وریا طهماسبی

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of transcranial direct current anodal stimulation on the dynamic balance of active men after three bouts of the lower limb Wingate test. Fifteen healthy and active men participated in this study. Upon 3 visits to the lab, subjects received one of three types of brain stimulation, including 1) anodal stimulation of the M1, 2) anodal stimulation of the DLPFC, and 3) sham stimulation. In each session and before brain stimulation, the dynamic balance of both legs was measured. After the brain stimulation, the subjects performed three bouts of 30 s Wingate test. After the third bout, dynamic balance was measured again in both legs. The results showed that after performing three bouts of the Wingate test under M1 and DLPFC conditions, the dynamic balance test score of the right leg was significantly higher than that of the sham stimulation condition (p= 0.027, p= 0.04, respectively). Also, the results demonstrated that the dynamic balance score of the left leg was significantly lower after performing three bouts of Wingate test compared to the baseline (p= 0.036) while no significant differences were observed among three brain stimulation conditions. It seems that anodal stimulation of M1 and DLPFC regions can be used as a strategy to reduce the detrimental effects of neuromuscular fatigue on dynamic balance. More research is warranted to investigate the underlying mechanisms of these findings.

The main purpose of the current paper is the Scientometric analysis of scientific productions in sports science based on the articles indexed in the Web of Science during the years 2012-2022.

In terms of type and nature, the current research is an applied one in which scientific techniques and indicators are used. The statistical population of this research includes all the articles indexed in Web of Science in the 10-year period of 2012-2022 in sports sciences. VOSviewer software was used to draw the co-authorship network of organizations, the density map of countries and the co-occurrence of words.

The results stated that the highest and lowest scientific productions in the focused area were in 2021 and 2012, respectively. According to the data obtained from the VOSviewer software, there are 36 nodes and 335 links in the map. The topics of "higher education", "sports science", "performance", and "physical training" were identified as the topic clusters of the field based on the clustering of high-frequency words. The countries of Spain and Australia have more density in articles than Italy, Germany, Turkey and republic of China (p<0.01). The cluster analysis of the co-authorship network of countries in the field of sports sciences states that the network consists of 5 distinct clusters.

The convergence of various words such as "exercise", "education" and "sports" in drawing the scientific map illustrates the importance and necessity of the awareness in researchers interested in the topic, who can introduce the best author, country and organizations and also draw a proper picture and insight of the process and content of this field.

The use of methamphetamine leads to numerous cell damage. This study aimed to investigate the effect of six weeks of aerobic training on the expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes in the myocardium of rats after withdrawal from ethamphetamine.

32 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups (methamphetamine group, methamphetamine then withdrawal group, methamphetamine then withdrawal then training group and methamphetamine then withdrawal then normal life without intervention group (control group)). Methamphetamine was injected intraperitoneally and in the first week in the amount of 10 mg/kg twice a day. From the second to the sixth week, every week, 1 mg/kg was added to the injection dose. The training protocol includes 6 weeks of aerobic training on a treadmill with moderate intensity for 60 minutes a day and 5 days a week. The expression levels of BAX and Bcl-2 genes were evaluated in rat myocardial tissue. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance at a significance level of P≤0.05.

Methamphetamine increased apoptosis by increasing BAX gene expression, decreasing Bcl-2 gene expression and BAX/Bcl-2 ratio. methamphetamine withdrawal and aerobic training caused a significant decrease in BAX gene expression, BAX/Bcl-2 ratio and an increase in Bcl-2 gene expression (P≤0.05).

Methamphetamine use can increase the expression of some pro-apoptotic genes and decrease the expression of myocardial anti-apoptotic genes. On the other hand, methamphetamine withdrawal and aerobic training can reduce the process of apoptosis in the myocardium of rats.

One of the important applications of scientometrics is the drawing scientific maps, which is done using various techniques, including co-citation. The aim of this study was to draw a scientific map or the intellectual structure of the sponsorship in sports in the Web of Science (WoS).

This scientometric study was conducted using co-citation analysis. The statistical population of the current study was all research articles in the field of sponsorship in sports during 2002-2022, indexed in the WoS and used the keyword "Sponsorship in sports". After the data were extracted from the database, they were analyzed using the VOSviewer software and the co-citation method.

The scientific map of sponsorship in sports consists of 5 thematic clusters (sports sponsorship, financial sponsorship, sports, impact and performance) related to financial sponsorship in sports. The number of words studied showed that the topics published in the journal had a diverse thematic distribution. The distribution graph of vocabulary degree was of power type, indicating that a large number of words co-occur in different articles and a smaller number of words located at the end of the degree distribution graph or at the beginning of it had few co-occurrences of words. In addition, based on the number of societies formed, it was found that the authors of the articles tended to form small scientific groups in the form of universities or research institutes of their respective organizations.

Foreign research considers the existence of a competitive structure in the economy of countries as a driving factor for the development of financial support for sports, but domestic research has examined the factors that prevent the attraction of financial support.

Diabetes is a multifactorial disease characterized by chronic high blood sugar and insulin resistance. In general, the global increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes is caused by poor nutrition and inactivity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks of combined exercise with quinoa supplementation on fasting blood sugar, appetite and quality of life in women with type 2 diabetes.

In this study, 36 women with type 2 diabetes were divided into 3 groups: exercise+supplement (n=12), supplement (n=12) and control (n=12). The exercise+supplement and supplement group consumed 25 grams of cooked quinoa seeds for 3 days a week. The exercise+supplement group also did combined exercise for 8 weeks, 3 times a week. Exercise was performed with an intensity of 10-12 pressure perception. The Persian version of the quality-of-life questionnaire was used to measure the quality-of-life index and the appetite questionnaire was used to assess appetite. Blood samples were taken 48 hours before and after the interventions, measurements and questionnaires were completed. One Way ANOVA, LSD post hoc and paired t were used at the significance level of P≤0.05.

According to the results of 8 weeks of intervention in the exercise+supplement group (P=0.001)(2.59%) and the supplement group (P=0.04)(1.54%) compared to the control group (P=0.32)(1.54%) caused a significant reduction in Fasted blood sugar. There was also a significant decrease in appetite index in the exercise+supplement group (P<0.001)(54.20%) and the supplement group (P=0.001)(60.31%) as compared to the control group (P=0.11)(7.91%). Quality of life data also showed a significant increase in this index in the exercise+supplement group (P=0.008)(5.95%) and supplement group (P=0.002)(3.80%) as compared to the control group (P=0.10)(0.99%).

Eight weeks of combined exercise with consumption of quinoa seeds has a positive and improving effect on fasting blood sugar index, quality of life and appetite in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Resistance exercise can reduce inflammation. On the other hand, garlic supplementation may have beneficial effects in combination with resistance training due to its wide-ranging effects, including its effect on inflammation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks’ progressive resistance training with garlic supplementation on serum hs-Crp levels and insulin resistance in overweight young women.

Forty-eight healthy age range: 20 to 40 years, randomly divided into four groups: resistance training + supplement (age=31.3 ± 3.1y, BMI=28.2 ± 2.7kg/m2), resistance training + placebo (age=30.7 ± 3.8y, BMI=26.4 ± 2.4 kg/m2), Garlic supplement (age=27.9 ± 2.5y, BMI=26.7 ± 3.9 kg/m2) and control (age=29.7 ± 3.8y, BMI=28.8 ± 3.3 kg/m2). Before and after eight weeks of training period, anthropometric data, one repetition maximum (1-RM), C-reactive protein (CRP), insulin and glucose were measured and insulin resistance (IR) was calculated. The subjects of the training group performed a progressive resistance training program for eight weeks, three sessions per week, including three sets with 10 repetitions maximum and one minute rest between sets and movements. Subjects in the supplement and placebo groups took two 500mg tablets of garlic or placebo daily in the morning and at night with a meal. Changes in the results before and after the in four research groups were examined using one-way analysis of variance. If statistical analysis were significant, the Bonferoni posthoc test was used for finding the place of differences.

Significant decrease in serum CRP levels, insulin resistance and glucose was observed in the training + supplement group compared to other groups (P < 0.05). In contrast, insulin levels did not show significant changes in all groups (P > 0.05). Regarding body composition analysis, the results were accompanied by a significant decrease in fat mass and a significant increase in lean body mass, especially in the training + garlic group (P < 0.05).

Although hs-CRP data and insulin resistance index of the present subjects were in the normal range and seemed safe, but in general, according to the results of the present study, it seems that the progressive resistance training program with garlic supplementation had double effects on CRP as important inflammatory index and insulin resistance in overweight women compared to either alone.

The prevalence of obesity is recognized as a health problem worldwide. Metabolic syndrome as the most important obesity factor is considered as one of the health problems in all societies. Supportive and complementary interventions are considered improvements in the status of individuals with metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks of sodium alginate supplementation and high intensity interval training on lipid profiles and liver enzymes in metabolic syndrome women.

Thirty women with metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned into 4 groups: intermittent exercise (High Intensity Interval Training)+supplement (n=9), intermittent exercise (HIIT) )n=8), complementary (n=7) and control group (n=6). Subjects in HIIT and HIIT + supplementation groups performed three sessions of intermittent exercise each week for eight weeks with an intensity of 85% to 95% of the maximum heart rate. Sodium alginate supplementation was taken three times a week and 30 minutes before meals in the amount of 1.5 g of sodium alginate dissolved in 100 mg of water. Blood sampling were taken from all 4 groups 48 hours before and after the exercise program. One-way ANOVA and t-test were used for data analysis (P≤0.05).

The results showed that in the exercise+supplement group lipid profile (P=0.005) and aspartate aminotransferase (P=0.012)(17.8%), fat percentage (P=0.001)(9.7%), BMI (P=0.000) and alanine aminotransferase (P=0.035)(12.7%) compared to the other group were significantly reduced, indicating the effect of intermittent exercise and supplementation on improving the symptoms of metabolic syndrome in women participating in this study.

According to the results of this study, it seems that high intensity intermittent exercise with sodium alginate supplementation can be effective in prevention of some obesity related diseases and treatment of the metabolic syndrome.

The prevalence of obesity as a health problem is known in all over the world, as well as diseases associated with obesity, including insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease has spread. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise training in hypoxia and normoxia on irisin levels and insulin resistance index in overweight men

fourteen non-athlete men divided in either hypoxic (14% oxygen) (mean age 22 ± 1.63 yr and BMI 28.48 ± 1.28 kg/m2) or normoxic (21% Oxygen) (mean age 22.14 ± 1.34 yr and BMI 27.83 ± 2.42 kg/m2) condition randomly. Subjects do aerobic training for eight weeks (each session was 45 minutes, 3 d•wk−1, with 60% VO2max). Subjects performed an exhaustion test to determine the maximum oxygen consumption before the beginning of the training. Blood samples were collected 24 hours before and after the test. Dependent t-test, independent t-test and Pearson correlation test with significant level (P≤0.05) was used to examine the hypotheses.

The result showed a significant increase in irisin level after eight weeks of aerobic training in both normoxia (8%) and hypoxia (12%) conditions, while the HOMA-IR had a significant reduction (P≤0.05); it has to be mentioned that no significant difference has been observed between groups in both irisin and HOMA-IR changes.

Training in both normoxia and hypoxia conditions, through a favorable impact on irisin levels and insulin resistance and can act as an effective factor to improve the complications in overweight men.

Improving physical performance and delaying fatigue by using nutritional supplements always has been interesting in athletes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of six weeks’ watermelon juice on nitric oxide and exercise performance in elite female taekwondo.

Twenty-five elite female taekwondo players (age 21.84±2.26 yrs; BMI 20.87±1.37 Kg/m2; VO2max 38.86±1.97 ml/min/kg) who had a training experience of more than five years were randomly and voluntary divided into two groups of watermelon juice supplement (n=15) and placebo (n=10). Subjects received 500 ml of watermelon juice or placebo 45 minutes before the taekwondo training sessions for six weeks. Blood samples were taken in the brachial vein in two steps; before and after 6 weeks of supplementation. Data were analyzed using dependent and independent t-test (p≤0.05).

The results of this study showed levels of nitric oxide (P=0.016) and VO2max (P=0/001) significantly greater compared to the placebo group. Also, there was a significant decrease in muscle soreness 24 and 48 hours after exercise in the supplement group compared to the placebo group (p≤0.05).

According to the results, watermelon juice will help faster recovery and reduce muscle soreness after 24 and 48 hours follow exercise.

Using nutritional supplements is proposed to avoid the stresses-induced by physical activity, delayed fatigue, and maintenance of performance during competition. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of 6 weeks of watermelon juice supplementation on the activity of CK and LDH enzymes and exercise performance in elite female taekwondo athletes.

The population of this quasi-experimental are 25 elite females that were selected by available sampling methods and then were randomly divided into two groups of supplementation (n=15) and placebo (n=10). One hour before Taekwondo training, in the treatment group, subjects consumed 500 ml of watermelon juice (almost containing 1.17 gr of L-Citrulline) for 6 weeks while the control group received placebo. Taekwondo training was held for ninety minutes, three sessions per week for 6 weeks. CK, LDH levels, and exercise performance test (VO2max) were measured in both groups before and after the study and the muscle soreness was measured 24 and 47 hours after the exercise.

The results showed that watermelon juice supplementation for 6 weeks reduced CK (P=0.001) and LDH (P=0.002), decreased muscle soreness 24 hours (P=0.001) and 47 hours (P=0.001) after exercise and increased exercise performance (P=0.001). Significant differences between the experimental group and the control group with regard to these variables were observed.

According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that watermelon juice supplementation before the exercise is effective in preventing delayed muscle soreness and athlete's performance.

Considering the apelin effects on glucose metabolism, insulin, and its changes in hypoxia condition conditions, this study aimed to investigate the effect endurance training in normobaric hypoxia on apelin and insulin resistance in overweight men. Twenty healthy overweight men (Mean±SD; Age, 23.1±6.7; BMI, 28.2±1.9) that voluntarily participated in this study were randomly divided in to two hypoxia and normoxia groups. The eight-week training of the hypoxia group was performed at a simulated altitude of 2,700 meters in a hypoxia tent with an intensity of 60% of maximum oxygen consumption and normoxia group training was performed in normal conditions. Blood sampling was done in two groups, before and after 48 hours after the last training session, and used for measuring apelin and insulin and glucose levels. Mixed ANOVA test was used for comparing all variable at a significant level of P≤0.05. The results of comparing all variables changes in both training conditions showed that 8 weeks of training in hypoxic conditions did not affect body composition and VOmax indices compared to exercise in normal conditions (P>0.05), but significantly increased Apelin and significantly decreased insulin resistance and Insulin compared with the normoxia group (P<0.05). This study showed for the first time that eight weeks of training in normobaric hypoxia conditions caused an increase in the apelin serum level in overweight men, and training in hypoxic conditions compared to exercise in normal conditions, cause further decrease of insulin resistance.

Considering Chlorella vulgaris role in improving the antioxidant system, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) program and Chlorella vulgaris supplements on levels of oxidative stress markers in overweight men.

Thirty subjects in this study (Age: 22.8±2.1 yrs; BMI: 27.1±9.6 Kg/m2) were randomly assigned into three groups: supplement + exercise, placebo + training, and training groups. Before and 48 hours after the end of six weeks of HIIT, blood samples were taken from subjects and used for Malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC) and nitric oxide (NO) serum levels measurements. The participants' training program included six weeks of HIIT progressive exercise three days a week with 90% maximum heart rate intensity. Subjects of the supplement group received Chlorella vulgaris supplement (300 mg) four times daily for six weeks, and the placebo group consumed Sucrose tablets similar to the chlorella tab.

The results showed that Chlorella vulgaris supplementation with HIIT exercises significantly decreased MDA and PC compared to other groups (p<0.05). Also, NO levels when comparing the three groups showed a significant increase in the supplement+exercise group compared to the training group (p<0.05) but did not show significant differences with the placebo+training group.

High-intensity physical activity along with Chlorella vulgaris compared to intense exercise without chlorella can have more beneficial effects on antioxidant indices in overweight people.

Considering the role of Chlorella vulgaris supplementation in increasing the performance and improving body inflammation status, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of HIIT program and Chlorella vulgaris supplementation on the IL-6 and insulin resistance in overweight men.

Thirty subjects in this study (22.8 ± 1.2 yrs.; 27.1 ± 9.66 BMI) were randomly assigned into three groups (10 N each group), Before and 48 hours after the end of 6 weeks of HIIT training, blood samples were taken from subjects and used for interleukin-6, insulin, and glucose serum levels measurements. The participants' training program included 6 weeks of intensive HIIT program with 90% Vo2max intensity. Subjects of the supplement group received Chlorella vulgaris supplementation (300 mg) for six weeks. The data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA and significance level (p <0.05) was used for all data analyses.

The results showed that Chlorella vulgaris supplemented with HIIT exercises significantly decreased IL-6 compared to other groups (P=0.041). Insulin resistance index showed significant changes compared with the three groups (P=0.011). Body composition results showed a decrease in body fat (P=0.009) and an increase in aerobic fitness (P=0.016) of subjects in the supplement + HIIT group compared to the other groups.

Chlorella vulgaris consumption with six weeks of HIIT program reduced IL-6 and improve insulin resistance in overweight men.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of High intensity interval training (HIIT) program and citrulline malate (CM) supplement on nitric oxide levels and exercise performance in elite wrestlers.

In a randomized, placebo-controlled design, 28 elite males’ wrestlers (age, 21.9±2.4 y; height 174.5±3.8 cm) were randomly assigned to CM+training, placebo+training and training, while also all groups participating in 6 weeks of HIIT based on wrestling techniques. Participants completed testing sessions for body composition and aerobic and anaerobic tests before and after 6 weeks of HIIT program. Venous blood samples were obtained before and after 6 weeks.

Nitric Oxide level after six weeks of HIIT and CM supplementation showed significant increase comparing to placebo+training (P=0.001) and training (P=0.035) groups. There is no significant difference between other groups for NO (P> 0.05). There was a significant difference between upper body anaerobic power (peak power, Mean power and fatigue index) of CM group and placebo group (P=0.22), and there was no significant difference between the other groups (P>0.05). Among all body composition data after six week HIIT just FFM of CM+training group showed significant increase comparing placebo and training group (P<0.05).

Daily CM supplementation during six weeks of HIIT training increases serum NO levels and upper body anaerobic power in elite male wrestlers comparing HIIT alone.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of HIIT on PYY levels in men with metabolic syndrome. In the present study, which was a semi-experimental study, 24 young men with metabolic syndrome participated voluntarily. They were randomly assigned into 3 groups HIIT with supplementation (n=8), HIIT with placebo (n = 8), control (n = 8). Training program, an intensity of 85 to 95 heart rate, per week three sessions and for a period of 8 weeks. Appetite and blood samples were collected in two stages. The findings indicate that HIIT with supplementation with sodium alginate or placebo increases PYY and decreases the metabolic syndrome z score in young men. Eight weeks of HIIT with sodium alginate supplementation have been shown to increase the suppression of appetite and decrease the total score of z in the metabolic syndrome, rather than the HIIT with placebo.

Neurotrophins belong to a small group of growth factors family and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) as one of the most active forms of them is widely distributed in mammalian brain and also can be found in plasma and platelets. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute circuit resistance exercise on plasma BDNF concentration in young healthy men.
In this semi experimental study, twelve young healthy men (age 22.1±2.1 y, height 176.2±6.5 cm, and weight 69.0±8.2 kg) were selected and after familiarization sessions and determining of maximal strength (1-RM), referred to the laboratory after both sessions of exercise or control. The circuit resistance exercise was performed at an intensity corresponding to 55% of 1-RM, consisted of three sets of 15 repetitions and two minutes rest between them. Blood samples from antecubital vein were collected at before, immediately after, after one hour recovery, and next morning after the exercise session. Data were analyzed with ANOVA method with repeated measure at p The results showed that circuit resistance exercise led to significant increase in levels of BDNF immediately after the exercise (p=0.001), but no significant changes were found in BDNF levels at one hour recovery and next morning after the exercise sessions.
According to the results of this study, it seems that acute circuit resistance exercise is strong stimulus for the transient increase in plasma BDNF. Therefore, as the result of the beneficial effects of BDNF, this increase could be effective on brain health.

Insulin resistance plays an important role in the development of abnormalities such as impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. The discovery of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b (PTP-1B) seems to be a milestone in the investigation of insulin signaling transmission. Thus the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on expression of PTP-1B in the muscle tissue in type 2 diabetic rats.. In this study, 20, ten week old diabetic male rats were randomly divided into high intensity interval and control groups. The training group performed training protocol on a treadmill for 6 weeks and 5 session/week, with gradual increase in speed (25-35 m/min) during scheduled runs. Forty-eight hours after the last training session blood and tissue (from gastrocnemius) sampling were carried out in diabetic rats and PTP-1B gene expression was evaluated by Rea-Time PCR method. Data was analyzed using independent t-test and Shapiro Wilk at a significant level of p≤0/05. Findings show that PTP-1B was decreased in the diabetic rats of HIIT group but was not significant (P=0.432). Also, insulin resistance index and fasting glucose significantly were decreased in HIIT group (P=0.001), but serum insulin was increased (P=0.001). According to the results, it seems that HIIT does not affect PTP-1B gene expression, but it improves type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks HIIT training in the conditions of hypoxia and normoxia on liver enzymes levels and lipid profiles in overweight women. Subjects consisted of twenty inactive overweight women that were randomly and equal assigned into two groups, HIIT training under normoxia conditions (age: 27.70 ± 3.164 and BMI: 26.2 ± 91.064) and HIIT training under hypoxia conditions (age: 27.20 ± 3.32 and BMI: 27.1 ± 36.49). Both of groups performed HIIT training for six weeks and three times a week with intensity of 90% Peak oxygen consumption. Blood samples were obtained 48 hours before and after six weeks of HIIT training. Data was statistically analyzed by dependent and independed t-test, with a 0.05 significance level. The findings showed that the level of aspartate aminotransferase in pretest and posttest of both groups decreased significantly, but the levels of alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein only in the hypoxia group significantly decreased. Therefore HIIT training in hypoxic conditions possibly effective in liver health and prevention of diseases associated with obesity and overweight and it's an appropriate training for inactive and obese individuals

strength is considered as an important index for athlete's progression and the type of resistive exercise hasan importantrole in developing it, The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of isotonic and isokinetic training on maximal voluntary isometric torque (MVIT) of knee extensor muscles. 24 active men randomly divided intothree groupsincluding: isotonic, isokinetic, and control groups. MVIT of knee joint or maximal voluntary isometric knee extensor torque in experimental and control groups were measured before and after eight weeksconcentric exercise training; Dependent t-testand one-way-ANOVA were used for data analysis (α=0.05). The results indicated that mean MVIT increased significantly in both isotonic and isokinetic groups; whereas there was no significant difference between two groups. According to the results, it seems that both isotonic and isokinetic training will improve static strength, but there is no difference between the effects of these two methods on strength improvement.

Present study was designed to investigate the effects of different isotonic and isokinetic concentric contractions and 1h recovery (1h-rec) period on fibrinolytic factors. Ten healthy male subjects (26.9 ±1.7 years) completed two isotonic and isokinetic exercise protocols at an intensity corresponding to 40% of maximal voluntary isometric torque at 70̊ (MVIT 70̊) on quadriceps using Biodex Systems which was followed by 1h-rec. Venous blood samples (6 ml) were obtained before, immediately after exercise and at the end of recovery and were analyzed for tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA),plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), D-dimer and lactate concentration. All data were analyzed using repeated measures of ANOVA (2×3). Although both exercise trials irrespective of contraction type were followed by significant increases in t-PA and lactate (P<0.05), these increases were transient and returned to pre-exercise level at the end of 1h recovery. In addition, concentric isotonic contraction resulted in increases in both t-PA and lactate concentration compared to isokinetic contraction (P>0.05). Irrespective of contraction type, PAI-1 showed no significant changes after exercise but decreased significantly after 1h recovery (P>0.05). Not only, there was no significant differences between two type of contractions for PAI-1 (P>0.05), D-dimer, but also, responses of these variables to acute exercise and 1h recovery was not statistically significant(P>0.05). Based on thefindings of the present study,isotonic muscular contraction leads to more increases of t-PA and blood lactate levels in comprasion toisokinetic knee extension exercise, and that changes in PAI-1 and D-dimer are not related to muscle contraction type.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the combined effects of endurance training and fasting during Ramadan on fat and carbohydrate metabolism. Twenty four healthy men (age، 25. 4±2. 3 years) were randomly allocated to two groups of fasting (F، n=12) and fasting + endurance training (F+ET، n=12). The study protocol for the F group included 10 and the F+ET group had 12 subjects. The fasting group only fasted during Ramadan، whereas the F+ET group، in addition to fasting، performed three sessions of endurance training on the treadmill after Iftar. Antropometric indices، blood samples and dietary intakes were documented the beginning of Ramadan and after the first week and at the end of Ramadan. Weight and body mass index did not change significantly during Ramadan in either group (P>0. 05)، but the body fat percentage reduced significantly (P<0. 05) during Ramadan in both groups. Fat oxidation، carbohydrate oxidation، insulin، glucose، glycerol، and non-esterified free fatty acid changed in the first week of Ramadan، more pronouncedly in F+ET group، whereas in the F group these changes occurred more during the second half of the Ramadan، though the changes did not differ significantly between the two groups. Combining Ramadan fasting and exercise training affects the trend of changes in fat and carbohydrate oxidation during Ramadan. Generally however the effects of two protocols were similar and adding the endurance training to fasting did not induce more changes than fasting perse.

Because acute responses of platelet indices to different muscle contraction modes are importance and different muscle contraction models also have different hormonal and neuromuscular responses present study was designed to investigate the effects of different concentric isotonic and isokinetic contraction and 1h recovery (1h-rec) periods on platelet indices.

Ten healthy male subjects (26.9 ±1.7 years) completed two Isotonic and isokinetic contraction test trials with one week interval at an intensity corresponding to 40% of maximal voluntary isometric torque at 70 (MVIT 70) on two legs quadriceps muscle using Biodex Systems Pro 4 which was followed by 1h recovery. Venous blood samples (5 ml) were obtained before, immediately after exercise and at the end of recovery and were analyzed for platelet count (PLT), Large platelet count rate (PLC-R), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet wide distribution (PDW) using cell counter Sysmex K-1000 and Lactate concentration using enzymatic methods. Plasma volume changes were estimated from hemoglobin and hematocrit readings before and after each exercise trial.

Although both exercise trials without considering type of contraction were followed by a significant increase in corrected PLT, PDW, and MPV (P<0.05). These increases were transient and decreased to preexercise level at the end of recovery. PLC-R after exercise and 1h-rec had no significant changes (P>0.05). There was no different between two type of contraction for corrected PLT, PLC-R and MPV (P>0.05) and only PDW and uncorrected PLT increases was different for two type of contraction (P<0.05).

In general concentric isotonic exercise is followed by higher levels of PLT and PDW in comparison to concentric isokinetics exercise and results showed that after concentric isokinetic contraction with same training volume in comparison with isotonic contraction rate of some platlet incides increase and thrombocytosis is lower.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between resting visfatin levels and visfatin changes during endurance exercise with aerobic fitness and body composition. For this purpose, forty six subjects (Mean±SD; age, 42.8±16.0 y; height, 171.7±5.4 cm; weight, 73.6±9.7 kg) participated in this study. In one session after determining body composition characteristics including weight, WHR and BMI, maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2max) was determined after 5 minutes warm-up by using a progressive exercise test on a cycle ergometer. After one week all subjects performed an acute endurance exercise at 60% of Vo2max for 30 minutes on a bicycle. Two blood samples were taken before and immediately after exercise and were analyzed for visfatin and glucose concentrations. To determine the correlations among the variables Pearson’s correlation was used. Results showed no significant correlations between serum visfatin with aerobic fitness (r=0.17, P>0.05) and body composition parameters (P>0.05). However, changes in visfatin during endurance exercise were positively and significantly correlated with aerobic fitness (r=0.349, P=0.018) and glucose (r=0.363, P=0.013). In addition, data analysis revealed that aerobic fitness is negatively and significantly correlated with resting glucose and glucose changes during exercise (P<0.05). Based on the results of the present study it could be concluded that aerobic fitness has no relationship with resting serum visfatin, though the higher aerobic fitness might result in more changes in visfatin responses to exercise, which might be an indicator of visfatin rules in improving the aerobic performance through NAD+ and increases in insulin during and immediately after exercise. Key words: Endurance exercise, Vo2max, NAMPT, BMI, WHR