فهرست مطالب پدرام پورمحمودیان

Balance impairment is one of the major issues in the elderly that can influence the activities of daily living; thus, treatment of balance impairments is the leading scope of the specialists in this field. The present study identified the valid functional balance assessment scales for clinical purpose.
Methods & Materials: Electronic searches of PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Magiran, Iran Medex, and Iran Doc databases were conducted using keyword combinations of “assessment or evaluation or result assessment or instrument assessment” and “balance or equilibrium or posture control or sitting or standing” and “older adults or resident” and “fall or fall risk or fall prediction or balance impairment”; also manual searches and gray literature were assessed. Inclusion criteria were as follows: stated objective to assess balance, evaluation of validity and reliability properties, standard protocol and evaluation criteria and published in English or Persian.
A total of 41 balance tests was selected. Among these, BBS, short BBS, TUG, FAB, BST, functional reach test, CTSIB, POMA, and FGA that showed the favored features of this study were selected.
Selected tests in this study consisted of the items for use in clinical issues and fall prediction.

Neuromuscular weakness of hip muscles is as one of the factors in occurring more anterior cruciate ligament injury in female. So the first purpose of this study is to investigate the differences in gluteus medius activity and onset time between male and female in landing, and the second purpose is investigating the changes in gluteus medius activity between single leg landing and double leg landing.
The kind of this study is descriptive-comparison, and 9 male and 9 female collegiate volleyball players participated voluntarily. Results of activity and onset time in single leg jump-landing and double leg jump-landing record with ME6000 and investigated with dependent and independent T tests (p≤0/05).
Results showed there is not any significant differences in gluteus medius activity between male and female in single leg and double leg jump-landing (p>0/05). In comparison of single leg and double leg landing, onset and activity in single leg landing is significantly more than double leg landing (p More activity of this muscle in single leg jump-landing shows that use of single leg jump-landing exercise is better for improving the neuromuscular system. Onset and activity of this muscle is similar between genders, so neuromuscular weakness of gluteus medius cannot be the reason of more occurring anterior cruciate ligament injury in female. More researches on other hip muscles is needed for recognizing the reasons of more occurring of anterior cruciate ligament injury in female.

Lack of balance in pattern and activity of quadriceps and hamstring muscles increases the risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament injury (ACL). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the changes in pattern and activity of vastus medialis and semitendinosusmuscles in landing from different heights and to understand if these changes will increase the risk of ACL injury or not.
Following a semi-experimental method, in the present study, 16 athletes (from volleyball, handball, and basketball sports), 23/1±1/2 years, 178±4/5 cm height, and 64/8±2/4 kg weights, did jump-landing from 20, 40, and 70 cm heights. The results of activity in feed forward and feedback phases and pattern were investigated using ME6000. To compare pattern and activity of each muscle in the three heights use, one way repeated measures ANOVA and to compare pattern and activity between vastus medialis and semitendinosus, independent T test were run in SPSS (version 20) (p≤0/05).
Feed forward activity (p=0/001) and onset time (p=0/014) of vastus medialis in 70-cm height were found to be significantly more than those of 20- and 40-cm heights, but in activity and onset time of semitendinosus,no significant difference was observed (p>0/05). The results of independent T showed that feed forward and feedback activity of semitendinosusis significantly fewer than those of vastus medialis (p Increase in landing height can increase the quadriceps to hamstring activity ratio and onset time of vastus medialis. These negative changes in pattern and activity of muscles increase the shear forces on ACL and the risk of injury.

Anterior cruciate ligament injury occurs in females 2 to 8 times more than it does in males. One of the reasons for this is existing deficits in neuromuscular system of females. So, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the differences between male and female volleyball players in pattern and electromyography activity of quadriceps and hamstring muscles in jump-landing task.
In the present study 18 collegiate volleyball players (9 men and 9 women) participated on a voluntary basis. The results of muscles activity and onset time in landing were compared between male and female athletes.
Feed forward activity of quadriceps muscles in females are significantly more than that in males (p The results of studies in the field of gender differences are inconsistent and this can be related to our few samples or differences in the sample's physical fitness and sport type. The only common result of all studies is improvement of neuromuscular system and reinforcement of hamstring.

Foot alignment has an effect on movements of proximal joints and bones. According to the kinematic chain theory, weakness in function of one motor segment can have an effect on other motor segments. Therefore, the purpose of this study is investigate the relation of pelvic tilt and lumbar lordosis with strength of lumbar-pelvic girdle muscles in athletes with ankle pronation deformity in standing position. In this study, 53 male with ankle pronation deformity were recruited with age of 23.2±2.27 years, height of 169±6.76 and weight of 67.2±6.47. Isometric strength of muscles by handle dynamometer, pelvic tilt by pelvic inclinometer, lumbar lordosis by flexible ruler and foot pronation by navicular drop were investigated. Data were analyzed by statistical methods of correlation between variables. There were significant relations between isometric strength of femur flexor muscles and lumbar lordosis angle (p=0.003, r=0.59) and also between pelvic tilt and lumbar lordosis angle (p=0.012, r=0.46) in participants with ankle pronation deformity. No significant relation was found between other variables of the research (p≥0.05). The positive and significant relation of femur flexor muscles strength with lumbar lordosis and also pelvic tilt with lumbar lordosis may be due to the postural compensatory strategy in persons with ankle pronation deformity. To further explore the relation between these changes in posture alignment and injury more investigations are needed.

The proper neuromuscular recruitment patterns of hip and knee muscles are essential for dynamic stabilization of the knee. According to the kinematic chain, weakness in the performance of one motor segment can affect other segments of motion. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the isometric strength of selected muscles of lower extremities in the hyperpronated foot with the same muscles in healthy male athletes. The present study is descriptive and correlational. Forty male athletes in two groups of hyperpronated foot and healthy male athletes (20 in each group) participated in this study. Pronated foot was examined by navicular drop and isometric strength of selected muscles in lower extremities was examined by Manual Muscle Test system (MMT). Then, the ratio of isometric strength of each muscle to body weight was compared between two groups. Data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 20 and the independent t test was used to compare the variables between the two groups. The results showed that isometric strength of muscles, hip abductors (P =. 002), external rotators of hip (P =. 007), and quadriceps muscles (P =. 031) have decreased significantly in the the group of hyperpronated foot. The hyperpronated foot changes the muscle strength of lower extremity. These changes may be due to neuromuscular compensation because of the changes in the medial longitudinal arch. More research is needed to determine whether these changes in muscle strength are related to lower extremity injury.