فهرست مطالب وحید صبری

This study aimed to develop and validate emotional schema therapy protocol for patients with borderline personality disorder. The present study was descriptive and the protocol was developed based on theoretical foundations and research evidence. Fifteen emotional schema therapy sessions based on the emotional schema model were developed and their validity was evaluated using the APA Criteria for Evaluating Treatment Guidelines (American Psychological Association, 2021) and the 45 questionnaires by professors and specialists. Data were analyzed by using the content validity index and content validity ratio. The results showed that at the treatment formulation stage was 0.80 and was approved for the validity of the content of treatment sessions for all sessions, and treatment sessions were more than 0.79. The validity of the theoretical foundations of emotional schema therapy and the goal and form of sessions were confirmed by specialists. According to the research results, specialists believe this treatment can be used as adjunctive psychotherapy for individuals with borderline personality disorder.

he purpose of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of emotional schemas and emotional regulation in the relationship between child abuse, emotional vulnerability and borderline personality feature. The present study is a correlational study and structural equation modeling. Participants were 462 people of general population of West Azerbaijan province were selected by cyberspace sampling method. For data gathering, Child Abuse Self Report Scale (Mohammadkhani, Mohammadi, Nazari, Salavati & Razzahghi, 2003), Childhood Emotional Vulnerability (Sauer & Bauer, 2009), Emotional Schemas (Leahy, 2011), and Borderline Personality Feature (Mohammadzadeh, Godarzi, Taghavi,Mollazadeh, 2005) were used. The results showed that conformity emotional schemas and emotion regulation were significant positive predictors borderline personality Emotional schema have a mediating role by establishing a positive and significant relationship between child abuse and borderline personality feature. Emotional schemas also mediated between child abuse and emotional vulnerability with emotional dysregulation. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that emotional schemas can increase borderline personality traits.

Major Depression disorder is the most common psychiatric disorder in which mood swings and sadness are prominent symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on the severity of depression and cognitive emotion regulation strategies.

The present study was a pre-test, post-test design with a control group. Among the patients with major depressive disorder who were referred to health centers in Khoy city, 30 were selected and randomly and equally assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group was exposed to 9 onehour treatment sessions, and the data were analyzed using the Beck questionnaire (BDI-II), Leahy emotional schema questionnaire (LESS), and short-form cognitive and emotional regulation strategies (CERQ-SF) in pre-test and post-test. They were collected and, after data collection, were analyzed using MANCOVA.

The results showed that emotional schema therapy between the two groups had a significant difference in the severity of depression F = 161.27, maladaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation F = 41.93, and adaptive strategies F = 31.13 at the level of 0.001. The effect size of emotional schema therapy for depression severity was 0.86, adaptive strategies 0.65, and maladaptive strategy 0.71.

Emotional Schema Therapy as an Emerging Emotion-Focused Therapy can be used as an effective and efficient treatment to reduce depression and modify emotional schemas and cognitive regulation strategies

Some symptoms, such as fatigue and muscle pain remain in patients with COVID-19 after the acute phase of the disease. This reduces the quality of life of these patients. This study aims to evaluate the effect of progressive muscle relaxation on pain intensity and quality of life after discharge from hospital.

The present quasi-experimental study was conducted in 1400 on 96 patients with COVID-19 with complaints of pain in Khoy city. The samples were randomly assigned to control and experiment groups. The intervention was in the form of training muscle relaxation exercises. Data were collected using pain intensity and quality of life questionnaires. Multivariate analysis of covariance test was used to analyze the data in SPSS-26 software.

The results showed that pain intensity scores, interference in daily activities in both groups had a decreasing trend and quality of life improvement in both groups had an increasing trend. The effect size for progressive muscle relaxation in reducing pain intensity was 0.65, reducing pain interference in daily activities was 0.71, and quality of life improvement was 0.78, indicating the average effect size of muscle relaxation for all the three components.

The findings of this study show that muscle relaxation exercises reduce pain intensity and improve quality of life in patients with COVID-19. Itis suggested that these exercises be used as a complementary method to reduce pain intensity and improve the quality of life of patients.

Pain is a multidimensional experience and is one of the symptoms of various physical and psychological problems. Some studies have shown that people with Covid-19 experience problems such as myalgia, headache, muscle aches, and anxiety after the acute phase of the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of progressive muscle relaxation on anxiety, pain intensity and interference in daily activities.

This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. Research community of patients with Covid-19 Khoy city who received positive PCR test. Among them, 96 patients with complaints such as muscle pain, headache, and low back pain with no history of pain experience were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to the experimental and control rounds. For the experimental group, progressive muscle relaxation exercises were taught in 12 sessions and patients were asked to practice 60 sessions of 20 minutes over 8 weeks. Data were collected using Beck pain intensity and anxiety questionnaires in pre-test and post-test. After data collection, multivariate analysis of covariance analysis was used in SPSS-26 software to control the effect of pretest.

Levin test showed homogeneity of variances (significance level from 0.11 to 0.58); So analysis of covariance can be used. Analysis of scores of anxiety, pain intensity, interference in daily activities in both groups is a decreasing trend, and the difference in scores of anxiety, pain intensity, interference in daily activities between the experimental and control groups is significant at the level of P <0.01. The effect size for progressive muscle relaxation in reducing pain intensity experienced was 0.65, reducing pain interference in daily activities was 0.71 and for anxiety was 0.78, indicating the average effect size of muscle relaxation for all three components.

The findings of this study show that progressive muscle relaxation training can significantly and effectively reduce anxiety, pain intensity and interference in daily activities. Progressive muscle relaxation exercises with stimulation of the sympathetic nerves can reduce patients' anxiety and stress, and reducing stress in turn can reduce the experience of pain perception. Therefore, in addition to drug treatments to reduce anxiety and pain intensity, progressive muscle relaxation can be used.

The Borderline personality disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was   to compare the effect of dialectical behavior therapy and emotional schema therapy on reducing the symptoms of borderline personality disorder.

The research was a single-subject design in terms of applied purpose and data collection method. Based on the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder by a psychiatrist and structured clinical interview (SCID) by clinical psychologist and inclusion and exclusion criteria, 4 patients were randomly assigned to dialectical behavioral therapy and emotional schema therapy. Each patient was evaluated 11 times (3 times before the treatment, 5 times during the treatment, and 3 times after the treatment) were evaluated by the Emotion Regulation Scale (ERQ), Borderline Personality Scale (STB), and Emotional Schemas Scale (LESS). Data were analyzed by indicators of trend changes, slope, reviewing of charts. Furthermore, to evaluate the clinical significance, the index of recovery percentage and effect size were used.

Examination of graphs and data analysis showed that emotional schema therapy has reduced hopelessness and impulsivity more than dialectical behavior therapy and also emotional schema therapy had a greater effect on reappraisal emotion. Both treatments also had the same effect in reducing repression.Discussion and

According to the findings, emotional schema therapy can be used as an effective treatment in psychological interventions of patients with a borderline personality disorder.

Patients with Covid-19 experience high levels of stress and low sleep quality due to treatment isolation.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of faulty mindfulness on perceived stress and sleep quality in patients with Covid-19.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population was all patients with Covid-19 in Khoy in 2021. From the list of people with positive molecular diagnosis test, 30 patients were purposefully selected, then randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Data were collected using Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSS) and Sleep Quality Questionnaire (PSQI) in pre-test and post-test and then analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-26 software.

The results show that the detached mindfulness between the two groups has a significant difference in the amount of perceived stress with F=38.69 at the level of 0.001 and sleep quality with F=59.36 at the level of 0.001; The magnitude of the effect of faulty mindfulness was obtained to reduce perceived stress (0.59) and improve sleep quality (0.50).

Covid-19 is associated with a range of widespread psychological symptoms such as stress, depression and sleep problems. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that detached mindfulness can reduce patients' perceived stress and improve the sleep quality of patients. Therefore, the implementation of psychological intervention programs can prevent the continuation of psychological problems in patients.

Major depression disorder is one of the most common psychological disorders that is often characterized by anhedonia, low mood, lethargy, distraction, changes in sleep and appetite and suicidal ideation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on the severity of depression, emotional dysregulation and emotional schemes of patients with major depressive disorder.

The present study was an experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The study population was patients with depression who referred to health centers in Khoy in 2020. 30 of them were randomly selected and assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent 9 one-hour treatment sessions. Data were collected using Beck Depression Questionnaire (BDI-II), Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and Leahy Emotional Schemas Questionnaire (LESS-II). Data collection was analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-26 software.

The results of post-test scores of depression intensity, suppression, reappresial and adaptive and non-adaptive emotional schema showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (p<0.001). The effect size of emotional schema therapy was to reduce the severity of depression (0.86), repression (0.63), re-evaluation (0.69), adaptive emotional schemas (0.74) and non-adaptive emotional schemas (0.78).

Emotional schema therapy as an emerging emotion-focused therapy can be used as an effective and efficient treatment to reduce depression, emotional dysregulation, and correct emotional schemas.

Chronic pain disease is one of the most common problems in today’s society, which causes heavy medical costs and has a negative impact on a person’s performance, and psychological issues are one of the most important factors in exacerbating and perpetuating chronic pain. The aim of this study was to compare self-compassion, anxiety and depression in these patients.

The present study is a causal-comparative study, for which 104 people with chronic pain and 104 healthy individuals were selected. After collecting the data, independent groups were tested by using T-test.

The results showed that there is high anxiety and depression and low self-compassion among patients with chronic pain.

Therefore, it could be concluded that these psychological components play a role in exacerbating and continuing chronic pain, and these dimensions should be emphasized in treatment programs.

The aim of this study was to compare the emotional characteristics of Rorschach test among studentswith high and lowemotion regulation problems.

Applying available sampling method a total sample of 200 students ofKharazmi University were selected and a sample of 30 participantswere chosen among them for two groups of the study basedon their high (n: 15) and low (n: 15) scores inDifficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale.

A MANOV analysis performed for comparison emotional responses of two groups. Results were shownsignificantlyhigher scoresfor: pure C, affective ratio (Afr), color projection (CP), ratio figure then color (Fc: Cf + c), depression index (DEPI) and coping deficit index (CDI) forgroupof high emotion regulation difficulties rather thangroup of low emotion regulation difficulties.

The Rorschach test could be a useful reference tool to distinguish features of mood changes and emotional states of individual with range of emotion regulation problems. Generalization ofthis results should cautiouslybemade and needs further research.

The relationship between borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder is a complex issue that there are contradictory opinions about that and emotional problems constitutes a main problem of these two forms of the disorder. The purpose of the study was to comparison of emotion regulation problems between patients with borderline personality disorder, bipolar I disorder and normal people. The Method of the research was casual- comparative design and 25 hospitalized patients with borderline personality disorder and 25 hospitalized patients with bipolar I disorder selected through convenience sampling at the Razi Psychiatry hospital of Tabriz, then in order to diagnosis of the patients used Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-II (SCID-II) & Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-Clinical Version (SCID-CV) and also to assessment of emotion regulation problems used Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) . The data analyzed by ANOVA. The results show that there is a significant difference between two groups in terms of emotion regulation problems. Also, patients with borderline personality disorder gained high scores in difficulty in goal directed behavior, limited access to emotion regulation strategies and difficulty in impulse control subscales than other groups. There is also no difference between patients with BPD and BMD in the absence of emotional clarity, lack of emotional awareness & lack of emotional acceptance subscales, but both groups obtained higher scores than normal people. So, it can be concluded that emotion regulation problems among patients with BPD are more than in patients with BMD.