وحید جودکی

Urban geology uses geological studies to manage risk of natural hazards and sustainable development in urban areas. In the circumstances that the geological hazards caused by the earthquake of November 12, 2017, had been sweeping the Sarpol-e-Zahab region, two underground tunnels were being excavated in the vicinity of the city.  The negative effects of drilling operations of these two underground structures could intensify the crisis in the region.

With the results of field visits and specialized texts review (articles, documents and reports), the geological hazards caused by the earthquake in Sarpol-e-Zahab region have been studied from the perspective of urban geological knowledge. Using the authorschr('39') executive experiences in the water transfer tunnels of Sarpol-e Zahab and Bazideraz, how to manage negative effects caused by drilling these underground structures (preventing the escalation of the crisis in the area) has been discussed.

The occurrence of earthquake has led to the occurrence of other geological hazards such as: "landslides, Rock Fall" and the region has experienced a pervasive crisis. In such circumstances, the tunneling operations intersected in places with surface water flows as well as with the citychr('39')s transportation roads. The destructive effects of drilling operations of these tunnels could cause many problems (reduction of water resources, land subsidence  and the problem of vehicle traffic on roads) and naturally the volume of problems of earthquake-stricken people increase.

The crises that occurred after the earthquake were directly and indirectly related to the geological characteristics of the city, so during the construction of tunnels, operational solutions tailored to the geological conditions were considered so that drilling machines safely cross high-risk areas and from the escalation of the social crises in the earthquake-stricken area be prevented.

Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the role of the principles of the theory of land ethics in monitoring the environmental impacts of civil projects. The present study is a field study. The research community includes all human communities, water resources and ecosystems (vegetation, animals, etc.) within the boundaries of the ghomroud tunnel project site. The data was collected using a field observations method and a series of field visits of site design (Geological survey in the city of Aligoudarz). Data analysis has been done with the help of descriptive statistics that have been interpreted in terms of land's theory of ethics. The results of the studies indicate that the ghomroud tunnel drilling operations, to changed the hydrology regime (the reduction dubai of springs and wells), migrating villagers , Weakening of agriculture and the local economy network, Impact on the habitat of plant-animal species, the impact on the region's image (the potential of the geotourism industry) led. Hydrogeological regime change in the region and social consequences, was related by geological conditions during drilling (existence of crushed zones, folding, slope of layers, lithological changes, etc.) in site design (Geological Zone of Sanandaj, Sirjan). Other implications of the project are also indirectly related to the geological conditions of the region.According to the results, it can be said that thinking of preventive measures to control the environmental consequences of such a project depends directly on the way of thinking and ethical planning of planners (relative to the environment).

In massive mechanized tunneling projects, there is a need for extensive geological studies. These studies require sufficient knowledge of various fields of geology . In this research, the view of graduates of engineering geology, about educational and industrial experiences has been studied.This research is a descriptive survey. The research population consisted of all active engineers of geology in the country. By using simple random sampling, 50 people were selected. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire, and data were interpreted using descriptive statistics.The results of the survey show that in many specialized courses and in undergraduate practical units, technological applications of topics in related industries have not been addressed. From the perspective of the population of the statistical community, the current curriculum needs to be reviewed and new lessons need to be developed. The results show that a small part of the students' practical units in applied spaces are performed. According to people, in the field of postgraduate studies, a significant proportion of theses have a theoretical and fundamental aspect. On the other hand, there is no research collaboration in interdisciplinary research between geological colleges and engineering faculties (electronics, mechanics, etc.). .The results show that, in the current situation, the revision of educational topics and the wider activity of geological associations can enhance the potential of geology graduates in industrial jobs. Therefore, in this paper, with a brief overview of the conditions of geological groups and the country's mechanized drilling industry, suggestions are presented to solve the challenges.

In the academic and industrial environments of Iran, there is little understanding of the relationship between geological science and technical branches of mechanics and electronics. Such concepts are not explained in Iran's higher education curriculum, and almost no source of research has been published in Persian. The history of collaborative studies between mechanical engineers and geoscientists can be considered at the onset of the topics of the Terramechanics. In this research, by studying the excavation conditions in Bazideraz tunnel, the necessity of initiation of interdisciplinary studies of geology graduates with the mechanical engineers in higher education and industries of the country is discussed. In this paper, with the analysis of the operational parameters of the TBM and the study of geological conditions, discusses how to change the structure of the TBM. The results show that in this project, in order to adapt the structure of the machine to the geological conditions of the route, a series of structural reforms including the removal of 26 thrust jacks, the installation of 9 probe drilling holes in the shield, the removal of all passive articulation cylinders (16 jacks), a change in the arrangement of the disc cutters, and the construction of 7 gearbox converters to increase the rotary speed of the cutterhead, inevitable.

Bazideraz's water transfer tunnel is located in the Zagros structural zone. To excavation this tunnel, an EPB Hard Rock type TBM machine was used. The axis of the tunnel is located on an Anticline. In this anticline, there are various geological structures such as folding, fault, karst, and so on. The underlying studies of the design and implementation of exploratory specimens in the core of this anticline have been confined. In this research, for study of geological conditions during drilling, seismic prediction of tunnel (TSP) test was carried out at two positions of 287 + 3 and 577 + 5. In this geophysical method, seismic waves are used to illustrate geological structures. The distribution of shear waves in a three-dimensional tunnel model provides evidence of lithological changes (alternation of marl and shale and limestone layers) and the existence of several crushed zones along the drilling path. Bazideraz Tunnel is the first project in the world to use the TSP method to drill a EPB machine. In this study, the analysis of the operational parameters of the EPB machine and Observe rock mass during drilling was used to measure the accuracy of the TSP results. The fluctuations of the penetration rate, thrust and torque in the drilling path are in accordance with the low velocity and high velocity regions of the three-dimensional shear waves. Results of controlling the drilling materials indicate that the shear waves distribution models have a relative adaptation to the geological conditions in the drilling path.

The study area of this research is located in the geological zone of Sanandaj, Sirjan. In this area, numerous tectonic movements have caused a lot of faults, crushed zones and numerous fractures in the rock masses. In the Site studies of the 3rd and 4th tunnel sections of ghomroud, subplane studies have been limited and the findings from exploratory boreholes have not led to the identification of subsurface conditions in critical areas. The adverse geological conditions have caused TBM stops and long-delayed delays (about 600 days of complete stop) in the drilling process. Faults zones are main effective causes of the TBM stops. In this study, with a two-dimensional ainversion of resistivity data,, the potential of geophysical studies of the design for the identification of subsurface conditions in the drilling pathway has been investigated. Based on the results of two-dimensional analysis, the distribution of geological layers based on their specific resistance is presented. There are several zones with a very low specific resistance to the tunnel route, which is in accordance with the location of crushed and fault zones, as well as lithological changes in the drilling path. Two-dimensional processing of resistance data provides the possibility of obtaining relevant information on subterranean conditions that could be used in the stage of site studies (Locating of exploration borehole and ...) as well as in the implementation of the tunnel

Part 4 of Ghomroud tunnel is located in the Sanandaj-Sirjan geological zone. In this area, due to the existence of numerous faults, crushed zones and significant development of major and minor catchments, the tunnel has been encountered with the risk of groundwater influx. On the other hand, due to some limitations such as thick(up to 600 meters in some localities)overburden over the tunnel and the lack of exploratory drilling down to the tunnel level, it has been difficult to forecast and estimate the groundwater flow in the tunnel route. Due to the existence of numerous faults in part 4 of the Ghomroud tunnel ,encountering of the drilling machine (Double Shield TBM) with high-pressure water could cause influx of large amounts of water into the tunnel and collapse of rock masses in the crushed zones. It hence could cause deviation of the machine and drilling stop. In this article, the lack of data from boreholes led us to try investigating the development of groundwater flow in the tunnel based on geomorphological evidence. Analytical modeling and geomorphological field survey in the area show a relative consistency between geomorphology and volume of water flowing in the tunnel excavation. Therefore, according to measurements conducted on the water entering the tunnel, about 80 liters per second of water flowed into the tunnel, which is in agreement with geomorphological studies. Results show that the study of morphology and surface features could provide useful information in order to identify more precisely the hydrogeologic conditions of the area.

What is more and more attended in civil projects is weak engineering ethics in the professional interactions. It is due to the inattention to ethical challenges in engineering societies. The present study aims to investigate the ethical challenges in civil workshops.
This study is a descriptive survey. Population of study consisted of all engineers that working in two major construction projects. By using simple random sampling method, 100 subjects were selected. Data were collected by research made questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive statistics.
The results show that 44% of the subjects believe that moral discourse is not in civil workshops and 87% believe that the relationship and influence are factors in hiring. 79% of respondents are not aware of the provisions of the Code of Ethics of Engineering and 78% of them believe that the cause of this problem is inadequate education. Finally, 53% believe immorality in workshops related to the immorality in society.
According to the results, it can be said that low levels of awareness of engineering Code of ethics stems from inadequate education at university level. Ethical challenges in the workplace lead to lower job satisfaction and bad experiences for jobseekers. It can adhere to ethical principles of social influence.

In the present case study، a thick overburden above the Ghomroud tunnel locally reaching about 600 meters plus the existence of many fault/crushed zones along the tunnel led the full-face Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) to encounter squeezing and collapsing of materials. In parts 3 and 4 of the tunnel، a combination of these problems caused long-term and frequent pausing in digging processes (about 600 days). The plan is situated in the Sanandaj-Sirjan geological zone. Because of intense tectonic deformations through time، this zone consists of series of rock units، which have experienced moderate to high metamorphisms that caused schistosity and recrystallization of minerals. In the present paper، in addition to preparing thin sections of rocks for microscopic studies، the role of geological conditions with an emphasis on formation petrology is investigated to explore excavation hazards along the tunnel. Hence، by traversing along the axis of the tunnel، several samples were taken from the rocks exposed on surface and from those in the tunnel. Most problems occur in the foliated Jurassic rock units and in sections where faults and relatively thick tunnel overburden (high in-situ stress) have made the geological condition unfavorable. Results show that the petrological properties (texture، mineralogy، etc.) of the extensively foliated rock masses (schist، slate، graphite schist) and their interbedding with strong units (Quartz and quartzite veins) along with other geological factors have been effective on the occurrence of hazards and TBM pausing. Results of Cerchar abrasiveness index test also indicate high hardness and strength of quartzite veins، which played an important role in creating mixed face conditions and amplifying the hazards in easily squeezing and collapsing materials.

In the past years a lot of discussion about the relationship between academia and industry has been. In the tunneling industry cooperation between companies and universities in the country, have been effectively. The Iranian Tunneling Association for development cooperation (national and international) holding "conferences, scientific seminars, workshops and specialized exhibition" has taken great strides toward its mission. The purpose of this interaction, is creative education graduates having knowledge of the principles of academic science, skills and abilities required for entering the tunnel industry jobs. However, graduate students in fields related to the tunneling industry in the groups "Civil, Geology (Engineering), Mining, Geophysics, Surveying, Mechanical, Electrical and ..." For research on tunneling projects in the country, continues to face many challenges. The obstacles reduce the quality and innovation of the thesis (particularly groups M.Sc.) and the reduction of welcoming students presented research projects in the field of tunneling projects in the country, So that stereotyped and repetitive theses is greater than the last time. The publication of the results of scientific theses of students in the database can document the Hazards of tunneling projects, with avoiding failure that occurred in the previous tunneling projects. In this article (while doing a case study) to examine the challenges and the need for more attention to student's theses in the tunneling industry has been. Explored the challenges revealed that the wider activities of scientific societies and part-time cooperation between academia and the industry experts tunnel, two ways of working to improve the quality of student's theses.