فهرست مطالب کاکو حسینی

Sleep deprivation has negative effects on performance and resulted in elevating of mortality risk، cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 30 hour sleep deprivation on serum levels of C-reactive protein، blood lactate، muscular strength and Physiological factors of RAST test in active students. The present study was a semi-experimental one which used a pretest-post test design. 20 healthy male student (age: 20. 5±3 y، height: 171±9. 5 cm، weight: 69. 50±7. 45 kg، and body fat: 14±2. 5) by minimum one session activity in week were selected with cluster-random sampling. Subjects 7 days before sleep deprivation and after 8 hours of complete sleep were performed anaerobic power (RAST) and one repetition maximum tests. In order to measure blood lactate، 6 minutes after RAST test، and serum levels of C-reactive protein، 30 minutes before begin tests، blood samples were collected. Seven day''s later، after a 30 hours'' sleep deprivation، these tests were performed again. In order to statistical analysis software SPSS version 20 and the independent t-test were used. Statistical analysis of the results showed that 30 hours of sleep deprivation can induce to significant reduction in max power، mean power and min anaerobic power، and the C-reactive protein levels، lactate and fatigue index increased significantly (p<0. 05). But، had no effect on muscle strength. To maintain health and optimal sport''s performance، it seems to be necessary control of sleep''s rate of active individuals and athletes. Also، in order to minimize inflammatory conditions، and thus possible reduction the cardio-vascular risk factors، individuals would be informed about likely negative and side effects of periods of sleep deprivation.

Choline is a precursor for the synthesis of the most important cholinergic neurotransmitter that induce the release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum that finally leads to muscle contraction. The purpose of the current study was to survey the effect of one week choline supplementation on memory, reaction time, throwing darts and balance in recreationally active men. Thirty qualified men (age 25.8 ± 4.34 years old, height 172.1 ± 7.24 cm, weight 76.9 ± 10.17 kg, BMI 26.06 ± 0.15 kg/m2) were randomly and double-blind divided into two groups of supplementation and placebo with a pre- and post-test design. The subjects initially completed throwing darts test, balance by stroke test, reaction time by reaction time computerized evaluation program and memory by memory assessment computerized program (memory 2000). Following one week of supplementation, the tests were repeated with the same sequence. For data analysis, the software SPSS (version 20) and the paired independent t-test were used. Reaction time and memory performance in the experimental group significantly improved (p<0.05). However, throwing darts and balance scores in both groups were not significant different between the pre and post-test sessions (p>0.05). The results of the current study indicated that one week bitartrate choline supplementation can improve memory and reaction time with no effect on balance performance and throwing darts. With regard to the effect of choline supplementation on exercise performance, there is a requirement for further research.

Sleep deprivation affects physiological and psychological functioning and probably increases the body's energy demand. It seems that sleep deprivation can have a negative effect on athlete's performance and affect the body's hormones secretion. This study investigated the effect of 24-hour sleep deprivation on endurance performance and hormonal responses to endurance exercise. Twenty young men with a history of resistance training were divided into experimental and control groups (double blind and randomly). In two separate days, once after a normal circadian sleep and again after 24 hours of sleep deprivation, endurance performance of subjects was assessed using the Bruce test. Immediately after the Bruce test, blood samples were collected and level of cortisol and testosterone with chemiluminescence method and level of epinephrine and norepinephrine with ELISA method were measured. In order to analyze data, the dependent and independent t-tests were used respectively to examine within groups and between groups changes of variables. The maximal oxygen consumption significantly decreased and cortisol level increased in the experimental group. Post-test cortisol level in experimental group was significantly higher than control group, but regarding other variables, there were not a significant difference between the two groups. Our study indicated that 24-hour sleep deprivation can have negative effects on endurance performance and increases cortisol response to endurance exercise, but it does not change testosterone, epinephrine and norepinephrine response to endurance exercise.

Although endurance training or omega-3 fatty acids consumption have beneficial effects on cardiovascular system، but it seems that their simultaneous use have more benefits. This study investigated the effect of 4-week omega-3 fatty acids supplementation and endurance training on blood lipids and endurance performance of young men. Forty untrained overweight young men with high cholesterol and triglyceride were randomly divided into «omega-3»، «endurance training»، «omega-3 and endurance training» and «control» groups and participated in a 4-week test. Supplement groups consumed an omega-3 capsules per day. Training groups trained 3 sessions per week and with 65% maximal heart rate for 20 minutes in the first week. Exercise intensity and duration were increased 5 percent and 4 minutes respectively every week. Blood samples were collected before and after the test period and triglyceride، cholesterol، HDL and LDL concentrations were measured. Endurance performance of Subjects was assessed by the Bruce test. In the «endurance training» and «omega-3 and endurance training» groups، triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations significantly decreased and maximal oxygen consumption increased. HDL concentrations of «omega-3»، «endurance training» and «omega-3 and endurance training» groups significantly increased and LDL concentration of «omega-3 and endurance training» group had a significant decrease. Endurance training or omega-3 fatty acids consumption improve blood lipids and endurance performance and combined effects of omega-3 consumption and endurance training has apparently the most favorable effect on these variables.

Sleep is a physiologically important process that has profound effects on the physical and mental health of individuals. With attention to the effects of sleep on mental and physical performance in people, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 30-hour sleep deprivation on reaction time, neuromuscular coordination and aerobic capacity in non-athlete male students. The present study was a semi-experimental one which used a pretest-posttest design. 18 healthy n on-athlete male students from the University of Gilan (age: 21 ±2 y, height: 174.6±6.5 cm, weight: 71.50±5.50 kg, and body fat: 13±5%) were selected randomly. Seven days before study and after 8 hours of sleep, the subjects performed the reaction time test by reaction time evaluation system, neuromuscular coordination by throwing dart and aerobic capacity by 800-and-1500 meter run. The subjects performed above the items again after one week and after a 30-hour sleep deprivation (6 am to 12 pm the following day). The data were analyzed through dependent t-test using SPSS software Version. 15. There were significant differences between pre and post tests in left and right hand reaction times (p<0.05), throw dart scores (p<0.05) and 800 and 1500 meter run (p<0.05). Our study indicated that a 30-hour sleep deprivation can cause sloth and a decrease in physical performance. Therefore, athletes and non-athletes should get enough night sleep to prevent the performance decline on activities that need accuracy, coordination and specific attention.

Prevalence of anabolic steroids (ASs) consumption among bodybuilders has increased progressively. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of ASs consumption on C-reactive protein (CRP) in bodybuilders. Sixty healthy men (age: 24/1± 9/1yr; weight: 77±10 kg and height: 172±12 cm) participated in the study voluntarily. These subjects were selected from three groups. First group (FG) was bodybuilders who consumed ASs (n=20), second group (SG) was bodybuilders who did not consume ASs (n=20) and third group (TG) were untrained subjects as control (n=20). Blood samples were collected in fasting state (12 hours) at 09:00 for CRP assessment. Strength and volume of the forearm, pectoral major and femur muscles were measured via 1RM test and muscle circumstances, respectively. Speed was assessed by 30m speed test. Analysis of variance test and LSD post-hoc test was used. FG had significantly greater blood CRP (P<0/05) compared to other groups. However, differences between SG and TG were not significant. Muscle strength, and forearm and femur circumstances were greater in FG than other groups. Furthermore, this was greater in SG than TG. But chest circumstance was greater in FG and SG than TG only. There were no significant differences in speed between groups.Discussion and ASs consumption for muscle strength and volume improvement in bodybuilders is accompanied by higher level of CRP (as a cardiovascular risk factor).