هانیه میرزایی

Proton therapy is one of the prostate cancer treatments. Bragg peak in proton depth-dose curve is the most important characteristic of this method. It causes the most amount deposition of energy in the tumor. Prostate is not a fixed organ and has involuntary movement in the range of 1-7mm due to bloating of the gastrointestinal tract in body, so this movement results in uncertainty in absorbed dose of particle. In this research absorbed dose are calculated regarding prostate movement using FLUKA code which works with Monte Carlo method. First, the phantom used is simulated. Regarding depth of 15cm of prostate in body the needed energy to form Bragg peak in tumor was calculated 148 MeV with 0.02% precision. Total Absorbed dose for one proton particle is 7.2 nGy when prostate was considered fixed in coordinate center .it was shown that 99.9% of total absorbed dose which is deposited in prostate and does not damage other tissues. The reason for this is the presence of Bragg Peak, which is all the energy absorbed in this area. with moving prostate for 7mm in perpendicular proton beam direction, the total dose absorbed by the prostate is reduced by 2.2%, also for moving prostate in line with proton beam, the total dose absorbed by the prostate is reduced by 6.66%.

Bitcoin, one of the realities is the economic system in contemporaneously, which, despite the opportunities, threats and risks it poses to the economic system of countries. At the moment, Bitcoin be considered, as the most used and most valuable virtual currency in the real world. Bitcoin is actually an internet innovation and with similar functions of paperless money or government money, a tool for transferring or storing value is considered with a decentralized nature, which has become widespread in the cyberspace and allows users to do so the entire process of publishing, processing and deals is made by users' networks and without any intermediary. There are many discussions about the nature of bitcoin. Indeed, bitcoin can be considered as a currency, capital or commodity? Extending the welcome to bitcoin has made it possible to examine Bitcoin's various dimensions and its use in the economic system on the agenda of research centers, jurisprudence centers, legislative assembly and central banks of many countries of the world That Iran is no exception. A look on the Bitcoin studies indicate that many experts believe Bitcoin can head certain functions in the real world that traditional cash and e-money play in the economy .Therefore, it does not contradict with Sharia law and Islamic principles, so as virtual currency accepted But the problems and challenges faced in this regard That must be The reliability and confidence in the exchanges by setting proper rules and strict monitoring

Fars province is one of the most important foci of leishmaniasis that includes two types of cutaneous (urban and rural forms) and visceral leishmaniasis in sympatry. To study leishmaniasis among suspected patients of cutaneous leishmaniasis in 5 counties of Shiraz, Firouz abad, GhirـKarzin, Farashband and Larestan, both microscopic and molecular analysis were carried out in the present study. The samples were smeared on the microscopic slides and were also stained by Giemsa. All smears were examined under a light microscope and the positive smears were scored for amastigote frequency. DNA was extracted from stained smears and Leishmania DNA was detected by amplification of ITS1ـ5. 8sـITS2 fragments. Amplicons were analyzed using electrophoresis in 1. 5 % agarose gel containing ethidium bromide. Among 34 studied patients, 29 cases (%85) were positive in microscopic and 32 (%94) in molecular analysis using standard PCR. All examined samples were infected with L. major except one (%3) that was infected with L. tropica. Most lesions due to L. major were located on the feet, whereas ulcer due to L. tropica was on the forehead. Preparing stained smears from active lesions of suspected patients (microscopic analysis) removes the problem of Leishmania preservation and transition to culture media. Also, intergenic variations in amplified fragment of ITS-rDNA cause to produce fragments with different length and based on this difference, we can identify L. major and L. tropica separately. Using microscopic and molecular methods in present study confirmed presence of L. major and L. tropica as the causative agents of CL in studied regions of Fars.

Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) due to Leishmania major is increasing in many parts of Iran. This disease originally is a disease found in gerbils. Leishmania parasites are transmitted by sandflies that live and breed in gerbil burrows. Nested PCR amplified Leishmania ITS1-5.8S rRNA gene in both main reservoir host “Rhombomys opimus” and in the “Phlebotomus papatasi” main vector of ZCL, in Iran. Population differentiation and seasonal variation of sandflies were analyzed at a microgeographical level in order to identify any isolation by distance, habitat or seasons. Populations of sandflies were sampled from the edges of villages in Natanz, Isfahan province, Iran, using the Centers for Disease Control traps and sticky papers. Individual sandflies were identified based on external and internal morphological characters. Nested PCR protocols were used to amplify Leishmania ITS1-5.8S rRNA gene, which were shown to be species-specific via DNA sequence. A total of 4500 sandflies were collected and identified. P. papatasi, Phlebotomus sergenti and Phlebotomus jacusieli from genus Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia sintoni and Sergentomyia clydei from genus Sergentomyia were identified in this region. P. papatasi was the most abundant sandfly in the collections. Ten out of 549 female P. papatasi and four out of 19 R. opimus were found to be infected with L. major. Seasonal activity of sandflies starts in June and ends in November. Abundance of P. papatasi was in September. Finding and molecular typing of L. major in P. papatasi and R. opimus confirmed the main vector and reservoir in this region.