فهرست مطالب وحیده ابوالحسن نژاد

Students’ perceptions of their educational environment play a very crucial role in the learning process, academic buoyancy and performance. This study aimed to investigate health sciences students’ perceptions of the educational environment and evaluated the predictability of academic buoyancy through their perceptions of the educational environment.

This research was a descriptive -correlational study. The statistical population consisted of all health students who were studying in Ilam, Arak, Birjand, Semnan and Hamadan Universities of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2018-19. A total number of 475 students were selected through multistage random sampling method and the data of 400 participants were analyzed (response rate = 84.2%). Data were gathered using a Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM) and academic buoyancy questionnaires. In this study, while using SPSS v.22 software, independent samples t-test, one–way ANOVA, simple and multiple regressions were employed for data analysis.

The mean overall DREEM score was 114.1±22.92 (maximum, 200). The result showed that studentschr('39') perceptions of the educational environment would predict 9% of the variance of their academic buoyancy (R=0.304, R2=0.092, Adjusted R2=0.09, F=40.507, p<0.01). Also, regression coefficients showed that the components of students’ perceptions of the educational environment, except the component of students’ perceptions of teachers, had a significant role in predicting academic buoyancy.

Health students’ perceptions of their educational environment were at a moderate level shows that the educational environment was found to be more positive than negative. Nevertheless, addressing accurate assessments, identifying strengths and weaknesses, and conducting educational interventions are essential to enhance studentschr('39') perceptions of the educational environment and, consequently, improve academic buoyancy.

Due to the high number of small workshops in the country, the numerous workforce of them from one hand, the existing noise as one of the harmful factors in the working environment and the importance of workers’ health from the other hand, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying the effect of training intervention of hearing protection devices use based on BASNEF model on the workers of Hamadan small workshops.

This study was performed in two groups of 45 workers. Data were collected through BASNEF questionnaire before and after 3 months of training intervention. Experimental group received three sessions of training intervention (theoretical and practical), while the control group received no trainings. The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 17.

The results showed that the mean score of all BASNEF model’s areas were increased significantly after training intervention relative to the former. In addition, the findings indicated that among all areas of BASNEF model, the highest score was related to behavioral intention, whereas the lowest was related to the performance.

The BASNEF training intervention had an important role in increasing the awareness and attitude of people and also their behavior and performance in relation to the usage of hearing protection devices. This lead to the increased duration of earmuff’s usage and decreased hearing threshold variation of workers who were exposed to excessive noise.

taxi drivers are a large group of professional drivers, who spend so much time in driving. Considering traffic collisions as one of the Traffic Safety System in the country, modification of improper driving behaviors of this group can result in a significant decrease in accidents.
This analytical-descriptive study was conducted on 245 taxi drivers in 2013. A questionnaire aimed into two sections: demographic information and reasons for lack of night use of the automotive lighting system was designed. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the experts and professors’ comments and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's coefficient alpha (0.72).
It was found that 26.9% of the drivers do not turn on their automotive lighting system over nigh. Most in main squares of the city (46.2%). Forgetfulness in turning car’s light on (14.28%) and depreciation on car lights (13.06%) are the major reasons. Moreover, a significant relationship was observed among variables like working in taxi driving as the main occupation (P-Value= 0.0001), lack of receiving warning from passengers (P-Value= 0.0001), the level of education (P-Value= 0.012) and lack of using automotive lighting system.
Considering that forgetfulness was the main reason for lack of using the lighting system and most of the drivers have not been received any warning or punishment from police because of lack of using lights overnight, it is essential to use appropriate training and exertion of regulations, as one of the ways to create correct culture of traffic and improve driver performance.

: In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the application of nanotechnology in industries and the number of workers occupied in different processes of research on and construction, production and residue disposal of products containing nanoparticles. Despite this growth, however, there is still a dearth of information on the risk of occupational exposure to these materials. Due to the growing application of nanoparticles in the workplace, selecting suitable sampling and characterization techniques and instruments as well as investigating their efficiency for the evaluation of occupational exposure is very important. The present review study was conducted to introduce the methods and instruments used for evaluating occupational exposure to nanoparticles with an emphasis on the results of the existing literature on methods and instruments of evaluating occupational exposure to nanoparticles and the different contributing factors and conditions through library resources. The results of this study demonstrate that, in spite of the wide application of nanotechnology in the workplace, a reliable, international and standard method for evaluating occupational exposure to nanoparticles is still lacking. This study also shows that occupational exposure to nanoparticles can be evaluated through modern instruments that identify and characterize nanoparticles in terms of their number, mass concentration and surface area. The Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) was the most widely-used instrument for measuring the number and size distribution of particles. The accuracy and precision of the methods and instruments used for evaluating the exposure to nanoparticles can be investigated in future research as a way of establishing a suitable and reliable evaluative standard.

Noise pollution is one of the most important and most common adverse factors which threatening the health of people, especially for workers in industries. Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL), physiological effects and psychological effects are of the most serious threats Caused by noise exposure. This research seeks to repeated complaints of workers and to reduce the noise exposure was conducted at four stations. This interventional study was conducted in two stages. In the first phase, audiometric and noise frequency analysis was conducted to assess the current status and then a noise control through noise enclosure as the most appropriate solution was selected and implemented. Audiometric results showed that In 4000 and 6000 Hz frequency hearing threshold level was greater than 25 dB at all stations, as well as the sound pressure level was higher than the national occupational exposure limits. With regard to the increase in hearing threshold at 4000 Hz is a sign of the beginning of NIHL then, we conclude that the control measures are essential. Therefore, materials with favorable noise transmission loss were selected and noise enclosure was designed. The results of this study showed that noise enclosure can be used as an effective control measure for controlling the noise is studied industrial setting.

Motor vehicle traffic in streets is one of the main causes of noise pollution in the environment. Present study aimed to determine day average sound level Index in overcrowded areas of Birjand, Iran. Noise level in selected stations was measured by TES sound level meter using BS 7445-1-2003 and BS 7445-3-1991 standards. The measurement was done on working days and weekends according to the enactment of the Council for Environment of Iran. Data were processed using SPSS software. The average day noise level was 66.7 ± 2.2 dB with the highest level belonging to Motahari St. (69.1 dB). Mean noise level on working days was 67.8 ± 2.3 dB and on weekends was 65.1 ± 2.2 dB that are higher than the standard limit (p<0.05). Regarding the harmful effects of this environmental agent, more studies are recommended to investigate causes of the noise pollution. Since traffic load are the main determinant of the noise pollution; passing traffic rules and educating residents to promote culture of motor vehicle driving may decrease noise pollution level and prevent its physical and mental disorders in such areas.

Noise is the most common source of environmental stress that influences negatively the psychological and physiological aspects of human. The purpose of this study was determining the noise sources and assessing in General Intensive Care Unit. In this cross-sectional study, equivalent noise level "Leq 15 min", Maximum and Minimum sound pressure level were measured on 5 stations, during the all of day and night shifts period in different place including corridor, nursing station, rest room and hospitalization parts. The data were processed by means of SPSS and Excel software. Mean sound pressure level for GICU was 60.9±1/6 dBA that is more than the standard level. The mean of maximum noise level was obtained 82.5±2 dBA and the highest noise level was measured at nursing station. There was significant difference in Noise Pollution level based on different months, level of patient's conciseness and number of ventilator using (P < 0.05). Being more noise pollution in the ICU and stations on all shifts may cause to diminish health and well-being of the staff in long-term and produce some problems for the patient. According to the highest level of noise produced in nursing stations and the different activities doing by the staff as a main noise pollution factor, it's necessary to perform required training in relationship with doing the works in right manner so that we can produce quiet and silence environment for patience.

In the past 25 years, natural disasters have taken lives of almost 3 million people and caused about $23 billion of damages worldwide. Iran is one of the 10 most disaster-prone countries in the world, and lack of preparedness of hospitals and healthcare centers burdens the healthcare system with $280 million each year. In this study, the research environment consisted of all hospitals of Birjand (Emam Reza, Valiasr, and Social Security Hospitals) and cases were collected via census method from our research environment. Data were collected by means of a standard checklist consisting of 220 questions in 6 sections of equipment, human resources, physical environment, structure, protocols, and performance chart. The tool was validated through content validity and face validity methods. Moreover, reliability which was estimated by the Kappa test was estimated as good (0.8). SPSS software was used for the analysis of checklist results. Descriptive analysis of data is presented through frequency, frequency percentage, and mean and standard deviation. In general, the level of preparedness in terms of communication with a value of 28.51% was considered as weak. The admission, transfer and discharge, traffic, security, and management training, respectively, with values of 58.26, 43.45, 52.77, 49.07, 44.17, and 56.11% were measured as medium. However, the emergency, support, and staffing with values of 67.36, 66.41, and 60.92% were rated as good. The lowest and highest values were that of the communication and emergency sections, respectively. Altogether, the hospitals’ preparedness, with a value of 52.27%, is at a moderate level.Discussion and Birjand hospitals are in need of improvement in the areas of communication, admission, transfer and discharge, traffic, safety, training, and management, and appropriate decisions need to be made with regard to this issue.

Noise pollution is recognized as a major problem in urban areas. Therefore، the current study was aimed to determine noise pollution indices in Birjand old districts. In this cross-sectional and analytical-descriptive study، noise measurement was performed by means of «CEL» sound level meter (model 450. 490). Equivalent noise level «Leq 10 min» was measured within four daily periods and within two periods at night، according to the procedures recommended by BS 7445-1-2003، as well as BS 7445-3-1991 standard، at each station. The obtained data was analysed using SPSS software (v; 16) by means of statistical tests Pearson and T-test The findings of the study showed that day-night mean sound level (Ldn) was significantly higher than the standard level in all stations (P>0. 05). The highest day–night mean sound level and maximum noise level belonged to Motahhary street (72. 2 dB) and Taleghani street (85. 9 dB). There were signifigant differences between day-night mean sound level and maximum allowable threshold in working day (P<0. 005) and holiday (P<0. 005). Since the level of noise pollution is critical especially along Taleghani Street which passes right through the city and along Emam Reza Hospital، as a sensitive area، it is necessary to design and apply suitable measurements، as well as to consider the level of their effectiveness in order to decrease noise pollution.

Domestic violence is the most common form of violence against women in the world with the greatest social, psychological, and economic consequences. The aim of the present study was to determine the rate of prevalence and demographical dimensions of domestic violence against women. The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 414 employed women and housewives in Birjand who were selected through multi-stage and simple-non-probabilistic method. It was found that 42.3% of the subjects believed that they had suffered domestic violence. According to 45.7% of the the women the violence was verbal, and the most common reasons for violence were: "the laws being biased in favor of men", and "family education". 79.4% of the total domestic violence was committed by husbands. There was a significant relationship between age of marriage and physical violence. Besides, there was a significant relationship between domestic violence and women's jobs and between domestic violence and men's jobs and polygamy. Regarding the high rate of prevalence of domestic violence against women it is suggested that instructional courses on life skills be held and spouses get informed about men's and women's rights. Moreover, it is recommended that women's rights should be respected by the community for the advantage of families, especially new young couples. In addition, it is necessary that by promoting communicative skills women be supported.

Aromatic solvents widely have a wide range of usage in various industries. A great number of epidemiologic studies show the liver toxicity resulting from exposing to organic solvents and their effect on liver transaminases. In the present study, the effect of milk drinking on the level of liver enzymes among a paint manufacturing industry workers is evaluated. The present study is a before & after clinical trial. 162 paint manufacturing industry workers were studied. They had been chronically exposed to aromatic solvents such as Benzene, Toluene and Xylene. Demographic information was collected by using a questionnaire and the level of liver enzymes ALT and AST was measured by blood testing among the studied workers. Feeding workers with 200 ml milk daily was considered as the initial intervening factor, and after one year, again the level of liver enzymes was measured. Mean age of the subjects was 31.5 ± 8.84 year and the mean of body mass index was 24 ± 3.04 Kg/m2. Measuring the concentration of aromatic organic solvents at paint manufacturing hall indicated that, the workers were exposed to these solvents at more than permissible levels. The level of liver enzymes of the studied workers after one year drinking 200 ml milk daily was significantly reduced (P<0.001). Considering that milk drinking was effective in reducing the level of liver enzymes among workers among workers who were chronically exposed to aromatic solvents, therefore, the present intervention can have a major role in preventing the incidence or in reducing the liver lesions among workers predisposed to risk.

Breathing exposure to cement dust containing an amount of heavy metal compounds has many different local and systemic effects. The aim of the present study was to survey the extent of cement factory worker's pulmonary exposure to metal ions (Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium and Nickel).

In this cross-sectional research, environmental sampling of the factory's packing section was performed to monitor metal ions in the air and fluid in a condition similar to that of the lungs. Data analysis was done using SPSS software (version 11.5) at the significant level of P<0.05.

Comparing mean concentration of the studied metals with their maximum threshold level showed that it was less than the level (P<0.05). Maximum metal ion concentration in the air was that of Chromium (1.75 µg/m3) and the minimum concentration belonged to Cadmium (0.01 µg/m3). The level of metal ions of Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium and Nickel in the floating particulates of the packing section was 0.74±0.41, 9.31±3.38, 81.96±53.35, 32.5±27.83; and the amount of the extracted metals with the simulated alveoli fluid from the samples of the air in the packing section of the factory in the in-vitro were 0.006±0.002, 0.02±0.009, 0.53±0.12, and 0.14±0.03 µg/g of the collected air dust, respectively. The result of Spearman's correlation coefficient test showed that the relationship between meal ions concentration in the air and the amount of simulated liquid was not statistically significant (P>0.05).

Although there was not any significant relationship between the amount of metal ions in the air and the simulated fluid, it is essential to investigate these exposures because of the high percentage of Cadmium solubility under simulated lung alveoli conditions.