فهرست مطالب پری کرمی

Diabetes is a disease that requires continuous monitoring of blood glucose levels to control its complications. At present, blood glucose is measured using portable devices; most of the electrodes of these devices work using the enzyme glucose oxidase. Due to the high cost of the enzyme and its instability, non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors can significantly contribute to the emergence of new generation devices.

In this study, keywords of glucose measurement, non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors in the period 1962 -2020, were searched and studied from Elsevier, Scopus, Science Direct and PubMed databases. In this review, first, the different generations of glucose sensors and how they are made are mentioned, and the types of materials used in the preparation of enzyme-based sensors are discussed. The progress made in non-enzymatic sensors is mentioned in the following, and the advantages and challenges of these types of glucose sensors are discussed.

Materials used to prepare non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensors are platinum, copper, platinum alloys, gold and platinum nanomaterials, and molecular mold polymers. The main problem of these compounds is the lack of selectivity of these compounds and their weak signal due to the intervention of disturbing species. However, using molecular mold polymers seems an excellent option to solve this problem.

Non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensors have the advantage of high stability and low cost, and measuring the amount of glucose in biological fluids can be helpful in controlling diabetes. Advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology and molecularly formulated polymers have made it possible to produce new nanomaterials to create enzyme-free systems for glucose detection, but several studies are needed to bring these sensors to market.

Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the level of nurses’ knowledge, attitude and practice about self-care education in people with heart failure.
Background: Heart failure is one of the most common chronic diseases and the leading cause of death in the world and also, a major cause of hospital readmission, especiallyin elderly patients. Self-care education is an essential componentof care for people with heart failure. Nurses are the first providers ofself-careeducation for patients and must have a thorough knowledge, a positive attitude and skillfull practice in the field of self-care education. Method: In this descriptive-analytical study, 174 nurses with at least one year working experience in the CCU, post CCU and medical wards of ShahidRajaie Cardiovascular and Research Center, completed a four-part questionnaire including demographics information, and knowledge, attitude and practice about self-care education in people with heart failure. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS, version 22. Findings: The majority of nurses (70.1 percent) had an average knowledge score. The knowledge level of nurses were significantly related with level of education and working experience. Also, 67.8 percent of the participants had a good practice of self-care education about heart failure and their practice was significantly related with experiencing in-service education. More than 90 percent of nurses reported positive attitude towards self-care education about heart failure and their attitude was significantly related with level of education, in-service education and work schedule.
Conclusion. The knowledge of nurses was at average level. It is recommended to plan in-service education in order to promote nurses’ level of knowledge about self-care education about heart failure.

Histamine, through its H1 receptors, plays an important role in modulation of pain. In this study, the effect of chlorpheniramine (an antagonist of histamine H1 receptors) was investigated on pain response induced by sub-plantar injection of formalin and histamine in sciatic ligated and non-ligated rats. The ligation of sciatic nerve was induced by tying four loose ligatures around the trunk of left sciatic nerve. Thirteen days after surgery, after intraperitoneal injections of normal saline (control) and chlorpheniramine (5 mg/kg) in ligated and non-ligated rats, subcutaneous injections of 40 μl normal saline, formalin (2.5%) and histamine (2.5%) into the plantar surface of left hind paw were performed. Pain responses including lifting, licking and biting of the injected paw were scored. Control groups (intraperitoneal and sub-plantar injections of normal saline) produced negligible pain responses. In the non-ligated animals, formalin produced a biphasic pain and histamine induced a short-time (5 min) nociceptive response. In the ligated rats, the intensity of pain induced by formalin and histamine was significantly (p<0.05) more than that of non-ligated rats. Intraperitoneal injection of chlorpheniramine (5 mg/kg), without any suppressive effect on locomotor activities, significantly (p<0.05) decreased the pain induced by sub-plantar injections of formalin and histamine in both ligated and non-ligated animals. These results suggest that peripheral nerve injury increases the sensitivity to noxious substances. Histamine through its H1 receptors may be involved in producing as well as increasing the intensity of pain.