پردیس پرویزی

The discrimination against women in language is one of the most discussed topics in societies and academic centers in Spanish speaking countries. The reason for this debate is the development of the Spanish culture and language. With the increasing social role of women in Spanish speaking countries, changes have taken place in the development of this language that require further reflection. Women's rights activists believe that women have been ignored in Spanish. The goal of this study is to investigate sexism in Spanish language and its possible causes. For this, we will study how the grammatical gender of the names of women's jobs is used in the electronic newspapers in Spanish as a statistical population. In some job nous, the use of the masculine nouns is preferred to refer to the feminine gender. The present study examines the causes of this cultural phenomenon that has caused women to be ignored in the current language. In order to do this, an investigation has been carried out through experimental methodology, and based on data from electronic newspapers from three Spanish speaking countries in Argentina, Mexico and Spain, examines the subject of gender discrimination in grammar and the newspapers. The results of this study allow us to know the reality of the contradictory use of the masculine noun to refer to the name of feminine jobs in these three countries, also, it will familiarize Spanish students and translators with the importance of grammatical gender in the today's Spanish language.

We will examine common mistakes in the use of the definite article in Spanish. This element can play different roles such that it can denote noun, can have a possessive value, can make nouns, or can be the nucleus of nominal group, and can be deleted based on the speaker’s intention and the common context with the listener. Unlike Spanish, definite article with such values do not exist in Persian; yet other elements instead of definite article in Spanish bear the responsibility in to express these characteristics in Persian. We study definite article in Spanish and we analyze the mechanisms of its replacement in Persian. The methodology is based on the analysis of learners' errors and statistical data. The data is the result of a questionnaire answered by Iranian students at different levels of familiarity with Spanish which indicate a high percentage of errors in Iranian learners when using definite article of Spanish in the nominal group. The goal of this research is to introduce ways to help learn Spanish.

The purpose of this research is to help instruct students the particular aspects of using articles in the Spanish language، a concept that has not yet been thoroughly studied by researchers. Articles are one of the most controversial issues in the Spanish language، since there are many controversies about their uses and functions. These differences creates many difficulties in learning the article for students taking Spanish as a secondlanguage. Therefore، through an experimentalstudy composed of a questionnaire that aimed at assessing Iranian learners’ competencies in three levels،an introductory level، an intermediate level and an advanced level، this paper aims to present the differentapplications of this linguistic element in the form of a specific model، divided into three categories،i. e.، grammatical، syntactic and semantic. The study of learners’ errors in each of these categories will be discussed. Finally، the main factors affecting these errors in order to facilitate the understanding and learning of the article are identified.