed for online estimation of precision planting indices. The technique was based on rising the acoustic amplitude with impacts of seeds on a plate. By exceeding a defined acoustic threshold, each impact was registered as a meaningful event imported into an acoustic system algorithm for estimating precision planting indices. To evaluate the proposed system, a feeding platform was designed being able to apply different patterns of seed spacing with predefined precision planting indices. During the tests, dropped seeds from the feeding platform impacted to the plate and their spacing is estimated according to the time interval between seeds and simulated speed of planter. According to the ISO standard, calculated seed spacing was automatically separated in three ranges of spacing. The precision planting indices including multiple index, miss index, precision in spacing and quality of feed index were estimated based on the theoretical seed spacing. Considering the estimated precision planting indices with 99% coefficient of determination with referenced data in feeding platform and the acoustic system spacing measurement, the proposed acoustic system was evaluated as a powerful technique for laboratory evaluation of precision planting.

Congestion in urban areas is a major problem and imposes huge costs to society. Congestion is a consequence of increased traffic flow in certain locations of large cities. Those locations are normally historical, recreational, or touristic sites, which attract a lot of people. Nowadays, travel demand growth rate has surpassed transportation facility supply growth rate. Thus, "predict and provide" is no longer a valid approach to solve transportation problems, rather Transportation Demand Management is a popular approach. A common method to mitigate congestion is to implement one-way streets. This method provides the ability to prevent congestion by managing traffic flow through network. The aim of this paper is to find a good selection of urban streets to be one-way, to prevent congestion in areas of interest. The selected streets should then carry the minimum through traffic and mostly serve attracted trips to that certain area of interest. Also, turning two-way streets to one-way should pose minimum impact on total travel time of the city network. Therefore, this paper introduces some indexes to identify important streets to be one-way. Next, different scenarios are made to combine variety of those selections. Total network travel time and the local travel time for the area of interest are then calculated for each scenario. Eventually, since we have two objective functions, we apply multi-objective decision making approach to achieve the best scenario. The algorithm is applied to Sioux Falls network and results are analyzed.

The main approaches of geotourism and geomorphotourism are development-oriented, protective and scientific to assess the capability of geoheritages. Today through the development of studies in this subcategory of geomorphology, several subfields such as geodiversity, geoconservation, geointerpretation, and so forth have been released which their aim is sustainability and regional development in environmental, economic, and social aspects of human society, especially native societies. Thus, the aim of this paper is to assess the geoheritages potential for scientific promotion, regional development, and the protection of geoheritages in the study area.
The values given to a geomorphosite have two important elements: scientific and complementary values, including historical and cultural, environmental, economic, and aesthetic values. Grandeurard (2003) highlights the importance of geomorphosites in the important role of identifying history and rebuilding the Earth's history. Others scholars, such as Paisente and Paniza (2001), also emphasize cultural, historical, ecological and economic values. In general, a relevant fact in this field is a hybrid vision which not only provides the areas of economic development but also protects the rules. Some landforms, such as karstic forms in caves, fossils, springs, etc. will be damaged very soon. The degradation of geomorphic cultures is associated with false tourism activities and their lack of awareness. These issues reveal the necessity and status of the protection of the legacy of the Earth. Geological heritage conservation can take many forms, including the creation of physical barriers in geomorphic space, the establishment of protective laws and regulations, and the establishment of protected areas such as geoparks. The ultimate goal of these methods and policies is to protect, enhance and promote geomorphic processes and samples. In this paper, we attempt to have a comprehensive assessment of geoheritage conservation using a combined model from the current models of geomorphosites potential assessment and field works. We also offer a comprehensive and indigenous model as an organization and a platform for the development and sustainability of the environment. In this paper, we attempt to have a comprehensive assessment of geoheritage conservation using a combined model from current models of geomorphosites potential assessment and field works. The structure of this model is based on effective criteria and components (with a score of 0-10) according to Badab-e Surt springs characteristics following three main topics: geomorphic personal knowledge, tourism infrastructures, and geoheritage protection. They suggest organized actions for using this geoheritage based on the proposed method. Results of field and library studies, map analysis, etc. in the study area show the high potentials of Badab-e Surt springs in geomorphological science and personal knowledge with a score of 51.5 (out of maximum 60). In contrast, tourism infrastructures with a score of 25.5 (out of maximum 70) and protection issue with a total score of 27.5 (out of maximum 70) are at a low level. It is notable that the sum of scores is gained from the results of scores obtained from filed and library studies. According to this model assessment, Badab-e Surt geomorphosite has very high value in geomorphological knowledge criteria due to scarcity, geodiversity, educational and beauty values and suitable potentials for tourism planning and investing, but current infrastructures (unsuitable roads and services,…) and protection condition factors (despite the drafting of protective laws) are in very low and far from the optimum condition to protect and even to introduce this phenomenon and there are no effective and organized facilities such as brochure and fence near this sensitive geomorphosite. Therefore, the crowds of tourists on the surface of the springs will lead to destroy Badab-e Surt springs in short time. In addition, a natural hazard such as drought is an extra threatening factor. So it is clear that geoconservation factor, that is, an approach with protective efforts such as physical fences, warning signs, and so on are highly necessary to protect this geomorphosite. The lack of attention to sustainability and conservation issue in the economic and tourism development program in this area will not lead to much stability to achieve geoconservational golas, and if this geoheritage site has the sustainable development, it will provide the economic development for the local community.
According to the results of this paper and similar research regarding the pathology of tourism policy in the country, we can conclude that economic planning and development in tourism are not along with the protection of land heritage (sustainability perception) and entrepreneurship infrastruture, especially for native societies, and the process of comprehensive attitudes has not been considered in this process. One of the ways to tackle this issue is to design native models appropriate for the conditions of each region, which will be one of the first steps in economic and environmental sustainability. On the other hand, the implementation of such management patterns requires the attention and utilization of interdisciplinary knowledge, especially the geographic sciences. In other words, tourism climate, regional planning, rural planning, and so on are some ways to complement those goals.

Geomorphotourism and geotourism is Responsible approach, conservation and scientific phenomena is unique in terms of identifying geomorphosites To sustainable socio-economic development of local communities and is traced the protection of geological heritage Combining the fields of cultural heritage, history and ecology of the high potential for sustainable tourism offers. This article tries to focus on the best available research and arid desert areas of the region maranjab Choose from eight types of tourism development and the processes of desertification and desert selected geomorphosites ability to evaluate geomorphosites this area. In this context, the use of assessment methods based on the evaluation of the 5-fold scientific, cultural, aesthetic appearance, economic and administrative potential of the area is evaluated using field survey. The results showed that, the desert and desert maranjab due to its tourist attractions, are now in need of structural and management of tourist services with an emphasis on the formulation of conservation laws. While some such geomorphosites lake terraces, more feature-based comparison of the positions nbka, barkhan and new approaches are geotourism. Which requires the separate programs.

In this research, the average value of marginal production of water in the Tabas County was estimated in 2013-2014 using econometric estimates of agricultural production functions. Data were collected through a questionnaire and random sampling from 100 wheat producers. Five shapes of production functions including Cobb Douglas, Translog Transcendental, Leontief and generalized second degree were estimated using research data. The average production elasticity and marginal production were calculated to be 0.56 and 0.28, respectively. The results indicate that wheat growers are rational producers. The average economic value of water is estimated at 2930 rials per cubic meter, which increases as the size of the farm increase; while wheat cultivators were paying 890 Rials per cubic meter of water in the irrigation network of Tabas in the 2013-2014 crop years. It seems that the difference in the value of marginal production of water with the price paid by farmers, as an important factor, has led to the disappearance of the incentive for farmers to raise funds for increasing irrigation efficiency and the use of new irrigation technologies. An appropriate increase in water supply prices along with implementation of land consolidation has been one of the main suggestions of this study.

The Origin-Destination (OD) matrix is essential to analyze traffic flow in an urban transportation network. OD matrices are obtained through either direct or indirect methods. Since the direct methods are costly, indirect methods have lately been more popular among researchers for the purpose of correcting and updating OD matrices. A very important indirect method is mathematical programming model using observed volume on network links. We should notice that the quality of the corrected OD matrix depends on the accuracy of the input data such as the initial OD matrix and the links which selected for traffic volume data collection. Simultaneously, scarcity of resources, limits number of links for data collection. As a result, it is necessary to select a proper set of links so that we can obtain the maximum possible information to be used for OD matrix correction. A popular approach for this purpose is Bayesian inference and applying Bayesian networks. A major problem with this approach is being very time intensive for medium and large size networks. The current study provides an efficient method of identifying important links for traffic volume data collection in large networks using two techniques: Firstly, identifying and eliminating non important links, and secondly, reducing the less important OD pairs. Finally, the proposed method is applied to Sioux Falls city and Isfahan metropolitan networks to specify the optimum set of network links for traffic volume data collection and therefore the OD matrix estimation.

Planning and decision-making techniques and mathematical methods, providing optimal solution; But have this ability in under certain conditions and assumptions. Despite the wide range of multi-criteria decisions in the real world, this approach also has its limitations and challenges. There are also procedures to select the appropriate method. Of course, sometimes these procedures are instrumental to remove techniques (to choose the technique). In the present study methodology, comparative located techniques of usual multi-criteria optimization (-that has diverse and many applications in research-) with approach DEA-AP. To use the technique DEA / AP introduction of inputs and outputs is necessary. In the present study, DEA has been modeled in continuous space. Thus, is intended all indicators decision matrix, as output data envelopment analysis models and each of the options of the matrix as a decision-making unit (DMU). The results of this test shows the CCR-AP modeling techniques in a single space has a positive correlation with attribute data with conventional techniques (TOPSIS, VIKOR, PRPMRTHEE and SAW). The correlation in most of its value, is evaluated compared with TOPSIS technique.

Titanium aluminide and its alloys have been utilized in automotive, aerospace and power industries because of their specific properties such as low density (~ 4 g/cm3), high melting temperature (~ 1460 °C) and excellent high-temperature strength. Ti-48Al intermetallic compound and its alloys with 1.5, 3 and 5 at.%Mn were produced with mechanical alloying of elemental powders for 50 hours. The process of mechanical alloying was carried out in a planetary ball mill machine with WC cups and balls under inert atmosphere of argon. To obtain bulk samples, the mechanically alloyed powders were cold pressed with the load of 40 ton and then heat treated at 1050 °C under argon atmosphere in an electrical furnace with quartz tubes. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the addition of manganese to Ti-48Al during mechanical alloying causes no formation of a new phase in titanium aluminide system. Scanning electron microscopy observations on the surface of sintered bulk samples revealed that boundaries between powder particles have been well formed at 1050 °C. The results of hardness tests showed that the addition of Mn up to 5 at.% increases the hardness value of Ti-48Al compound (~22.1 HRC) to ~ 40.7 HRC. Evaluation of oxidation behavior showed that oxidation resistance of Ti-48Al-5Mn alloy is slightly smaller (~0.015 g) than that of Ti-48Al. On the contrary to Ti-48Al-5Mn alloy, Ti-48Al compound had a steady-state oxidation behavior for oxidation periods longer than 14000 seconds. Scanning electron microscopy images and the results of energy dispersive spectroscopy showed that the lower oxidation resistance of Ti-48Al-5Mn compared to that of Ti-48Al is related to the formation of rutile at 900 °C on the oxidized surfaces of Ti-48Al-5Mn.

This study investigated the mediation role of goal setting in the relationship between dimension of attribution style (attribution style positive and attribution style negative) and self- Efficacy. Participations were 260, female (182) and mal (78), teacher’s safashahr city. Participants completed revised version of questionnaire Peterson Attributions style and Schwarzer R. self- efficacy of teacher’s questionnaire, and questionnaire goal setting. To examine reliability of Cronbach alpha coefficient (86/0، 61/0، 85/0) and to determine validity of internal consistency were used. The path diagram of hypothetical model tested by simultaneous regression analysis, according to recommended steps of baron and Kenny. Result show that Attributions style positive was a positive predictor and goal setting was a positive predictor of self- Efficacy (β=0/48 P; <0/001). Also Attributions style positive was a positive predictor (β=0/20 P; <0/001) and Attributions style negative was a positive predictor of goal setting (β=0/18 P; <0/003). Suggestions and implication for future research are also proffered.

The aim of this investigation was to produce Ti47Al48Mn5 intermetallic compounds with different microstructures in order to study their oxidation behavior. The reason for selecting manganese as an alloying element was to enhance the toughness of the compound. Ti47Al48Mn5 alloys were obtained through mechanical alloying، cold pressing and heat treatment. XRD results showed that milling of the elemental powder mixture for 30 hours causes the formation of Al and Mn in Ti solid solution، while by increasing milling time up to 50 hours، amorphization of powder mixture occurs. To obtain duplex and fully lamellar microstructures، the mechanically alloyed powders were cold pressed and then heat treated at 1100 °C and 1400 °C in argon atmosphere for 50 hours، respectively. The results of the oxidation test at 1000 °C revealed that the different microstructures of Ti47Al48Mn5 alloy investigated in this study have little effect on the oxidation resistance، and similar oxidation mechanisms existed for the two microstructures.

In this research، the Ti-48Al/Ti2AlC and Ti-48Al (8Nb) /Ti2AlC composites were synthesized by means of mechanical alloying and hot pressing. Firstly، the mixture of elemental powders were subjected to mechanical alloying for 75 h and then to produce bulk samples، the milled powders were hot pressed for 1 h at 1000. Oxidation tests were carried out in air at 1000? to compare the oxidation behavior of samples. Synthesized and oxidized samples were studied by scanning electron microscopy، energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). According to X-ray diffraction patterns، the presence of γ-TiAl and Ti2AlC phases were detected for produced samples and no phases on the base of Nb were formed. The results showed that the oxidation resistance of alloy was improved by niobium addition. The growth of rutile was suppressed by substitution Nb for Ti in TiO2 lattice. Furthermore، scale composition changed with addition of niobium that was related to the stabilization of nitride layer.

Identifying the change trends in forms of land surface is one of the main topics in geomorphic system. In this view, we try to assess the stability level of geo systems, boundary changes, instability and prediction of surface forms and processes response. This paper tries to conduct a comparative analysis on the geomorphic equilibrium paradigms, critical thresholds, environmental and natural hazards and environmental disaster based on system geomorphology view. To that end, each element was first studied separately and then together in terms of concept in between. In the present study, the condition of Urmia Lake system was studied, using statistical analysis and remote sensing techniques such as principal component analysis, false band combination and reviewing the profiles reflect changes in lake water during 1987 (equilibrium of Urmia Lake System qualification), 1998, 2007(critical threshold qualification) and 2011(destruction and death of ecosystem). The results showed that each geo-system, at different stage of environmental change, is affected by human applications. So trends of geo-systems changes can be assessed and managed by identification of equilibrium (stable elements of geo-system), threshold (boundary changes of geo-systems), environmental hazards (incompatibility of geo-system elements) and geo-system disasters. In this approach, geo-systems persistence will be affected by the above mentioned stages and it’s necessary to evaluate each effective index of these steps by various techniques such as remote sensing and field studies. The results of satellite image analysis also show clear changes between years 2011 and 2007 comparing 1987 and 1988. The results of using images methods show the changes trend within these years clearly and can serve as a useful tool to better understanding of occurred changes in these environments.

Effective managers are who can use their emotional possibilities for communicating with their human resources effectively and constructively. In fact, successful managers emphasize on empowering their emotional intelligence, because this can be a good predictor for transformational leader ship behavior. So, relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership style is an indicator for effective managers. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between nurse managers’ emotional intelligence and their transformational leadership styles. In this descriptive analytic study, nurse administrators in teaching and non- teaching hospitals (n=39) based on the pilot study were selected by simple random sampling method. Dimensions of emotional intelligence measured by Wesinger Emotional questionnaire, and for transformational leadership style, Warner Burke questionnaire was used. Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) showed that was (α=0.86) for emotional questionnaire and for Warner Burke questionnaire was (α= 0.66). Data analysis was done by descriptive statistic and Pearson correlation analysis by using SPSS 11.5 software. Mean and standard deviation for emotional intelligence were 103.07±10.02 and for transformational leadership style were 27.77±4.1 and for transactional leadership style were 21.91±4.3. There was a positive and significant correlation between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership style (p<0.05).Just two dimensions of five emotional intelligence dimensions which were empathy and social skills, have shown positive and significant correlation with transformational leadership style (p<0.05). Nurse managers had high social skills, self-awareness and empathy in the emotional intelligence dimensions but between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership style there were not found any strong correlation which should be evaluated more deeply.