فهرست مطالب کبری مل‌حسینی دارانی

Water quality is presented by its physicochemical and biological specification. The aim of this study was to analyze the physicochemical characteristic of waters (river, drinking, hybrid and pure water) including total hardness, magnesium, nitrite and ammonia (mg/L) which were determined based on the standard protocols of the EPA (2010) using photometer, Palintest, 8000. Furthermore, dissolved oxygen (mg/L), temperature (ºC) and pH were determined by oxygen meter, calorimeter and pH meter, respectively, with 3 repeats and in the limnology laboratory of Birjand University. In river water, the concentration of nitrogen is higher compared to other water sources due to the physicochemical reactions (especially due to the disposal of ammonia into water). For the hybrid water, consisting of drinking water plus pure water, the chlorine concentration (0.4 mg/L) was greater than the average (0.15 mg/L). The total hardness of the same (125 mg/L) was however lower than the average (185 mg/L). Finally, it is recommended that biological indicators such as the presence of rotifers, tubular cross-sectional fish, and salmon (which normally live in clean water) be used to assess the qualitative characteristics of the water. This is due to the fact that there are normally more living creatures in waters which can hold salts.

The worries and concerns of today's human societies have caused serious damage to the human spirit, so man returns to the natural environment to escape from this space. Therefore, ecotourism is one of the growing industries in the world. There are many criteria and definitions for identifying the potential of the environment Which has sometimes caused it to be unmeasured. Since the beauty of the landscape is the main element that is faced in the natural environment in relation to tourism and recreation and not only benefits the viewer but also has an important contribution to the overall desirability of an area. Therefore, in order to understand the aesthetic values of the landscape, one must go beyond the process of identifying the physical and biological signs in the landscape.Therefore, in this study, using 19 tourism index points in Haraz basin, 19 criteria with different topics were evaluated. In this study, environments were first classified by clustering method. Then, effective criteria were extracted by principal components method. Finally, by modeling the linear regression, the criteria were imaged in a step-by-step manner with four criteria (vegetation, texture, unique effects and effect quality) and the visual image value was estimated with 80% accuracy.

Despite the increasingly trend of developmental activities that are likely to change the structure and change or eliminate landscape functions and processes in Iran ultimately, it seems necessary to consider the visual effect in EIA studies especially in northern ecosystem of the country.

This study aimed to quantify the visual criteria of naturalness and complexity using SHDI, SHEI, PLAND, LPI, PR, PD, and NP measurements in the area of Tonekabon's Dohezar-Sehezar watershed from two viewpoints. The visible range, after land use mapping and production of DSM and transmitting of visibility points to GIS, was obtained using the Visibility instruction in GIS, which analyzed the visible range at two points.

According to the PLAND index, the highest amount pertained to forest land use, and their amounts for forest, agriculture, and rangeland land uses found 0.1499, 0.0001, and 0.0021 respectively that detected the naturalness in the first- viewpoint was more than the second viewpoint, and this area has been less affected by human interferences. At the second point, except for the SHEI value which was less than the first point ( 0.0927), the amount of SHDI (0.0927), PR(7000), PD (2.507), and NP(2058000) indices grater than second point obtained.

The use of landscape metrics with regard to their capabilities can be a useful step to early identification of the impacts of development on the structure of landscape. The proposed approach can be the basis for developing a new method to understanding the effects of landscape changing in planning and management fields.

This study aimed to select a suitable location for the landfill site of hazardous waste in Qazvin province. The study area maps were first updated using satellite imagery. Effective criteria for landfill selection were formulated using the Delphi questionnaire and prioritized by ANP using library studies and standards of relevant and global organizations as well as assessing area conditions and effective factors. The digital information layers were introduced into GIS and weighting and modifications to the information layers and considering the minimum area were determined, suitable locations for landfilling of special waste. The obtained sites were screened, inappropriate references were screened and 9 sites were selected as the best site using criteria and constraints obtained and adapted to the ground reality and environmental conditions. Based on the results of the layers overlap, none of the selected points had a value of one and the selected locations had a maximum score of 4.78. Finally, using TOPSIS software, prioritization was made between the selected options and the third site was identified as the best location for the landfill site.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the enclosure on the quality of gonbad rangelands using density, diversity and species richness indices.. vegetation sampling was done based on systematic random sampling. Five transects of 1000 meters were considered separately for vegetation characteristics in each region. The species density was calculated by counting the number of bases in the plot, the species diversity was calculated by the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and species richness counting the number of species in each plot. After analyzing, it was determined that the enclosure has a significant effect on species density, species diversity and species richness. Generally, palatability plants and diversity and richness of the species were significantly increased in the protected area. Species diversity in the grazed area increased from 1/798 in the protected area to 2/236. There was a significant decrease in the amount of species richness in the affected area, and from 11.626 species per square meter in the protected area, it reached 9.253 species per square meter. The results indicate that the specimen area has been enclosed with enclosure, vegetation characteristics in the path of sequencing and achieving ideal conditions, but it still needs attention and continued

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of various development plans, including mining and airport construction in the vicinity of Miqan Wetland and Vian Steel Industrial Company in Hamadan provinc. Impact Assessment Studies of Hamadan Vian Steel Plant Using RIAM and FANP Method and Migan Wetland Using RIAM. Prior to the implementation of development plans in Miqan Wetland, breeding Artemia and tourist attraction as Positive effects have been identified but creating an educational and industrial and pharmaceutical environment for wetland plants. Positive effects and construction of several dams in upstream rivers, construction and diversification of roads in the wetland and disconnection of north and south ecological links from negative impacts of the mentioned projects Had been. Implementation of Vian Hamedan plant in chemical physical environment has negative effects on soil erosion and air quality but has positive effects on public welfare, future development plans and social structure. The use of different methods should be in consideration the type of effects so that the application of the methods and their results can cover all aspects of the environment. And by leveraging the results and incorporating optimal management strategies, the environment can also be exploited for future generations.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between visual quality of Hyrcani forests and spatial pattern of land use in 9 locations in northern Iran. To do so, a significant portion of the area was photographed and ranked according to the views of a group of 150 viewers in terms of naturalness, cohesion, turbulence and complexity. The area map was prepared using Landsat 8- OLI image processing in 2016. Using the DEM layer and angle of view, their visible areas were identified and their spatial pattern of use was investigated using NP, PD, MPS, LSI, MNN, SHDI and PLAND land metrics. According to the results, forests near rangelands make up about 90% of the area. The results of MPS and LSI showed that the whole landscape was composed of patches ranging from 1 to 6 hectares. Landscape spots at location 6 are on average, more distant and forest patches at location 7 have the highest MNN. The lowest SHDI was obtained at point 2 and the highest at point 7. PLAND data showed that more than 50% of the landscapes were forest-related. The results of correlation analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between (R≥0.60, P>0.05), especially between viewers’ view of normality, cohesion, perturbation and SHDI and PLAND values. Visual preferences of people regarding recreational visits are areas with natural forest spots.

The tourist industry can affect the environment, taking into account the attributes of the local area and of the visitors. In addition to the characteristics and natural resources of the destination, the demographic variables such as income, age and education affect the tourists` behavior, perception of the environment and impacts on the nature. Estimating the ecological footprint shows the numerical value of each activity and behavior of tourists, and provides a snapshot of the impact of consumption of resources. In this research, using the distribution of a questionnaire in four seasons among tourists in the historical region of Bistoon, Kermanshah, the required data for calculating the ecological footprint such as the consumption of water, food, electricity and parameters necessary to calculate the transportation footprint, as well as the amount of waste produced, were collected. The results showed that the role of food variable was significant, while the role of water was moderate and the effect of transportion was relatively low. The food variable was important for tourists, and this is more important based on the characteristics of age and Visitor's place of residence, while the level of education was ranked in the second place. The importance of the three variables of water, food and transport in the income attribute was almost the same, indicating that the expectation of each stratum is proportional to the income level. Therefore, it is recommended that the places providing food should be more closely monitored and controlled and the quality of services should rise.

Development requires land, and the most obvious feature of the development, land use change, and hence pollution of the land's landscape. For an investigation into the effect of disturbance on the landscape, land use map, using Landsat satellite image of 2016, is produced. Calculating the LPI, LSI, MPS and SHDI metrics, the two viewpoints are considered in the case study area. The height of the observer is applied to the DSM map of this region and a visible zone of these points is determined. Therefore, the visual disturbance criterion is examined. According to the man-made and natural uses, this criterion is quantified, considering the above-mentioned metrics. LSI value changes from one to infinity. At the first viewpoint, amounts of the LSI are 21.32, 19 and 2.35 for forest, pasture and mine respectively. Also, in the second one, 7.27, 26.91, 22.24, 1.66, 3.90 and 13.78 are obtained for residential land, forest, pasture, aquaculture, agriculture and rocks. Small LSI numbers of mine, aquaculture and agriculture, being about one, indicates the presence of a human in these areas. The results of MPS and SHDI metrics show that the natural land use of pasture and forest are cut by the man-made of mine. From the second viewpoint, forest, pasture and rocks, having large and close MPS numbers, give a natural face to the landscape. The presence of agriculture, residential and aquaculture with small MPS values, being different from the natural land use, causes a lack of naturalness and disturbance in this part of the region. This study could develop the new and basic method for the understanding of landscape changes in the planning and management fields.

Nowadays, moving towards sustainability is highly considered in different societies with different levels of technology and management. In order to have a stable and healthy city, planners, decision makers and experts have tried to seek indices, by which the urban communities’ capacity towards sustainability could be examined. In this context, the use of ecological footprint indicator in assessing urban carrying capacity has attracted so much attention in educational and scientific context. The present study attempted to investigate carrying capacity of Sanandaj in 2014 using ecological footprint indicator. The results showed that per capita ecological footprint of the city, for housing, transportation and food is 1.43 hectares which is less than the national per capita footprint (2.7 global hectares). The most and least parts of the ecological footprint belong to housing sector with 371923.5 global hectare (0.99 ha per capita) and to food sector with 382.917 global hectare (per capita 0.001) respectively. The bio-capacity of Sanandaj was 0.38 global hectares during this period that indicates the ecological deficit and an upcoming instability in this city. Also in this study it was tried to examine the ecological security in Sanandaj using pressure indicators of production, consumption and distribution of ecological footprint and it was revealed that due to the higher rate of production pressure (14.96) to consuming pressure (3.71), Ecological Footprint distribution index (3.03), was positive and showed that the city of Sanandaj is in a very dangerous state in terms of ecological security and would have a worrying condition in the future.