وحید نژادمحمد

In the current research, the issue of trauma in the novel Ulysses of Baghdad written by Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt and the Nocturnal harmony of the wood orchestra written by Reza Ghasemi have been investigated. In both novels, we see the migration of the main character of the story. The main character of the novel Ulysses from Baghdad (Saad) decides to migrate in order to escape from the civil war, and in the novel of the Nocturnal harmony, which depicts a surreal narrative of migration (Yadullah), we are looking for the reason for migration and the damages caused by it. Trauma or psychosis following a psychological injury that usually occurs to a person in childhood can have irreparable consequences that are very difficult and even impossible to treat. Migration, especially if it is unwanted, can cause a traumatic injury that sometimes causes multiple tears, feelings of depression, emptiness, loneliness and disorder. A person who experiences migration faces a new world in which many principles and boundaries will change. This comparative comparison shows that either voluntary or forced migration can have traumatic consequences and transform a person's identity. Also, a narrative of migration, whether real or surreal, leads to confusion in the writing and structure of the story, which themselves indicate a traumatic narrative.

The exploration of laughter’s philosophical significance within the realm of performing arts, particularly the French classical theatre of the seventeenth century, reveals a profound connection to the comedic genre. This literary form, characterized by its gentle yet satirical nature, aims to critique and amend the behavioral and societal flaws of individuals. It often portrays a protagonist whose moral attributes and actions defy societal norms, depicted on stage in an exaggerated manner, amplified and interwoven with theatrical techniques such as verbal wit, comedic behavior, and the humorous repetition of scenarios. Through this lens, comedic dialogue not only elicits laughter but also conveys an ethical message, emerging from the critique of society’s distasteful customs and pervasive misconceptions. The comic and humorous approach offers a fresh, conciliatory perspective on life, contrasting the somber, oppressive reality presented in tragedy, thus serving as a potent vehicle for engaging diverse social groups. This study briefly touches upon the history and evolution of the laughter element, or the comedic genre, within French literature of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It delves into the critical issue and examines the techniques and performances that induce laughter in The Miser, extending the discussion to encompass the philosophy of laughter.

Intertextuality a one of the well-known approaches to literature analysis has attracted the attention of many researchers. The approach owes its origin to Mikhail Bakhtin's theory of dialogism and polyphony. Intertextuality plays an important role in exploring complex relationships between texts, social discourse, and all related literary areas. In this regard, the terms related to intertextuality are infinitely different according on theoretical and practical situations. Some of them include Bakhtin's theory of dialogism, the aesthetic theory of literary reception by Hans Robert Jauss or by Umberto Eco, and carnivalesque forms such as antithesis and artistic imitation. Eric-Emmanuel Schmitt, contemporary French philosopher, novelist, and playwright, who has an optimistic and positive view of humankind and the world, leads man on to a search for the lost paradise, employing a synthesis of philosophical, mythological, and symbolic elements. This study analyzed Noah’s Child and its intertextual dimension, using Bakhtinian theories of dialogism and polyphony. The important thing in this novel is the dialogical relationship between all elements that the author use to recreate the sacred narrative of Noah's storm through the diversity of discourses and languages, and to call its readership to reflect on human values. To sum up, the study tried to explore the value of discourse in this novel and the world of meaning which it reveals to us.

This study aimed to identify the key factors influencing the implementation of quality assurance programs in higher education.

A qualitative approach, employing a phenomenological strategy, was used for this research. The participants included 22 professors, administrators, academic staff, and doctoral students from Urmia University, selected through purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was reached. Data analysis followed a qualitative content analysis process, involving open, axial, and selective coding, using MAXQDA 20 software.

Through the analysis of the interview transcripts, codes were identified, extracted, and grouped based on conceptual similarities. These were further categorized into 4 main themes and 15 sub-themes.

Conclusion and Suggestions:

 The findings revealed that human resources, processes, infrastructure, and environmental factors significantly impact the successful implementation of quality assurance programs in higher education. These insights offer a fresh perspective for decision-makers and planners in higher education, providing a basis for informed decision-making and strategic planning in the development of quality assurance initiatives.

Innovation and Originality:

 This study introduces a conceptual model that identifies the factors influencing the implementation of quality assurance programs in universities, offering a novel contribution to the field.

Thomas de Conanque is a contemporary Canadian philosopher who has published many books and treatises and has done a lot of research in the field of philosophy. What is important for De Koninck is to preserve human dignity in any field and any position. According to him, it is important, above all else, is the preservation of human value in every field, from medicine, economics, and politics to education. Many other philosophers and writers such as Aristotle, Plato, Hegel, Saint-Exupéry and Shakespeare are among the guides of De Koninck in the formation and dissemination of his philosophical ideas. He also conducts research in understanding the philosophy of education, especially about children and adolescents. What this philosopher shows us is that the philosophy of education is not only related to the present and the 21st century, but since the ancient Greek, there has been thought and investigation in this matter and it has been necessary; But it should not be forgotten that it has always been changing and the surrounding environment has challenged it many times. Multiple phenomenes are involved in the philosophy of education. From human body and biology to his soul and emotions. Also, there are various tools to teach science as best as possible, such as music or literature. In this research, an attempt is made to understand the ideas of this contemporary philosopher about the philosophy of education, to find out how to provide a deeper, more stable and more useful education.

Le Clézio, the 20th century French novelist, highlights the mythical nature of his work through narration. For Le Clézio, Icarus appears as a social figure in order to present historical and chronological changes as a reversible concept. In Onitsha, temporal and spatial elements are in such order that a dream, the past and a missing identity are reconstructed through societal events and natural elements. Creating a myth in Onitsha accompanies structural rules. Connections between mythical concepts reflect linguistic constancy. Therefore, mythical nature of Icarus is considered as linguistic and semantic structure expressing temporal and spatial realities owing to a general structure. This mythical language consisting incoherent elements shapes historical events.Le Clézio, the 20th century French novelist, highlights the mythical nature of his work through narration. For Le Clézio, Icarus appears as a social figure in order to present historical and chronological changes as a reversible concept. In Onitsha, temporal and spatial elements are in such order that a dream,

"Ziba" is one of the most fascinating stories that is constantly mentioned as one of the best romantic stories of the late Qajar period in Iran. Due to the psychological expression and simplicity of common themes, including social and ethical subjects, especially inner revolutions (emotional) of the characters, the story has a special place in the classification in the socio-emotional category. Due to the commonality of romantic elements in most of Mohammad Hejazi's stories, this article has tried to examine the different dimensions of romance in the story of "Ziba".

In the story of the Edrissis' House, social perceptions and habits, apart from being able to form a historical study, depict social causes and reflect the author's mentality and social situation. The main points of the story are wandering characters who are immersed in the foggy and bitter memories of their past as if reviewing these memories is sweet or very annoying and painful for them. Mrs. Edrisi, the owner of the ancestral home (Edrissis' House), is still stunned by the fantasy of her youth and her love for the fire brigade. In this story, spatial, temporal, and narrative themes are the tools to describe realistic and critical structures. After the Bolshevik and workers' revolutions, Mrs. Edrisi, a member of the aristocracy, has witnessed profound changes in the urban situation amid popular discontent. The narration in this story is an excuse to describe and explain the linguistic structures and meanings that lie on the one hand and social realities and political conflicts on the other. In the context of Edrissis' House, "meaning" plays out the form and content of the narrative, to remove the potential of Alizadeh's language from the linear barrier and to define the subject in the heart of a dynamic and out-of-structure process. Therefore, to clarify the game of narration from the perspective of semiotics in this story, the position of the sign and its structure must be identified to some extent. For poststructuralists, language systems, events, and events are formed over time. Kristeva, a Bulgarian psychoanalyst, linguist, and poststructuralist philosopher, reviewed her linguistic structures by writing her first book, and investigated the Semantic features , emphasizing literary and poetic texts in historical and social contexts. She showed the dynamics of sing by which processes change themselves. Chora is a symbol of Kristeva's energy, dynamism, and vibrancy, her inner drive, and signifier of language. Thus, the identification of linguistic cues for Kristeva is "the study of the mechanisms of production, transmission, and reception of meaning". In this article, we will try to answer questions about the analysis of symbolic structures and sign language in the novel of the Edrissis' House and pave the way to research in similar contexts. Although we see the presence of both realms in the story, it is a symbolic realm that deeply affects "meaning" in Alizadeh's view. As mentioned above , the destruction of the linear course of the narrative in the story, affects the linguistic structure of Alizadeh and shows the linguistic reality before the author's consciousness.The novel Edrissis' House, always depicts a few unfinished and wandering stories, the realistic appearance of which contains analytical and obscure signs of the past. This is the realm of signs that leads the nests and the amalgam to the language. In other words, this emotional and fragmented dimension of language is fluctuating, it requires identity and signification for itself, and it puts the subject's consciousness in suspense, so that the meaning is not of the material and conscious type, but based on the inner motivation and drive of production. Thus, the unveiling of emotional and emotional structures and the penetration into the inner layers of motivational language, a reflection of the field. It is a language that has been suppressed and needs to return. Alizadeh prioritizes the nature of language and re-represents its nature to provide the reader with the conditions for understanding and recognizing it. In fact, Alizadeh shares her experiences in the context of narrative and social contexts - which also include language itself. Retrieves - gives meaning and, by searching for intra-cultural links, shows semio-semantic functions for textual structures. Thus, in semiotic analysis of Alizadeh's text, the signifiers lose their order and become dynamic and irregular to evoke the return of the blind or the "command of oppression." Hence, the suppression of female mental beauty shows the focus and symbolic structure of Alizadeh's language. This process itself becomes the originator of language. A language keeps emotions stored and registered in the subconscious layers of meaning. A language in which the interaction with the environment takes the form of unconscious reactions. In the story of the Edrissis' House, Alizadeh, amid its sharp and biting realism, is deeply influenced by the field of symbolism, because the symbols transform its subjects. The emotional burden of the narrative language becomes more and more imposed on readers.The novel of Edrissis' House is the story of the Tsarist Russian Bolshevik Revolution, which illustrates these two linguistic areas well. And the position of Alizadeh's heroes is manifested not only in language but also in physical motivations. In this story, the environmental space of the Edrissis' House represents the symbolic space of language, which dominates the ample space and profoundly influences the process of signification. In fact, according to Alizadeh, language as a social act necessarily has these two tendencies of symbolism and semiotics because these two linguistic domains produce meaning.  Therefore, according to Alizadeh, this matter and the feminine (symbolic) domain is the reproductive text that forms the masculine (symbolic and lawful) matter of the apparent text and precedes the cultural, social and historical rules. The subject of Alizadeh, inspired by her feelings and energy in the heart of nature and the unconscious, creates a system of signification and discourse. Overall, the linguistic signs in this story are unstable, repressed, spontaneous, and emotional. This rupture reproduces the symbolism of "meaning" and, according to Kristeva, is revolutionary in the realm of signification and semantics. Hence, language and subjectivity are intertwined for Alizadeh’s point of view. For this reason, the realm of symbolism is the style and representation of unwanted signification.

Patrick Modiano, romancier français du XXème siècle, s’inspire des images, des éléments historiques et des mythes pour souligner la part de la rêverie, l’imagination, l’histoire et l’extase matérielle en rapport étroit avec le réel vécu. Il se sert d’un déploiement spatio-temporel qui démontre le terrain imaginaire se rapportant à la représentation réelle, mentale et contextuelle. Pour Modiano, l’espace est un élément provocateur des souvenirs qui dépeignent son architecture romanesque et met en scène les personnages errants et fugitifs. Cet article a pour but d’analyser les caractéristiques spatiales dans Rue des Boutiques Obscures du point de vue bachelardien pour révéler les présupposés objectifs et subjectifs de l’espace, et les rapports entre images qui nous aident à découvrir l’apparition et le développement du "sens spatial" et qui déterminent l’influence réelle et imaginaire de l’espace dans un contexte romanesque et narratif.

The story of “Her Eyes” is the most famous work of Bozorg Alavi. His publicity relies mostly on attractiveness of this story and in spite of passing many years since its first publication, its real content and eloquent expression has attracted many readers. In this story, Alavi provides sufficient space for illustration of his characters historical, social events and mental and psychological involvements. Real and tangible representation of his period historical events led Alavi to transfer his revolutionary thoughts through the story. The story affective and emotional themes provide the possibility of acting as a mirror for reflecting those days’ social and political conditions. For Alavi, the art aesthetics relies in expression of the human inner feeling and external point of view of his thoughts. The first-person point of view culminates the reader’s inclusiveness from realities and emotions so that the narrator finds himself in an intimate dialogue and confabulation with the reader. This article has tried to investigate Bozorg Alavi style in this story from different perspectives and depict the place of his style elements in expanding the imageries and realities and combining some of the expressive rules and styles of romanticism and realism.

The economic, social, and cultural assets of the family play an important role in the development of children's human capital, and they will undoubtedly have a profound impact on the learning of the second language by the children of the family. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the families’ social, economic, and cultural capital and Farsi language learning by Azeri children. Regarding the purpose, the present study was an applied one. Regarding the method, descriptive statistics were used. The sample of the present research includeds parents of Azeri preschool children in various areas of Tabriz city, and the sample size was determined according to Morgan’s table to be 155 people. Random sampling was used, and data collection method was questionnaire based. The results of the study demonstrated that there is a positive significant relationship between economic, social, and cultural capital of the family and Farsi language learning by Azeri preschool children. The more second-language learning in preschool is reinforced by social, economic, and cultural capital, the better children will perform during school. Thus, to improve bilingual children’s performance families’ above-mentioned capitals should be enhanced. Extended Abstract The family, as the most important social institution, plays an important role in institutionalizing language learning in children. Bilingualism has raised issues for education systems that need to be accounted for through careful and comprehensive scrutiny. The economic, social and cultural capital of the family is an important factor in the growth and development of the human capital of children. Investigations on first and second language acquisition, the methods of learning and teaching languages, and the role language plays in the structure of the society have always been a major educational research topic in bilingual countries. The importance of this leading issue has recently been captured by the Ministry of Education and many senior policy makers of Iran because of the country’s geographical position. Iran as a vast and ethnically diverse country enjoys the presence of several folks speaking and communicating in their native languages. Therefore, in such communities there are a great number of bilingual children whose effective training hinges largely on educating them to learn not only the official language of the country but also their own native languages.  Since the official language in Iran is Farsi, almost all of the families emphatically accentuate the importance of learning this official language before their children’s entrance to the primary levels of education. The family environment has a great impact on the development of children's language skills. This trend, undoubtedly, pictures the educational environment of the schools in Iran. One of the factors that has a lot to do with language learning is the classroom. In the classroom, information is provided in language by the teacher, and the student must demonstrate that he or she has learned the information using the language. Almost all of the teaching courses in Iran, in all levels, are being taught in Farsi and the children in order not to face the educational upsurges must have a clear understanding of the language being used in the classes. According to some studies, this skill makes children quite capable to overcome the educational problems they might possibly encounter during their studies and to be able to adapt to classroom conditions. What is rather fascinating, in this ground, is the interesting relationship between the social, cultural and economic capital of the families and their children’s educational success. Based on the latest studies, children who are competent language users and they have more capital, are obviously more successful in their studies, have the privilege of being raised in a family rich in social, economic, and cultural capital. In this regard, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between social, economic, and cultural capital of the families and Farsi language learning by Azeri children. Therefore, the principles of various linguistic structures and capitals are presented as comprehensively and inclusively as possible. These principles were the theoretical foundations of research. Regarding the purpose, the present study was an applied one. Regarding the method, descriptive statistics were used. The sample of the present research included parents of Azeri preschool children in various areas of Tabriz city, and the sample size was determined according to Morgan’s table to include 155 people. Random sampling was used, and data collection method was questionnaire based. The results of the study demonstrated that there is a positive significant relationship between economic, social, and cultural capital of the family and Farsi language learning by Azeri preschool children. Therefore, the child-parent interaction, the degree of interest and intimacy between the child and parents, and the quality of the relationship between them are considered as social capital and the greater the family's cultural capital, the greater the children's language skills and language learning.  Moreover, there is a close relationship between cultural capital of the family and Farsi language learning by Azeri preschool children. Therefore, to the extent that second language learning in preschool is reinforced by social, economic and cultural capital, children will perform better during school and have a successful educational experience. In other words, the best way to improve the performance of bilingual children is to raise the above-mentioned capitals. One of the limitations of this study related to limitations of the research tool which was a questionnaire. Also, since the statistical population of this study included parents of Azerbaijani preschool children in Tabriz, the findings are not generalizable to other parents. Therefore, doing research on other communities as well as comparing the results can provide greater generalizability.

Le romancier français contemporain Patrick Modiano nous présente à travers ses écrits autobiographiques, entre autres Accident nocturne, une âme hantée par les évènements et les souvenirs passés. Sa mémoire obsédée précède ainsi sa naissance. Traitant de quête et d’identité, l’auteur met en scène l’absence de ses parents et les traumatismes de sa vie. Dans son univers sombre, à travers les angoisses et les obsessions, se font jour des figures et des mythes qui renouvellent les images traditionnelles et renversent l’écriture classique. Cet article se propose d’étudier la fonction des mythes dissimulés dans Accident nocturne, et la modalité de la représentation de quelques archétypes qui mènent à une perception et une observation minutieuse du passé. La première partie étudiera, dans une approche globalisante, la présence d’une portée mythique dans Accident Nocturne et la manière dont Modiano a investi la mythologie; la seconde partie, tout en particularisant l’aspect mythique sur l’archétype de la sensualité et de la suavité féminine, approchera la modalité archétypale de ce renouvellement du symbolique des mythes anciens ainsi que la poétique de leur réactualisation dans l’œuvre modianesque.

By merging reality and imagination at the heart of fictional components, the French fictional literature of the 20th century could rebuild most of the past incidents through unique narrations. A country’s History, from beyond its realistic and autobiographical literature and stories, can present the country’s identity and frameworks of thought. By resorting to the forgotten events and paying attention to evolutions of storytelling from beyond the sensual and historical experiences, the Second World War, like many other motifs, provided opportunities for contemporary French writers like Patrick Modiano to depict events in which there is no escape for anyone. The story of  Night Rounds is a probing of identity in blur and darkness, depicting realities which are placed at the heart of a nation’s or individual’s memory and distresses far from experience, the depiction of which requires one to resort to the concepts of time and place so as to be able to demonstrate the roots of fictional characters’ identitism or anti-identitism in the realm of memory and narration.

The philosophy of Lacan’s psychoanalysis has affected many of human’s bio-intellectual field under domination of thought.,it has answered many questions about language,speech,unconscious in the form of psychoanalysis discussions. Lacan,French philosopher,psychoanalyst,could have considered the question of the presence of language,speech,the unconscious under the form of the elements like delirium of neurotic patients,paradox of the other,Subject,paternal metaphor,modals,inner desire,desired object in order to find an answer to some of the philosophic psychoanalysis enigmas. The general concepts of Lacan are connected in sequence,are sometimes considered ambiguous. In his idea,the symptoms can be meaningful. These symptoms have a systematic language,complex structure by themselves. On the other hand,the “structure” of Lacan is an intersubjective structure that has to do with a collection of the psychic-hidden facts of the subject. In this study,despite the elements,criteria of structuralism,also with determination of place structuralism,linguistics,psychoanalysis by Lacan,we’ll try to indicate his perception of language,signification,speech in the sequences of “significance”,“sign”,also the role of philosophy in psychoanalysis definition of Lacan.

Novels like myths, can also demonstrate internal reactions and individual and social phenomenons by interpretative processes. The knowledge of romanesque images and research in subjective, existential and historic aspects of 20th century French authors, can unfold structive state of the story and their creativity. In this deliberation, for studying the fabric and constructing events in "Accident nocturne" of Patrick Modiano, by use of components and collective unconcious archetypes, can show symbolic and psychic images in the basis subjective and collective nature of human, on one side, and in basis of narrative and symbolic experiences, on the other side. In fact, author, with swing of (time) and (place) in narrating and with the design of lost child archetype, displays an image of his own memory and lost identity.

The power of imagination and storytelling is one of the means for expressing man's historical and biological riddles. Since the beginning of human imagination and the moment of literary creation, the relationship between literature and myth has always existed. Documentaries and fictional records provide the opportunity to reconstruct historical and mythical phenomena and to analyze psychological concepts. The twentieth-century writers, including Gustave Le Clézio, put forward their ideas in imaginative and realistic contexts; these contexts carry the perceptual and historical features that are collectively achievable. By re-reading some Jungian archetypes, such as persona, anima, animus, sage, shadow, back to oneself and birth, Le Clézio relied a large part of his writing on the collective conscious and myths, and could depict the deepest layers and latent myths of human psyche along with individual and natural elements in the fictional and imaginative world. The process of individuality and the movement of his fictional characters are also formed alongside this fictional world. Hence, the narrative structure of his stories presents a symbolic psychological system that is defined in the context of history and myth. The aim of the present article is to identify this psychological system along with Jungian archetypes in three works of Le Clézio, Desert, The Prospector and The Book of Flights.

The association between myth & mystical themes in literary and narrative contexts in the extensive field of literature is one of the forms of recognizing identities of human and society. Investigating of applying theme in contemporary literary texts in Gide’s & Hafez’s works in order to represent social, psychological and individual transformations has a symbolic form. If the authors specify the time and space in a story, symbols & applied myths make these times and spaces more tangible. Some of these symbols and applied myths indicate a number of positive mental concepts, while some others portray negative ones. Myth not only into the living culture of humans, but it has also penetrated deeply into literature & mysticism. Many of the Hafez’s & Gide’s prose and poetic narratives include mystic themes understanding of which requires identifying the content and the devices used in their texts. In the present paper, it has been attempted to demonstrate the similarities & differences of these two author’s texts from a mystical and mythical point of view.

Language and social dimensions are considered to be factors in cognitive development and culture provides the symbolic ways of the process of development. Cultural identities and their stability are shaped in the contextof history and "language". As a result, social coherence and collective identity are inevitably dependent on language and variations in historical conditions unavoidably lead to changes in cultural and linguistic identities. In studying the recognition of language structure, schools such asinneism (Chomsky), constructivism (Vygotsky), behaviorism (Skinner), and cognitive constructivism (Piaget) stand out. Each school tries to figure out the function of language structure in accordance withinner, cognitive and social interactions of an individual. Just as Vygotsky relates the development of language to social phenomena and social system, Piaget relates the formation of language to different stages of a child’s mental development and considers intelligence and sensory-motor activities to be prerequisites for access to a language. From this viewpoint, on the one hand, the evolution of mind and intelligence helps the comprehension of the issue and essence of language and on the other hand, language structure is combined with thought structure and language gets an inner form. In other words, language phenomenon relates to mental and social structures and forms its behavior conforming to internal and external elements.

Onitsha est la représentation mythologique et historique de l’Afrique de l’ouest. Le roman relie la narration aux évènements mythologiques incarnés par les formes symboliques. Gilbert Durand estime que la valeur constante des cultures humaines réside dans le fait qu’elles sont capables de formuler des langages symboliques. Pour ce faire, elles recourent inconsciemment à des images qui portent un sens approprié. Durand, ainsi que Lévi-Strauss, s’efforcent de dénicher les structures latentes des mythes humains inscrites depuis toujours dans ce vaste domaine des images symboliques. Le Clézio, romancier contemporain français, a, de son côté, essayé de mettre en scène différentes manières d’écriture, différents genres de fiction, qui reflètent souvent des mythes et leurs évolutions au sein des sociétés en fonction de leur univers socio-culturel. On peut discerner dans Onitsha des macro-mythes à travers des micro-mythes qui reflètent le changement dans les mentalités, les expériences, l’onirisme et les perceptions. L’auteur, en revisitant les mythes à sa guise, tente d’en révéler les enjeux en fonction du contexte vital et historique de l’histoire narrée.

The twentieth century has witnessed a very close relationship between philosophy and literary creations and scope of human imagination and writing. The search for the truth is the search for the reasons of the events and identification of the tangible and intangible world. This kind of search refers to the asking questions about the life and awareness and these factors related the philosophy to the literature, imaginary and artistic achievements. The human describes its situation with its particular field of creation and every human being has its own interpretations and inferential concerning with various life status. This study investigates the philosophical elements of existentialistic constructs of Le Clézio, the contemporary French writer and it justifies the reactions and behaviors of his fictional and real characteristic. This study also seeks to find out the answer to the biological and social crises in mid of twentieth century and in the field of realistic writing.
The method of this study is qualitative and the design of the study is historical research and content analysis. Historical research analyzes the documents and artifacts to gain insight into the past events and the content analysis focuses on the analyzing and interpreting the recorded material to learn about human behavior.
Sartre’ existentialism attempted to define the human behavior and its reactions by resorting to the awareness of subject and the discovery of human nature. Sartre have transformed the language into the sign in his philosophy and he explicated the events about the human. As the Husserl’s orientation in the phenomenology is ideal, Le Clézio’s approach also shaped its phenomenology by showing the intentional subjects and the subjects interrupted their association with the past due to the understanding of their world. The characters such as Ethel, Mondo, Alexi engendered their own situation. The nature of existence in the world stems from the quality of his specialized life or from his existence. The” other” is an original design in Le Clézio’s approach. The “other” is an entity which reveals itself. Having shown the writer and work commitment, Le Clézio could base his philosophy on the social notion of autobiographic and imaginary characteristic. The attitude towards the existence, in Le Clézio’s perspective, refers to the return to oneself or self- scrutiny in the words of Socrates
Le Clézio’s stories primarily focused on the objectives of phenomenology and existentialism and these stories try to associate the objective and tangible reality with the imaginations and they try to fertilize and make sense their actions with their freedom. In other words, the existentialism of Le Clézio is the humanism of Sartre and it has been in the filed biological philosophy .The selection and the design of characters have enriched the per-se and they define the surrounding world with the changing of themselves.

The philosophy of Lacan’s psychoanalysis has affected many of human’s bio-intellectual field under domination of thought. And it has answered many questions about language, speech and unconscious in the form of psychoanalysis discussions. Lacan, French philosopher and psychoanalyst, could have considered the question of the presence of language, speech and the unconscious under the form of the elements like delirium of neurotic patients, paradox of the other, Subject, paternal metaphor, modals, inner desire and desired object in order to find an answer to some of the philosophic psychoanalysis enigmas. The general concepts of Lacan are connected in sequence and are sometimes considered ambiguous. In his idea, the symptoms can be meaningful. These symptoms have a systematic language and complex structure by themselves. On the other hand, the “structure” of Lacan is an intersubjective structure that has to do with a collection of the psychic-hidden facts of the subject. In this study, despite the elements and criteria of structuralism and also with determination of place structuralism, linguistics and psychoanalysis by Lacan, we’ll try to indicate his perception of language, signification and speech in the sequences of “significance” and “sign” and also the role of philosophy in psychoanalysis definition of Lacan.

La recherche présente a pour objet d’évaluer les éléments fondamentaux de l’enseignement efficace du français selon les étudiants de la langue et littérature anglaises. La méthode appliquée de la recherche se forme par la démarche descriptive-corrélative. Le corpus statistique de la recherche est composé de 128 étudiants de la langue et littérature anglaise en 2003-2004 à l’université d’Urmia-Iran dont l’ensemble a été choisi, par une recension complète, de répondre aux questionnaires. Les résultats montrent que: 1. La composition des éléments octogonaux en tant que les éléments fondamentaux de l’enseignement efficace du français possède une adéquation relativement avantageux. 2. Les résultats du coefficient corrélatif de Pearson dénotent qu’il y a un lien positif et significatif entre la plupart des éléments fondamentaux de l’enseignement efficace du français. 3. Les résultats du test «t» indiquent que les étudiants évaluent significativement leurs enseignants de français au-dessous de la moyenne théorique en fonction des éléments de "la maîtrise du contenu, de la gestion des cours et de l’appréciation de l’apprentissage, et au-dessus de la moyenne théorique en fonction des éléments de l’offre du contenu, de la direction, du respect des questions morales en enseignement et des habiletés communicatives".

André Breton، le chef du mouvement surréaliste، prétend donner une représentation nouvelle de quête de soi qui va dans le sens de l''investigation de l’inconscient. C''est dans son fameux roman Nadja qu''il la pratique parfaitement. Cette quête se déclenche lors de la rencontre d’une femme initiatrice qui fournit la matière principale du rêve et développe l’idée vierge d’un «hasard objectif». Dans ce roman، la récupération totale de la force psychique، ayant la forme métaphorique et symbolique، se fait grâce à plusieurs moyens. La fiction se mêle aux souvenirs et aux rêves، deux matériels essentiels pour faire surgir l’inconscient، d’où la genèse des fantasmes originels et inconscients et la mise en conscience des forces occultes qui gouvernent l’être humain face à la pensée consciente. L’inconscient collectif est constitué d’instincts، d’archétypes et d’ «images primordiales» dans ce roman et la sensation étrange et inquiétante du narrateur illustre les images qui، retraçant le phénomène du «double» en plein changement، dénoncent l’apparition des désirs secrets et des fantasmes retenus sur la scène romanesque. Nadja de Breton parvient، en quelque sorte، à décrypter l’inconscient، formé par les désirs et les pulsions non identifiés، à travers ses enchevêtrements.

In the present paper, we strive to investigate the mutual relationship between the descriptive components of “self” and its relation to “other” in a foreign culture in the works of Le Clézio. This “other” culture stems from the identity philosophy of “other personality”. We will also try to show Le Clézio’s descriptive aesthetics, using his works and a thematically analytic framework. From a universal viewpoint, Le Clézio’s writing style, which reflects the “viewpoint” of the author, depicts the art of “description.” It is a description that breaks limitations and turns to a man’s intact “mind.” This “self” of the author designs a free and liberating horizon before the “other personality,” using “nature and imagination.” On the other hand, the interactions of “other personality” reflects the dynamic discourse and turns to a knowledge for “human beings,” by separating itself from “self.” This knowledge is connected to “history” and man’s inner truths beyond the “realization” of “self.”

L''étude des avant-textes nous fournit l''occasion de mettre en scène la profondeur et la dynamique dont les éléments forment les grandes questions d''analyse à travers la question du sens et de la forme. La rature des brouillons، dans son essence، reste l''un des motifs majeurs du «processus de la création»، de l''avant-texte et même du texte final qui révèle sa fonction «communicative». En effet، la rature، ayant la fonction de porter les différents mécanismes de défense de son créateur، à travers la complexité de sa genèse، la mutation mentale، pourrait، d''une manière ou d''une autre، fait apparaître le raisonnement de sa formation. Ainsi، l''auteur en tant que lecteur réel، entre-t-il en dialogue avec son texte. En biffant، l''auteur établit une relation entre son esprit et la formation textuelle. D''ailleurs، la rature، en dénonçant un parcours intellectuel-mental، à travers les tâtonnements، refoule la potentialité du sens et dégage la fonction des mécanismes de défense. Sa déformation apparente met en marche les canevas présupposés (de l''inconscient) et، en s''appuyant sur le processus de la «suppression»، témoigne de ses mouvements «en germe». Cela nous introduit dans un domaine psychanalytique qui dévoile de fortes évaluations des avant-textes et encourage le critique à éprouver les fonctionnements des écrits pré-rédactionnels de près. Du coup، en découvrant le côté textuel et surtout avant-textuel، cet article aurait pour but d''illustrer les «mutations inconscientes» des avant-textes et le rôle du «temps» en fonction de la formation textuelle.