فهرست مطالب پریسا سحرخیز

Background and There are different opinions about the nations and territories that have begun medical treatment. The aim of this study is introduced History of medical science to researcher for future study.
Methods and Materials: This is a review article which is carried out using books, articles, national and international journals as well as electronic resources and websites available on the Internet.
The disease was merely considered a catastrophe and no one was able to help patients by 3900 years Before Chris. In this era, a Greek man named Asclepius was the first one who called himself a physician. Medical knowledge was separated from religion and superstition by Aymhvtp (about 3150 years B.C) in the ancient Egypt.He is probably the first person as a physician before Hippocrates. Scientific medical that has linked with scientific philosophy, first emerged among the Greeks. With the advent of great physician named Hippocrates, Greek medicine was completed and developed comprehensively.In the middle of nineteenth century, surgery achieved excellent progress.
It appears that from the early days of Medical practice documents as they existed in some forms.

Since preserving the structure of treated teeth is a critical success factor, studying the effects of tooth structure loss on fracture resistance of the tooth tissue appears necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the consequences of the loss of different tissues regarding fracture resistance of teeth undergoing root canal treatment without the use of indirect restorations.
In this experimental study, 70 healthy maxillary first premolar teeth were randomly divided into 7 groups of 10 members, including control group, endodontic access preparation only, MOD cavity preparation, cutting buccal cusp, cutting palatal cusp, cutting buccal cusp and marginal ridge, and cutting the palatal cusp and marginal ridge. The coronal section of teeth was restored incrementally with light cure composite. Finally, samples underwent compressive load with 45˚ angle from each cusp slope in the middle of cusp with an instant speed of 1 mm per min in the Instron machine. Fracture resistance was measured and samples were examined under stereo-microscope to evaluate the mode of failure.
The resistance to fracture in root canal treated teeth in different groups in order from first to seventh was 797.13 ± 52.92, 722.50 ± 131.40, 432.15 ± 203.20, 592.66 ± 195.86 124.53 ± 33.09, 85.17 ± 18.45, and 26.03 ± 5.21 Newton. ANOVA test showed statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of their fracture resistance (P = 0.000).
The results showed that fracture resistance levels of teeth were significantly affected by amount of their tissue loss. In this study, removal of teeth palatal cusp and marginal ridge had a significant effect on decreasing the fracture resistance, while removing the buccal cusps alone cannot have a significant effect.

Background and The use of traditional medicine in developing countries and developed countries is increasingly expanding. In recent years, the human approach to natural healing system and its reconstruction by the scientific community is due to several advantages. the aim of this study is introduced traditional medicine structure to researcher for future study. This is a article which is carried out using books, articles, national and international journals as well as electronic resources and websites available on the Internet Regarding the use of traditional medicine and its financial cost are increasing, the lake of research is a barrier for providing safety standards, quality and Legislation. According to mentioned statement, we need attention and support of governments. World Health Organization (WHO) plays a great role in the field of traditional medicine and cooperates with various countries and has done extensive service for Traditional medicine. Traditional medicine is a general term which is referred to traditional medicine systems such as traditional Chinese medicine, Indian Ayurveda medicine, Greek-Arabic medicine as well as various forms of indigenous medicine. Traditional medicine differs from a country to another country and from region to region because of factors such as history, individual and philosophical trends and other factors. World Health Organization (WHO) has defined three systems including the Integrative system, inclusive system and Torelent systems. The traditional medicine has been recognized as a component in each of above systems. Complementary medicine, alternative medicine, complementary and alternative medicine, traditional medicine, indigenous and tribal medicine are of the terms representing traditional medicine in different countries. However use of traditional medicine is increasing there is gap between quantity, quality, safety and efficacy of available data in traditional medicine with criteria required for the global support and application. Few research activities hinder the development of specific standards, safety and quality of traditional medicine and its products at national level. To address these challenges, the WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy has been developed with four policy initiatives, facilitating the safety, usefulness and quality, providing access.The World Health Organization has done extensive activity in developing national policy, facilitating information exchange, ensuring product safety, access to skilled manpower, and financial support for studies of safety and quality of traditional medicine, integrated health care system, distribution of resources and cooperation with other centers.