فهرست مطالب پی

In face recognition, one of the most important problems to tackle is a large amount of data and the redundancy of information contained in facial images. There are numerous approaches attempting to reduce this redundancy. One of them is information aggregation based on the results of classifiers built on selected facial areas being the most salient regions from the point of view of classification both by humans and computers. In this study, we report on a series of experiments and offer a comprehensive comparison between various methods of aggregation of outputs of these classifiers based on essential facial features such as eyebrows, eyes, nose, and mouth areas. For each of them, we carry the recognition process utilizing the well-known Fisherfaces transformation. During the comparisons of the vectors representing the features of images (faces) after the transformations, we consider 16 similarity$/$dissimilarity measures for which we select the best aggregation operator. The set of operators to compare was selected on a basis of the comprehensive literature review regarding aggregation functions.

For many decision problems with uncertainty, triangular intuitionistic fuzzy number is a useful tool in expressing ill-known quantities. This paper develops a novel decision method based on zero-sum game for multiple attribute decision making problems where the attribute values take the form of triangular intuitionistic fuzzy numbers and the attribute weights are unknown. First, a new value index is defined for triangular intuitionistic fuzzy numbers on the basis of the centroid. Thereby, a new ranking approach is presented for comparing triangular intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. We formulate a multiple attribute decision making problem as a two-person zero-sum game with payoffs of triangular intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. Then, following the new ranking approach, the fuzzy matrix game is converted as a pair of crisp linear programming models, and the optimal strategies are objectively derived by solving such models. Therefore, the ranking order of alternatives is determined by the expected scores of alternatives. An example of video monitoring system selection is demonstrated to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a new two-stage method for fuzzy multi-objective linear program and apply to engineering project portfolio selection. In the fuzzy multi-objective linear program, all the objective coefficients, technological coefficients and resources are trapezoidal fuzzy numbers (TrFNs). An order relationship for TrFNs is introduced by using the interval expectation of TrFNs. In the first stage, the fuzzy multi-objective linear program with TrFNs is transformed into an interval multi-objective linear program according to the order relationship of TrFNs. Combining the ranking order relation between intervals with the satisfactory crisp equivalent forms of interval inequality relations, the interval multi-objective linear program is further transformed into a crisp multi-objective linear program. In the second stage, the positive and negative ideal solutions are calculated as well as the closeness degrees from the positive ideal solution to all objectives on the basis of the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution). Then, using the closeness degrees, we convert the crisp multi-objective linear program into mono-objective program to solve. The proposed method is not only mathematically rigorous, but also can adequately consider the acceptance degree of decision maker that the fuzzy constraints may be violated. The other possible cases of the fuzzy multi-objective linear program are also discussed. The proposed method is illustrated by means of a project portfolio selection problem.

This article formulates a new technique for behavior analysis of systems through fuzzy Kolmogorov's differential equations and Particle Swarm Optimization. For handling the uncertainty in data, differential equations have been formulated by Markov modeling of system in fuzzy environment. First solution of these derived fuzzy Kolmogorov's differential equations has been found by Runge-Kutta fourth order method and thereafter the solution has been improved by Particle Swarm Optimization. Fuzzy availability is estimated in its transient as well as steady states. Sensitivity analysis has also been done to find the relative importance of a particular component of the system. Butter oil processing plant as an industrial system has been studied as a case for application of the proposed approach.

There are various factors which results in approaching a product or in contrast, avoiding a product by consumers but the majority of consumer’s response depends on his/her perception of the product. Which apparent factors are effectual in an approach response to the product? Why do consumers have various and sometimes contradictory responses to a single product? In the present article, first we will define the definition of perception and the perceptual process. Then, we will discuss the communication process and we will briefly debate on the extended framework for design as a process of communication. (Crilly, 2004) In other words, if we consider product perception process by the consumer as a communication process, how is it established? Which factors affect the quality of consumer’s response? In the proposed model, consumer response to product’s visual form and the cognitive response to design will be discussed. Also, the factors which can affect the ways in which a message will be decoded, will be mentioned.

The issue of privacy has always been regarded as an essential criterion in designing and constructing Islamic cities. Since the existing pattern of house-building in Tehran tends to neglect the privacy principle, there exists a necessity to reintroduce it in modern Iranian architecture and culture. The present study aims at investigating the issue of privacy in houses located within traditional parts of Tehran via analyzing typology. This would help the residents of those areas to renew and reapply the privacy principle at their residential apartments. In the present study a functional approach was adopted accompanied by a descriptive-analytical method of analysis. Using maps and field observations, houses from both traditional and modern era were selected in two quarters of Sanglaj and Imamzadeh Yahya in Tehran. The process of typology of entrance spaces was conducted based on the hierarchy of entry. The research findings indicate that there exists a kind of hierarchy of entrance in traditional houses based on the needs of their residents which is missing in modern houses, because it is neglected by the designers. Through creating such spatial features in entrance spaces, not only privacy is enhanced but also a proper definition of private and semi-private spaces can be achieved. Privacy enhancement will be effective to prevent the interruption in functions of other spaces. Accordingly, recognizing the spaces of entry can lead to providing a more appropriate pattern for enhancing privacy.

This article examines corruption in the oil and gas industry as a consequence of economic growth. The library research method is chosen for this study. The findings indicate that the level of corruption in Nigeria has a significant impact on its economic growth. In this sense, an economy without zero tolerance against corruption cannot grow fast. The study concluded that despite the efforts of ICPC and EFCC, the problem of corruption in the Nigerian economy remains valid. Therefore, recommends that all public property stolen must be carefully examined, the perpetrators should be prosecuted and and pillaged property with the same value at the time were stolen, should be returned.

Teachers and parents are often perplexed when an intelligent student performs poorly in mathematics. Research tells us that this is often due to math disability, otherwise known as dyscalculia. The authors define dyscalculia and describe its major subtypes. Also, the authors describe characteristics of dyscalculia and explain why dyscalculia is difficult to assess and identify. In addition, the authors explore language difficulties, math anxiety, and other factors that may cause poor mathematical performance. They also discuss quantitative and qualitative mathematical learning styles and their effects on math performance. Last, the authors explain proven successful intervention strategies that teachers can use to help students with dyscalculia to succeed in mathematics.

Consciousness is one of the most complex phenomena of the world. As philosophy of mind, together with psychology and cognitive sciences, developed, consciousness was seriously studied in the twentieth century. Many attempts have been made to explain the nature of this mysterious phenomenon and the way in which it has come into being; as a result, different theories have been offered about it. There are two major approaches to the problem of consciousness: naturalistic and theistic. In this article, J. P. Moreland considers a variety of naturalistic theories of consciousness, showing their weak points. Then, he proceeds to consider the capability of the theistic approach to explain consciousness; and based on the two criteria which he has first established for preferring a scientific theory, he regards the theistic approach a more plausible one.

The black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli, is a major pest of broad bean, Vicia faba L. and sugar beet, Beta vulgaris L., The most abundant parasitoid of A. fabae in agroecosystems is Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall), a multivoltine species with mainly thelytokous reproduction in central Europe. Since L. fabarum females mimic ants to obtain honeydew directly from aphids it was reasoned that a female's hunger level could influence her proportional time allocation to various behaviors associated with aphid exploitation. To test this, L. fabarum females were released individually onto bean leaf disks infested with A. fabae and continuous observations made. The females’ proportional time allocations were then recorded. Furthermore, instances of aphid defensive behaviors including kicking, raising and swiveling the body, releasing the plant and escaping from attack, as well as attempts to smear the attacker with cornicle secretions were numerically assessed. Hungry females spent 3.6 times longer in host patches (leaf disks with 15 second-third instar of A. fabae) than did females fed diluted citrus honey prior to testing, but there were no differences observed among number of aphids parasitized. All the assessed measured distinct behaviors were higher for unfed females than for fed ones. Because of the large effect of treatment on patch residence time, the incidence or duration of various behaviors was expressed as a fraction of patch residence time and then re-analyzed. Hungry females spent proportionally more of their time resting and antennating aphids with proportionally less time spent in searching, abdominal bending and probing aphids. A significantly smaller proportion of aphids kicked and escaped from attack following encounters with hungry females than when encountered with satedly fed females.