فهرست مطالب کاوه حاجی علی اکبری

Processes of socio-economic restructuring result in reshaping cities and affect all aspects of urban life all over the world. One effect of such processes is urban decline which may be defined as "the relative under-performance of many local urban economies and the resulting mix of economic, social, physical, and environmental exclusion, which often appears to be self-sustaining in the absence of external intervention". The urban decline, because of spatial concentration, leads to the creation, continuation, and intensification of deteriorated neighbourhoods. In Iran, deterioration of some urban neighbourhoods can be considered as the consequence of contemporary socio-economic transitions. The consequences of urban deterioration are the disequilibrium of main functions in the neighbourhood, the concentration of unstable buildings, lack of public services, and unbalance between driving paths and pavements. The result is the lack of equilibrium, balance, and sustainability in the deteriorated neighbourhoods.
The issue of neighbourhood sustainability can be considered from physical, functional, environmental, and social aspects. This paper put an emphasis on the equilibrium and balance between different functions and defines the criteria and indices of a sustainable neighbourhood from functional aspect. To this end, the content of literature is reviewed; then, the status quo of the deteriorated neighbourhoods of Tehran (in relation to the defined indices) is analysed; and finally, the required policy readjustments to enhance functional sustainability in these neighbourhoods is proposed.

Institution is the collective action in control, liberation, and expansion of individual action; so that individuals are identified and realized through their participation in institutions. In the institutionalist perspective, the question of planning goes beyond the dichotomy of public-private sectors, and is transmuted from being an individual or interpersonal activity to an aspect of governance. Communicative action is the collective actions of the agents involved, that is coordinated through acts aiming to reach understanding and unanimity; hence, participants pursue their individual goals under the condition that they can harmonise their plans of action. Communicative planning approach is opposed to the imposition of top-down planning, and gives emphasis to the inclusion of all actors in the process of planning. This approach notices that communicative processes can help create consensus on critical social issues and foster the political will to bring about change. Exploring the content of the two mentioned approaches (institutionalism and communicative planning) indicates that despite the differences between these two schools of thought, both have distinct similarities; as they introduce ‘collective action’ as the basis for decision-making facing contradictory interests. This paper reviews and investigates the pertaining literature, and identifies the junctures of these approaches, with the emphasis on the role and position of collective action.

Renovation of urban distressed areas has been on the government and municipalities’ agenda because of the extent of it in the country and probability of large and average earthquakes in it and the vulnerability of these areas. So due to intersectional nature of the subject and necessity of Cooperation between actors, it is necessary to design an integrated management system in this scope. Also based on outsourcing and privatization Approach in national and municipal scope, identifying the transferable activities and using the capacities of private sector are from priorities of urban renovation.Identification of fundamentals, processes and activities for renovation of distressed areas, public sector actors and executives or in state, public and private sectors, decisions about outstanding, and designing an outsourcing system for renovation the distressed areas are the goals of this research. This research is practical in term of Objectives, descriptive in term of data collection and a survey in term of accessibility to parameters of statistical society. Also in order to gathering basic data, the researchers used documentary and field study methods and descriptive statistics for analyzing data. In this work, city of Tehran, has been intended as a context for study due to the ease of access to its information. After gathering data and analyze them, governing Principles of outsourcing, process, renovation activities, and actors or executives in different levels were identified. It was given an opinion through consulting with experts about the activities to be outsourced and outsourcing activities.This research shows that renovation of Tehran distressed areas is a system included 3 levels of: management, backing and administrative. At the level of management, renovation organization of Tehran municipality as the trustee of the process, has played and direct the activities through coordination with regional municipality (as the trustee of the process at the backing level). Major part of processes in executive level could be outsourced to private actors, organizations and the of residents distressed areas.

Decay areas in Iran have been defined with the factor of vulnerability against natural disasters (especially earthquake). So، executive strategies in these patterns are based on decreasing natural threats. In result، residential areas، as the settlement of 15% of urban population of the country، are the aim of plans and implementations. Because of numerous limitations on using various ways، destructing and rebuilding (renovation) is the common method and owners of current houses and private sector، with the financial support by national and local government، are the executers of renovation (a participatory method); recent rules support this strategy on renovation of decay areas. This approach should improve habitation circumstances and local services. Financial incentives are the main catalyst of renovation; so، renovation results in more residential units to provide necessary profit. In addition، master and detailed plan of cities enforce parcels to give a part of their area to widen narrow alleys. These changes can impact some social factors such as identity، control، and safety. So، the aim of this paper is to find some solutions to keep and increase mentioned factors. Participation means giving necessary role to all stakeholders in the planning and implementing process. As mentioned، in renovation process inhabitants and private builders are main actors and government prepares necessary supports (such as loan). So، participation is a fix factor in the essay. Identity defines the possibility of identifying a place from other places and is divided to personal and social identity. In distressed areas some social activities generate specific identity in neighborhood. Those activities are done in semi-private and semi-public spaces (such as alley and yard). During renovation، living type changes from personal house to apartment. Also، with widening alley، role of this place changes from pedestrian-base path to car-base way. So، special functions need a new context to remain. Social control leads to a certain level of freedom in obtaining، using، and changing public space. In deteriorated areas، because of strong hierarchy of public spaces، inhabitants have more possibility to control their neighborhood. Also، because of alike social groups، control on behavior is stronger. There are many factors to measure safety in urban space. Some factors are street-eyes، mixed-functions، and dynamic spaces. Also، safety of not-existing natural threats can be mentioned which is on a low level. On renovation process (with participatory methods) natural threats decrease and participation of inhabitants results in keeping and improving social control. In addition، locating public spaces in neighborhood (as a context of social interaction) can increase identity، control، and safety. Empowering local institutes (NGO’s) can improve social capital.