فهرست مطالب پریناز پورصفا

Vitamin D is one of the essential ingredients in terms of metabolic and physiological processes in the human body.25-Hydroxyvitamin D[25(OH)D] is the most sensitive index of vitamin D status and reflective of its dietary intake and skin production. Considering the importance of vitamin D in human body, especially in pregnant women and in turn in their infants, the present study was conductedto examine the association of air pollution with serum 25(OH)Din pregnant women and in the umbilical cord of their newborns. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2012 in Isfahan, Iran. This study comprised 100 pregnant women and their newborns. The air quality index (AQI) was registered. The associations of AQI and 25(OH)D were assessed by multiple linear regression. The independent inverse association of 25(OH)D with air quality can explain the high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in pregnant women living in this sunny region.

Geographical information system (GIS) is a very easy-to-use software which makes simple use of descriptive and spatial data to create maps, charts and graphs possible. GIS provides necessary tools for search, data analysis and appropriate quality results. It features a database of and a great graphical user interface. This was a descriptive, analytical, empirical study. It aimed to introduce medical applications of GIS by using it in disease zoning. GIS is an application software through which spatial distribution pattern of some diseases can be presented. Thus, causes of each disease can be investigated and the qualitative and quantitative maps of spatial distribution pattern for each disease can be provided. Since not all diseases have infectious or genetic causes, GIS would be able to evaluate the associations between certain diseases and environmental factors. GIS is a useful software for zone classification of diseases. Spatial distribution of the diseases, provided by GIS, reveals remarkable results. For instance, finding the relations between particular diseases and environmental factors would pave the way for preventing and treating such diseases and reducing their health care costs.

Hypothyroidism is one of the most common endocrine diseases and both mild and severe forms of this disease can affect multiple body organs. Hypothyroidism is a treatable disease and we can prevent the progression of its complications. This study was done to evaluate the relation between the prevalence of neonatal hypothyroidism and the distribution of iron deficiency in Isfahan province, Iran, in order to identify risk areas in Isfahan province, Iran to prevent neonatal hypothyroidism. In this descriptive study, the recorded data of the prevalence of hypothyroidism in newborns in Isfahan province, Iran during the years 2007-2009 were obtained from the Isfahan Province Health Center and the spatial distribution map of disease was plotted based on the data. The spatial distribution map of the iron in Isfahan province was drawn and the areas with iron deficiency were determined. Then the relationship between iron deficiency and hypothyroidism maps was investigated. The highest prevalence of hypothyroidism in neonates in Isfahan province was seen in Isfahan city with 0.954, and Semirom with 0.186 neonate in every 10000 neonate. By comparing the spatial distribution maps of hypothyroidism and iron distribution a relation obtained between these maps. The results reflect the impact of iron deficiency on the prevalence of hypothyroidism in neonates in Isfahan and Semirom. Women in childbearing age, pregnant women and infants are more susceptible to iron deficiency anemia, and this will explain hypothyroidism in infants.

Several important groups of diseases (malignant disease) of unknown cause and treatment are uncertain when the prevalence and spatial distribution maps are plotted important differences from one point to another point are observed. This article is the result of research in Isfahan province using medical information and relying on geological phenomena Geogenic open (Map distribution of plumb in the province) was done and plans to establish meaningful communication between some diseases (Case Study: Malignant Disease) and accumulation of heavy metals in the earth (case study: Plumb), compared to the spatial distribution of malignant diseases associated with the disease attempt to plumb in Isfahan province. In this study, all the statistics recorded by malignant disease in Isfahan province during 1386 to 1388 was prepared. Statistics collected for the preparation of spatial distribution maps were used with malignant disease, then map the distribution of plumb Isfahan Province, in order to adapt the frequency and plumb concentrations associated with the poll frequency of malignant disease of the Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration country was prepared and used at the end of Statistics concentration of plumb in three areas: (agricultural land, non agricultural, urban and industrial), in order to Informed concentrations of plumb to ensure the distribution of plumb in the province of Agriculture Province were made using the software GIS (geographic information system or the software that can by it, by entering a little data Places in the mapping information table Diagram paid) and enter information about diseases in the table Province Province of malignant disease spatial distribution was mapped and distribution of plumb in the province were compared. Results from the study can be stated as follows. Space with tracing the distribution of ten common malignant disease in the province, which was scattered three types of malignant diseases including: malignant skin diseases, blood diseases and malignant breast disease malignant based on the distribution of plumb in the points is an important part of this type of disease Isfahan province disabled malignant there is plumb in the points. Mapping the spatial distribution of ten common malignant disease in Isfahan province showed typical element of the relationship between lead and three types of malignant disease in Isfahan.

The aim of this study was to use Classical Test Theory (CTT) software for qualitative and quantitative analysis of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) for Master students of health discipline. This study was carried out on two groups each including 50 undergraduate students of public health, and two groups of 50 and 26 undergraduate students of occupational health. The final exams were done to determine academic achievement of students using MCQ during the years 2004 and 2005 in the department of environmental health, school of health in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. The questions were analyzed by CTT software in two phases before and after quantative analysis. Having qualitative analysis performed, the questions set for the first stage exam were modified. At the following year, another group of students were examined using those modified questions of the first stage. Reliability coefficient for two exams of industrial solid wastes and health of water, before the quantitative analysis of the questions, were obtained 0.576, and 0.359, respectively. After quantitative analysis of these questions, the coefficients values improved to 0.671 and 0.694, respectively. The method of question analysis in this study led to improving reliability coefficient in the second stage. This coefficient is still far away from desirable coefficient (reliability coefficient greater than 0.8). Therefore, these questions still need to be modified, and analyzed again using the CTT software.

In any society, children and adolescents are the most important part; so the study of psychological diseases can prevent some of side effects that even can exposure individuals, family and society in difficulties in future. In this level, the weather changes in different regions can make a huge impact on psychological heath level of individuals specially children. Although, geographical and weather changes not only the cause of disease, its side effects can perform different kinds of disease in children. It is obvious that the impact of geography put on individual and society, which directly and indirectly depends on huge growth and society development, get rid of geography power, is possible. Some of these psychological disorders are nail biting, dyslexia, nacturia, depression, and aggressiveness. This numeric and quantitative study assesed children lived in cold climate regions consist of rurals of Semirom and Freidon shahr and warm climate regions consist of rurals of Naeen and Ardestan in Isfahan province, Iran in 2009. In all groups of children, 12.85% had psychological and behavioral disorders; 0.02% had nail biting, 2.3% had dyslexia, 1.78% had nacturia, 2.7% had depression, and 7.2% had aggressive behaviors. Nail biting was more in girls than boys. The presence of nacturia in boys was higher P < 0.05). The most prevalent psychological disorder in cold climate was nacturia and in warm climate anxiety and nail biting were the most prevalent disordes.

Considering the increasing trend of obesity and the effects of physical activity on the incidence of childhood obesity, and on the other hand the limitations of families for carrying their children to sport classes, and the limited time of students for participation in such classes achieving to appropriate ways for education of physical activity at home is justified to be necessary. Material : This non pharmacological trial was conducted during 6 months among 105 obese children and adolescents who were randomly assigned in 3 groups with 35 participants. Dietary counseling and behavioral management was similar for all groups, but in one group physical activity was conducted by attending to sport classes two times a week, the second group were trained for physical activity by educational CD and the third group were trained by face to face education. Anthropometric indexes were measured before and after intervention. After the trial the mean body mass index (BMI) decreased significantly in the group attending sport classes and the group trained by CD. The change in variables was not significant between the three group studies. Coclusion : The finding of our study showed that training by CD can be as effective as face to

Studying the effects of environmental factors on the early stages of development and progression of atherosclerosis process can serve as a guide for future studies and offer strategies for primary prevention of chronic diseases. This study aimed to assess the relationship of air pollution and plasma surrogate endothelial markers in the pediatric age group.

This cross-sectional study conducted in 2010 involving 118 children and adolescents aged 10-18 years randomly selected from different areas of Isfahan city, the second large and air-polluted city in Iran. The association of air pollutants’ levels with serum thrombomodulin (TM) and tissue factor (TF) was determined.

A significant relationship between TF and Pollution Standard Index (PSI) was found. This relationship was remarkable with PM level, although we could find this relationship more or less with other gasses as well. In this study, no significant relationship was found between TM and PSI.

The relationship of air pollution level with the inflammation system and subsequently coagulation factors can be an important factor in atherosclerosis development from early life. This finding should be confirmed in future longitudinal studies and must be given due attention in preventive policies.

Identification of the factors related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents help us to know appropriate methods for prevention and control of chronic diseases. This cross-sectional and analytic study comprised 962 children and adolescents, aged 6-18 years, in Isfahan in 2008. Variables related to life style and metabolic syndromes related were determined and their relationship with non-alcohlic fatty liver disease were analysed using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression method, using SPSS. The final obtained model with the omission of 13 low effect variables had 5 powerful and effective variables in which oil consumption, waist circumference, body mass index and blood cholesterol level are factors that increase the probability of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The age variable is an ablative variable with negative coefficient in the final model. The relationship between body mass index as well as waist circumference with nonalcoholic fatty liver were statistically significant (P)

Visual impairments affect child development and limit their social activity, education and future life. In this study, the prevalence of visual impairments was determined among school-aged children in a screening program. All first and third grade students in primary schools, first grade students in secondary and high schools related to Iranian universities of medical science were selected. The data were gathered by universities in 2007. The prevalence of visual impairments was 4.7% and 3.8% in first grade and third grade students in primary schools. It was 5.8% and 4.1% in first grade students in secondary and high schools respectively. The highest prevalence (10.59%) was reported from Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. It is considered more detailed interventions are necessary, especially in high prevalence regions, to determine the different types of visual impairments and their risk factors.

This study was designed to determine the short and long term effects of grape and pomegranate juices consumption on the endothelial function in adolescents with metabolic syndrome.This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in 2008 among 30 adolescents, aged 12-15 years, with metabolic syndrome as defined by the International Diabetes Federation. After baseline testing, the children were randomly assigned into two groups. The children of one group were asked to drink 18 ml/kg/day of natural grape juice and those in the other group were asked to drink 240 ml/day of natural pomegranate juice for 1 month. The brachial arterial reactivity was measured by high-resolution B-mode ultrasound images. At rest basal brachial dimension (BBD), 30 and 90 seconds after cuff deflation in response to reactive hyperemia, endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD) or flow mediated dilation (FMD), again at rest, and 3-4 min after receiving 400 µg sublingual nitroglycerin (TNG) producing endothelium independent dilation (EID). The sonographic evaluation was performed before drinking juice and was repeated 4 hours and 1 month after regular drinking juice, to assess short-and long-term effects of juice on endothelial dilation, respectively.FMD 30";;;;;;;;;;;;;;, 90";;;;;;;;;;;;;; and post TNG significantly improved at 4 hours after drinking juice in both groups. FMD 30";;;;;;;;;;;;;;, 90";;;;;;;;;;;;;; and post TNG also significantly improved at 1 month of drinking in both groups, but BBD was significantly different at 1 month only in grape juice group.Our findings suggest that daily consumption of diets rich in antioxidants can improve endothelial function in adolescents with metabolic syndrome.

Anemia affects child development and limits their social activity, education and future life. In this study, the prevalence of anemia is determined among school aged children in a screening program.All first and third grade students in primary schools, first grade students in secondary schools related to Iranian universities of medical science were selected. The data were gathered by universities in 1386.The prevalence of anemia was 1.8% and 2.4% in first grade and third grade students in primary schools. It was 1.6% in first grade students in secondary schools. The high prevalence was reported from Tehran, Shahid beheshti and Iran Universities of medical science.ConclusionIt is considered more detailed interventions are necessary especially in high prevalence regions to determine the different types of anemia and their risk factors.

School readiness evaluation before entering elementary schools is now accepted in many of countries. Various methods has been used also evaluated factors are different. School readiness pays attention to children ability for accommodation with educational necessities and learning of their contents. In this study the mean of score obtains by Iranian children before entering elementary schools and some related factors assessed.

Study sample were 899035 children with 6 years of old that registered for elementary schools in 800 stations in 565 cities in 31 provinces in all over Iran. Sampling methods was census. They were examined for physical, psychological and social fitness, language and cognitive skills and general information's knowledge. Every of 5 sections had 20 scores and total score was 100 in sum.

From these 899035 children the most frequency was in Tehran (88735) and the lowest from Kohkilooye-va-Boyer Ahmad (7516). Mean of total score for all of children was 58.19. Mean of score in girls were more than boys. The most referral rate for special examinations was in Hamedan (15.9%) and the lowest rate was in Ghazvin (3.2%). In this study 63198 children were referred to more specific centers for detailed ruled out.ConclusionEarly detection of disorders and diseases in children is a priority for each program that intended to reduce them and promote towards better situation. Finally we can hope for better future on health, education and school successful.