وحید رنجبر حیدری

International developments indicate the formation of a new world order in the form of creating economic alliances. States follow the membership in alliances and connection to international corridors for the transfer of goods and energy in line with economic diplomacy, and on the other hand, by connecting to corridors, they are seeking to gain power and a privileged position in the future of the global economy, which is the future economic war of the superpowers. The North-South, East-West, Zangezur, One Belt-one Road, Trasica, Basra-Turkey, India-Arab-Mediterranean, Lapis Lazuli and CPEC corridors, etc., indicate the emergence of a war of corridors, and despite the geoeconomics position of the Islamic Republic of Iran as a link between the trade corridors of China, India, and Russia, which can play the role of a corridor heartland in the region. The present study aims to study the economic diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in connection with international corridors and to obtain a precise understanding of the position of the sea-based economy in the policy and economic and political governance system of Iran, and the possibility of utilizing the economic potential of the transit corridors of goods and energy adjacent to Iran is also one of the main objectives of this study.

A review of domestic and foreign studies related to the research topic indicates that none of the studies in the field of corridors have addressed the position of the economic diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the competition of important international corridors, but indirectly, articles have been published that can be referred to the study; Political-Legal Evaluation of the Unilateral Economic Sanctions of the United States against the Islamic Republic of Iran (Qaedi et al., 1400), which has examined the legal nature of the US sanctions system against Iran. Another study entitled; US Foreign Policy and New Sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran (Simber, 2010) has examined the factors that have been effective in the formation and continuation of sanctions on Iran in US foreign policy. The research; Strategies for Developing a Maritime Economy to Achieve the Goals of the Resistance Economy (Karbkandi article, 2010) has tried to present strategies for developing a maritime economy in two areas: the development of maritime trade and the development of maritime industries, considering the opportunities and threats of Iran, the experiences of selected countries, and the opinions of experts. Other articles can also be found such as; Analyzing Iran's geopolitical role in international corridors and presenting the Iranian model, Heartland Corridor of the World (Noor Ali, 2021), Evaluating Central Asia-Europe International Corridors and Examining Obstacles to the Expansion of Iranian Transit (Arab Amiri, 2009), Weakening Iran's Position in International Corridors (Moshfegh, 2021), Economic Diplomacy and Foreign Policy (Chatterjee, 2021), and India's Arab-Mediterranean Corridor: A Paradigm Shift in Strategic Connectivity to Europe (Michaël Tanchum, 2021) was mentioned.

This research was developed with a descriptive-analytical approach and used documentary and library methods to collect data. An analytical model based on the status of international corridors in the region was designed to analyze the data.

The most important international corridors active or under construction in the field of transit of goods and energy in the region are as follows:

Middle Skop Corridor (TSC)

Southern Skop Corridor (Southern branch of Trans-Asian Rail Corridor)

East-West Corridor (Silk Road)

China’s One Belt, One Road Corridor (BRI)

north-south Corridor

Europe-Asia Corridor

Altid Corridor

The Eastern Caspian Sea Rail Corridor

Ashgabat Agreement Corridor

Islamabad-Tehran-Istanbul Corridor (ITI)

KTAI-China Corridor

Chabahar Agreement Corridor

Persian Gulf-Black Sea Corridor

Zangezur Corridor

CPEC Corridor

India-Arab-Mediterranean Corridor IMEC

Corridor Lapis Lazuli

Basra-Turkey Corridor

Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan-Afghanistan Rail Corridor

NSR North Sea Corridor

Uzbekistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan Corridor

Caspian Sea-Black Sea Maritime Corridor

Iran borders the world's two main fossil cores, the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea, and connects both as the only land bridge (Fathollah Nejad, 2021: 12). The geoeconomic position of Iran allows energy pipelines to continue from these regions to the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman. In addition, Iran not only has the shortest, safest, and most economical route to export oil and gas from these regions, but also has features such as; Suitable energy transmission lines in the north-south and east-west directions, ninety years of experience in the oil and gas industry, oil and gas installations, port facilities, and suitable refineries that can be connected to the energy consumption market of the Eurasian region and European and Asian countries (Mojtahedzadeh, 2000: 11). Map: Iran's Position in Important Corridors in the Region DiscussionTransportation is one of the fundamental issues that, in the domestic economy, is the link between industries and consumers, and in the foreign trade sector, is the link between the domestic economy and the global economy (Ng & Wilmsmeier, 2012: 127). Transport corridors are divided into 4 categories: national trade corridor, bilateral trade corridor, multilateral trade corridor, and multimodal and reciprocal corridor (Arnold, 2018). On the other hand, transport is divided into four sectors from the perspective of the method of transporting goods or passengers: air, road, rail, and sea transport, the first three of which are relevant for all countries in the world, but sea transport requires the existence of a water border and waterways (Sletmo, 2001: 333). The ocean-based economy, which is called the blue economy in global terminology, is the sustainable use of water resources and areas, including oceans, seas, lakes, coasts, and islands, for economic growth, improving livelihoods, and creating jobs. According to global statistics, the value of the main assets of the water areas is estimated at more than 24 trillion dollars and currently, fisheries are used more than other fields, so aquaculture, supplying 58% of fish to global markets, is the fastest and most vital part of the exploitation of these areas.

Despite being located at the world's transit crossroads, the Islamic Republic of Iran, for various reasons such as; The imposition of cruel sanctions by the United States and its allies, the lack of development of necessary infrastructure, especially in the field of ports and combined transportation, the lack of active economic diplomacy, the vague understanding of the high potential of the sea-based economy and the reliance on the land-based economy, are witnessing the gradual removal of the Islamic Republic of Iran from the international corridors for the transfer of goods and energy. Iran can only interact with other major economic countries when it defines itself within their economic puzzles and equations, but in the current situation, the designers of the corridors are seeking to replace the new route and bypass Iran, including the CPEC corridor, which China will bypass Iran by investing in the Gwadar port of Pakistan, as the main competitor of the Chabahar ocean port, to challenge India's maritime power in the region and bypass the Malacca port route on the New Silk Road or the One Belt, One Road doctrine, and Pakistan, with the support of China, is completing the alternative route of the North-South Corridor.

Female Headed Households are women who, in the absence of the presence or support of an adult man, are in charge of taking care of the family and providing material and spiritual sustenance for themselves and the members of the household. The purpose of this article is to examine the approach of Iran after the revolution and the Kingdom of Sweden to Female Headed Households the policies and viewpoints of the policy makers of the two countries to this group of women and finally to provide solutions for Iranian stakeholders. The main question of this research is, what model is the policy-making of Iran after the revolution and the Kingdom of Sweden towards female heads of the household based on? The hypothesis that comes in the answer is that the approach of the two countries, although there are differences in terms of quantity and the granting of rights and benefits - which means Sweden's superiority in this field - but it was based on the dimensions of protection and poverty alleviation. The results of the research show that the two countries are focused on poverty alleviation policy, supporting the children of this group of women and overall economic aspects. However, Iran has more institutions than Sweden - support for women heads of households by various institutions such as the relief committee, welfare, municipality, etc. - in this field and has various legal resources to support this category of women. While this is considered an advantage,

With the evolution of the international system, traditional diplomacy will not be able to solve emerging problems. Therefore, there is a need for new diplomacy based on new principles and logic. Assuming the intertwining of the field of foreign policy and the environment of diplomacy, this study tries to answer the question: what are the principles and foundations of diplomacy in the current situation? Also, what will be the Iranian diplomacy in the new situation? In response to this question, it is hypothesized that with the change in the environment of diplomacy, the rules of diplomacy are out of the traditional mode and new principles and rules have governed diplomacy, and accordingly, new diplomacy has replaced traditional diplomacy with its own principles and rules. Thus modern diplomacy imposes its requirements on international actors including; Iran imposes. Ignoring such rules leads to the failure of diplomacy and the loss of power and opportunities to achieve goals through diplomatic means.

Nowadays, with the complexity and chaos of the international system, regions have also been greatly affected by the logic of complexity. One of the important areas affected by the complex security order is middle east. In this way, the question is what are the bases for the middle east security order in the Conditions of complexity of its dominant?In response to this question, it is suggested that non linearity, dynamics, and chaos are the hallmarks features of the phenomena in the middle east region. Accordingly, the middle east regions security order is nonlinear and based on novel and fuzzy logic and therefore demands new security strategies. This research with descriptive-analytical approach attempts to explain the Middle East security order in complex situation. Accordingly, according to complexity theory the research tries to explain complexity in the regions and then the Middle East region as a case study explained. Accordingly, according to complexity theory the research tries to explain complexity in the regions and then the Middle East region as a case study explained.

The Persian Gulf is one of the world's premier geographical areas. This region includes the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council countries plus Iran and Iraq. The study seeks to answer the question of which scenarios will be the future of the relationship between Iran and the Cooperation Council at 1404 horizons. The present study uses 5methods of futuristic research, namely, cross-impact analysis, 5 key factors; the attitude of the rulers of Iran and the Cooperation Council countries towards each other; increasing the arms and military rivalry of the member states of the Council and Iran with the aim of hegemony in The region, fears of the Shiite Crescent Celestial Theory and the Centenary Revolutionary Guards have been identified with the aim of confronting Iran and identity differences, the future of Syria, Iraq, Yemen on the relationship between Iran and the future of Iran's nuclear program. These proxies were used as the underlying factors in the Scenarios program. Finally, with multiple analyzes, including a panel of experts, out of 128 possible scenarios, 4 possible scenarios were identified: war boats, warships, passenger ships, and shipwreck. Eventually, the scenario of Warship identified as a probable scenario with a high probability of introducing the passenger ship's scenario as a preferred and desirable scenario for Iran.</em></strong>

The Middle East and North Africa region is the driest region in the world. There are four great rivers, ie Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, and Jordan in this area. The coastal states of these rivers disagree on how to divide the water and construct what type of dam on the river. Basically, the upstream countries use the doctrine of absolute sovereignty, considering the realist and interests-based approach, and consider damming of the waterfall located within their land as their absolute right, while the downstream countries, according to the liberal and neoliberal approaches condemn any exploitation of common water resources in the upstream territory and seek to achieve shared waters and the fair allocation of water. This article has been designed to examine common rifts among different countries in the Middle East and North Africa. The present study points out that the Middle East and North Africa are facing dehydration and depression due to the presence of dry and semi-arid bogs and the immense population growth, as well as the lack of proper management of water. This dehydration crisis does not lead to the cooperation and convergence of countries in this area, but by adopting a realistic approach and taking account of the interests of the axis, it leads to rivalry and hostility between actors, so that the Middle East might be considered the next great scene for the war.

In the modern global approach toward security, a priority is given to threats for national security caused by instability, destruction, improper distribution, and limitations for some environmental resources. Therefore, it is essential to recognize vulnerable regions and the effects of these challenges on national security with regards to the vast and inevitable consequences of environmental threats and importance of preventing security issues in order to block them from turning into a crisis. This study seeks to answer the question that what are the most important environmental challenges of Iran? And among them, which one is more vitally critical? Consequently, the hypothesis advanced by the present research is that, through the conceptual expansion perspective and multiplicity in security dimensions, Islamic Republic of Iran faces various threats that, among them, environmental threats constitute a higher priority and complexity. Therefore, two main points are to be considered about Iran’s environmental security: 1) understanding and recognizing the expansive concept of security that includes environmental threats as well; 2) identifying causes and drives of environmental changes affecting Iran security. To do so, the present study uses Delphi method and semi-structured interviews to collect, codify, and prioritize the most important challenges affecting Iran’s environmental security. The study concludes that, after identifying the medium weight among the 15 present standards, issues related to water crisis and air pollution because of their critical and security conditions and aspects, are essentially and vitally important. Therefore, what constitutes the significance of this study is prioritizing and positioning environmental security and recognizing a set of most critical environmental challenges that Islamic Republic of Iran is currently facing.

Persian Gulf is one of the most geological areas in the world with outstanding characteristics that was constantly in consideration of so many states for centuries. So, Persian Gulf has always been faced with competitions and conflicts of states. This area involves state parties of the PGCC, including Iran and Iraq, that Iran’s relations with southern countries of Persian Gulf is important from several aspects. In this regard, by utilizing futures study, first, initial data was collected by semi-open review with twenty experts in this subject and was analyzed by Micmac software. Finally, the conclusion of utilizing intersecting effects analysis was the recognition of five key factors among sixty initial recognized factors. These five factors include: the attitudes of authorities and governments of Iran and state parties of the PGCC with each other; proliferation of military competitions between state parties of the council (Arabian NATO Plan) and Iran with the aim of being hegemony in Persian Gulf area; inspiring fear of Shiite-Arc and issuance of Islamic Revolution of Iran to be against Iran and identity differences; the effects of the future of Bahrain, Syria, Iraq, Yemen and Lebanon on relations between Iran and state parties of the PGCC; and, Iran’s Atomic Program and the future of BARJAM (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action: JCPOA). These factors can be used as main factors in Scenario in future study.

Basically, the strategy of big emerging powers is interacting with their neighbors and regional powers to achieve the future goals and objectives. This assumption is important in the analysis of the ability of emerging powers and in predicting their future behavior. At the moment, there are many speculations about the future of China, especially if China's economy will surpass all important economies. The aim of this study is to describe this issue by examining China's multilateralist strategy in its relations with its neighbors, especially with Central Asian countries. The authors believe that the multilateralism of China in Central Asia is not a new approach and China has benefited from this strategy in the past in relations with its neighbors under the concept of Tian Xia, Si Yi doctrine (Defense through Barbarians) and Tributary Trade System. In order to prove or reject the hypothesis of the study, first, the concepts and principles of multilateralism will be defined and then classical and modern China's strategy in Central Asia will be analyzed by using a descriptive-analytical method.