فهرست مطالب پیمان اسدیان

Oxidative stress, defined as a disturbance in the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) and antioxidant defenses, is discussed in relation to its possible role in the production of tissue damage in diabetes mellitus. Regarding the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in recent decades and the results of some studies about the effect of nutritional anomalies and oxidative stress, as well as insufficiency of studies on its occurrence, this study aimed to compare of oxidative stress indices in women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus. In a case-control study conducted in Isfahan Health Center No. 2, Isfahan, Iran, in 2017-2018, 37 women with gestational diabetes mellitus and 53 women without it mellitus were selected using convenient sampling method. Oxidative stress indices including glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), catalase, and malondialdehyde were measured and compared between the two groups. The mean total antioxidant capacity was 441.6 ± 63 and 562.5 ± 44.9 μmol/l in women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus, respectively (P = 0.011). The mean catalase level in the two groups was 0.32 ± 1.12 and 1.79 ± 0.59 U/l, respectively, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.024), but the other factors were not significantly different between the women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus. The levels of some oxidative stress markers such as total antioxidant capacity and catalase were significantly higher in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Therefore, oxidative stress seems to play a role in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes.

Testicular torsion is a medical emergency that requires surgical intervention to reperfuse the affected testis. Ischemia reperfusion injury is usually associated with proinflammatory cytokine generation and apoptosis of germ cells in the testes.

In this study we investigate the effect of ghrelin on the proinflammatory cytokines levels and germ cell apoptosis in testicular ischemia reperfusion.

45 male rats were selected for the study and randomly divided into 3 groups, each containing 15 rats. Animals in the testicular torsion and ghrelin treated groups were subjected to unilateral 720 counterclockwise testicular torsion for 1 hr and then reperfusion was allowed after detorsion for 4 hr, 1 and 7 days. The ghrelin-treated group received intraperitoneal injection of ghrelin 15min before detorsion. The expression levels of bcl-2-associated X protein and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in testicular tissue in the different groups were detected by immunohistochemical assay and tissue cytokines interleukin-1β, tumor necroses factor-α and interleukin-6 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

After being treated by ghrelin, the population of immunoreactive cells against BAX in the spermatocytes on day 7 after reperfusion significantly decreased when compared to tortion/ detortion-saline animals (p=0.024). In contrast, PCNA expression in the spermatocytes and spermatogonia were not significantly different between tortion/ detortion-ghrelin and tortion/ detortion-saline groups on both experimental days. Administration of ghrelin significantly attenuated the testicular tumor necroses factor-α and interleukin-6 levels compared with the untreated animals, but had no significant effect on the level of interleukin-1β.

Ghrelin offers remarkable anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in testicular ischemia reperfusion injury.

In aquaculture egg incubation is a most critical time as fish are vulnerable to environmental factors, so characterization of antioxidant enzymes development in this stage of life is a great scope of recently researches. Stocking density induced stress that affects energy intake, growth rate, enzymatic activity and oxygen consumption in fish. In this study the development of some antioxidant enzyme (GPX, CAT and SOD) in serum of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) that kept in different stocking density was investigated. Lipid peroxidation and serum concentration of MDA evaluated as well. Eggs were held in tanks supplied with flow-through freshwater at 10.8̊C in triplicate. Samples were taken at day1 (fertilization), 3 (Cleavage), 8(organogenesis), 16 (eyed egg), 31 (hatch) and 48 (active feeding). A significant increase in GPX and SOD activity was seen from fertilization till eggs were eyed. (P<0.001).Activity of these enzymes decreased to active feeding (P<0.001), meanwhile the activity was higher than fertilization. Our results demonstrated that catalase activity increases from fertilization to organogenesis and then toward active feeding significantly decreased in compare to fertilization (P<0.001). Overall trend of MDA concentration showed significant increases from fertilization toward active feeding in all groups (P<0.001).

Stocking density induced stress that affects energy intake، growth rate، enzymatic activity and oxygen consumption in fish. In this study the development of antioxidant enzyme Glutathione peroxidase (GPX)، catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in egg and larvae of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) that kept in different stocking density was investigated. Four groups of eggs، cultured in pans (size16×9. 5×10 cm، volume 10 L) with density of 400egg/l (group1 as routine density)، 200egg/l (group2 as low density) and 600egg/l (group3 as high density) in triplicate. Eggs were held in tanks supplied with flow-through freshwater at 10. 8oC. samples were taken at day1 (fertilization)، 3 (Cleavage)، 8 (organogenesis)، 16 (eyed egg)، 31 (hatch) and 48 (active feeding). A significant increase in GPX and SOD activity was seen from fertilization till eggs were eyed. (p<0. 001). The activity of these enzymes decreased to active feeding (p<0. 001)، meanwhile this activity was higher than the fertilization starts. Similar changes were seen in SOD and GPX activities in higher and lower densities (Group 2، 3). CAT activity increased from fertilization to organogenesis and then toward active feeding significantly decreased in compare to fertilization (p<0. 001). Pattern of changes of catalase activity in high density group was similar to routine density but in low density group it was higher until eggs were eyed. GPX، SOD and CAT activities did not show significant difference in similar days among different groups (p<0. 05). Our results showed that rearing densities used in this study could not affect antioxidant defense development in early life stages of O. mykiss.

Hepatic steatosis due to estrogen therapy increases the activity of inflammatory markers، particularly the activity of TNFα which in turn induces more lipogenesis. Omega-3 fatty acids are among the negative regulators of hepatic lipogenesis. In this research، the preventive effect of omega-3 fatty acids on estrogen-induced steatosis in rats was evaluated. 2 mg/kg. BW/SC of 17α-ethiny-lestrasdiol were injected into 25 female wistar rats in 5 equal groups (excluding the control group) over 10 consecutive days. Simultaneously، 3 of estradiol-treated groups were orally given 250، 500، and 1000 mg/kg. BW omega-3 fatty acids، respectively. At the end of the experiment، plasma ALT، AST، and TNFα level were determined. Histopathological changes in the liver were also identified by the evaluation of samples stained with H&E and Oil Red O. The histological findings revealed hepatic microvesicular steatosis and fat deposit in ethinylestradiol and، to a lesser extent، in the 250 mg/kg BW omega-3 fatty acids groups. The plasma levels of AST، ALT، and TNFα significantly increased in the ethinylestradiol group compared to the control (p<0. 05) and 1000 mg/kg. B. W omega- 3 group. Omega-3 fatty acids reduced these parameters in comparison to the estradiol group (p<0. 05). It was concluded that 1000mg/kg. BW of omega-3 protects the liver against steatotic injuries.

Broilers lung mechanisms that regulate endothelin (ET) in the lung are complex and poorly understood. Objectives/ In this experiment lung ET-1 mRNA levels and lung mRNA expression for the ET(A) receptors were determined in lung tissue weekly (term = 42 days, intervals = 7 days). Serum endothelin concentration was also measured at these ages. The study showed that expression of endothelin in lungs of layers and broilers was similar during the first three weeks and the overall trend of ET-1 expression was increasing. However, there was a significant increase of ET-1 expression which started from the fourth week and gradually increased until the end of the commercial life of the chicken (day 42). ET-A expression in the lungs of broilers was significantly higher than layers during the last three weeks of life. Overall, trends of serum ET-1 concentration increased in both layers and broilers, but serum ET-1 concentration in broilers was significantly higher than layers. The higher level of serum Endothelin and expression of ET-1 and ETA in broiler lungs may explain the higher sensitivity of broilers to the vasoconstrictions activity of endothelin and the higher sensitivity of these animals to pulmonary hypertension (PH).

Subclinical ketosis can cause greater economic loss due to a lack of clinical symptoms.

The present study was aimed to design a chemical method for measuring serum ketone bodies in the affected subclinical cows.

Acetoacetate concentrations were measured using a nitroprusside reaction and b-hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA) which was oxidized to acetoacetate using nanosilver particles to determine its concentration. Recovery tests were done for different concentrations of betahydroxy butyrate in bovine pooled serum.

Actoacetate levels were in range of 0.1-6 mM, and the values for BHBA were found to be in the range of 0.125-3 mM.

It was concluded that this technique can be considered as a simple method for measuring ketone bodies in biological fluids.

Chronic ethanol consumption leads to oxidative stress in the heart and erythrocytes of rats. As Ziziphus jujuba fruit has been shown to have potent antioxidants, such as flavonoids, we conducted this study to evaluate the effects of aqueous fruit extracts from Z. jujuba on rat hearts and erythrocytes following chronic ethanol consumption. Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following groups: control, Z. jujuba fruit extract treated (200 mg/kg, p.o.), ethanol (4 g/kg, p.o.) and Z. jujuba plus ethanol. The animals were treated orally for consecutive 8 weeks. At the end of experiment, catalase (CAT) activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentration (an indicator of lipid peroxidation) were measured in the heart and erythrocytes of rats. The results showed that the concentration of TBARS was significantly lower, and CAT activity higher in erythrocyte homogenates of ethanol-treated rats that were pretreated with fruit extract, compared with rats treated with ethanol alone. However, the fruit extract had no effect on TBARS concentration or CAT activity in rat heart tissue. This finding indicates that the antioxidant properties of Z. jujuba fruit extract protect erythrocytes against ethanol-induced oxidative stress, but are not sufficient to protect the heart.

A fibroadenoma was diagnosed in the mammary gland of a lamb by immunohistochemical method and measurement of oestradiol hormone. The tumor was characterized by an encapsulated firm mass with a creamy-white cut surface. Histologically، it consisted of variably-sized sinus ducts، covered by a single or multiple layers of proliferated epithelial cells، and embedded in a loose connective tissue. Immunohistochemical results revealed that more than half of the epithelial tumor cells were labelled only for estrogen، but not for progesterone. Moreover، the high level of plasma ER concentration in contrast to the normal PR value was consistent with immunohistochemical findings. Both results suggested that reproductive hormones، exclusively estrogen، influenced the developmental stage of the mammary glands and are responsible for neoplastic changes in this case. This study indicated for the first time the novel evidence of estrogen-induced fibroadenoma in a 2-month-old lamb mammary gland tissue.

Aloe vera is well-known for its pharmacological and nutritional properties. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of A. vera gel extracts on the secretion and cell content of triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (TC) in HepG2 cells and their short-term effects on the dietary hyperlipidemic guinea pig model. The effects of increasing concentrations of A. vera crude gel and its alcoholic and hydro-extract were compared to HepG2 cells in both basal and TG induced conditions with 20 mM glucose for 24 h. In addition, 24 male guinea pigs were randomly separated into six experimental groups as follows: control, hyperlipidemic control, levostatin control and A. vera receiving groups (fed with lipid-rich diet supplemented with A. vera crude gel, alcoholic or hydro-extracts of A. vera gel). Treatments were carried out for 10 d TG and TC levels were measured in both collected fluid (sera and media) and extracted tissue (HepG2 and liver). Although basal and stimulated conditions of crude gel and its hydro-extract decreased the secretion and cell content of TG, compared to the control (p<0.05). This pattern was not seen with the alcoholic extract. Furthermore, A. vera did not have any effect on the serum or liver contents of TG or TC. Our results suggest that A. vera could be a beneficial supplement to modulate the levels of TG and TC. However, it does not appear to be a short-term lipid modulator for hyperlipidemia.