کیمیا محمدی

In the past two decades cultural landscapes, being the outstanding human heritage, have been the subject of renovated attention throughout the world, but Iran.  In this research, we have studied the cultural–natural landscape of Qaboos tower, in Golestan-Gonbad, one of the most wonderful landscapes of Iran as a case study with the approach of revitalization and sustainable development of the tourism industry. Preservation of natural and cultural landscapes as an important approach in today’s time about sustainable development on the one hand and keeping the aesthetic value and historiographical sights, on the other hand, needs careful strategies. Nowadays, revitalization plans for simultaneous conservation of historical buildings and complexes and upgrading social life have developed significantly. One of the most important parts of this process is determining functions based on revitalization principles. The question which is raised in this regard is how can we identify and implement the process of determining the new use and matching of human activities with architectural structure considering the specific features and conditions of any historical complex. The main approach of this research is a case study and, using the historical-interpretive method, valuable data about Qaboos tower and its potentials were gathered to determine the proper use for the complex based on such potentials and the needs of the surrounding urban fabric. Landscape preservation and conservation of Qaboos Tower aims to strengthen the quality and beauty of the landscape, which can also help to restore the natural and cultural infrastructure. Moreover,  these conservation operations can strengthen its economic and tourism foundations in the context of sustainable development.  Therefore, research studies and projects are necessary to evaluate the viewpoints about the restoration of these natural-historical landscapes for their revival and reconstruction. Revitalization, preservation, and the enhancement of the cultural and historical landscape of the site are essential steps in the revitalization and restoration of this landscape. Achieving sustainable development goals and paying attention to the sustainable vision of the region in the future, is an integral part of comprehensive and current views in any landscape restoration project. The end product of this research is to define functions, actions, and programs for tourists, compatible with local culture, climate, and needs of the region, to increase the quality of services with the least interventions in the historic landscape. These principles are important in these planning: paying attention to sustainable development, flexibility, and attracting public participation. In this research, the descriptive study, in the context of library studies and numerous field observations were used.

Foreign policy is phenomenon and influenced by a combination of structural factors, internal political dynamics, regional and international.The structure of the international system is limiting behavior of states. Waltz argues, the international system to define behavior of states and foreign policy is mainly an attempt to adapt to the pressures of the international system. Waltz: international politics is the politics of the great powers, He believes that the structure of the international system after the Cold War unipolar structure in which America is the undisputed power. Despite the weakening of America's economic hegemony in the past three decades, Still USA is the most influential international actor, However, small and medium-sized states in the existing structure,are the relative able to pursue thier development goals. Among these countries,are Iran and Malaysia. Malaysia is located almost in the heart of the East Asian region, South-East Asia, has now become one of the Important region in the global economy, Living in peace and stability, And Iran is located in the middle east. Middle East is Regional with oeder's Hobbes, war of all against all.This status of regional , affected by the Influence of grate powers on foreign policy of the two countries; Conditions in the Middle East, In addition to the constraints of the international system, has failed Iran's foreign policy. The presence of several powers, China and Japan, along with America, In East Asia, Malaysia's economic competitive advantage they enjoy is the addition of the international system, the membership of Malaysia "ASEAN" A functional subset of the local conditions of access to capital and technology.. provided economic benefites for members, Unlike ECO is lacking of such strong subsets or are in the beginning.

In this study, the comparative method is used, Which means that the two countries of Iran and Malaysia have generally been compared and in the next step, the two countries in three dimensions, "the regional system," "benefit from the advantages of regional organizations", - stressed the ECO and ASEAN and "great power role" and the positive and negative effects its on economic development have been laid to compare.

The structure of the international system limitations and creates opportunities for policy. Many of the decisions and foreign policies, in response to the behavior of other international actors.International system of all activities that shape international relations are included.Malaysia is located almost in the heart of the East Asian region and is composed of two parts, East and West Malaysia an area that already has become one of the raised areas of the global economy and the peace and stability remains. Malaysia has a good and constructive relations with all countries of the world and In taking its own development policies, could have important role in economic development in the years approaching achieved and as a newly industrialized country to be identified.Iran is a country in Southwest Asia, the geopolitical and geostrategic up in the Persian Gulf, is located in the heart of the Middle East. Iran, the world's two major oil fields Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea is located. Iran is in the Middle East, a region critical and convulsions. The regional conditions, the impact of the structure of international and major powers over foreign policy between the two countries has changed. Conditions in the Middle East, America obstacles, particularly in terms of impact on Iran's foreign policy has limited the development process at the same time, while in East Asia, China and Japan on the side of America, in addition to adjusting the limits of this power, improved technology, capital and the Malaysian economy.

The international system and the major powers as "independent variable" and the sub - region to "intermediate variables" foreign policy of Iran and Malaysia have been affected. Political and economic cooperation in the region of limiting the power of Malaysia's foreign policy adjustment and have taken advantage of the competitive power in favor of economic development so that despite the harsh positions and especially during the critical Malaysia Mahathir Mohammad, has a foreign policy worthy successfully pursue its development-oriented. While America's hegemonic supremacy in the Middle East and the impact of the sanctions and the use of existing multilateral in the present world order as the independent variable, limiting Iran's foreign policy and alongside the independent variables, between "area is characterized by tension and internal competition", lack of economic integration, the independent variable in the international system creates limitations for Iran's foreign policy has strengthened and Iran's foreign policy has prevented from reaching the development goals. America in the Persian Gulf is the main power is enormous and its impact on the region, including Iran. Using a tool such as sanctions, multilateral pressure and encouragement from international organizations and countries, especially Iran's neighbors in southern boundaries, limitations and obstacles in the way of Iran's foreign policy has left many. But the dominant power in Southeast Asia with other major powers such as China and Japan and strong institutions "such as the ASEAN" into equations to be competitive and balance, That is why countries like Malaysia with a more suitable space can advance its foreign policy towards economic development

The Geo-economics approach the beginning of the twenty-first century a new paradigm for the analysis of strategic and international issues of powers and competition in strategic areas to be used. This approach combines the three factors of geography¡ economy¡ power and formed to examine the relationship between geography¡ power and economy¡ and the interaction of these three elements are studied in order to gain states power. In this new approach as it can be called geopolitical economy¡ economy¡ geopolitics is old as new components into the transaction. With the collapse of the Soviet Union (December 1991) major changes in the geopolitics sense¡ and it occurred in such a way that¡ geopolitical and geostrategic approach geo-economics found the military approach. In this era of powerful countries to instead focus purely geopolitical Geoeconomics mainly on sensitive areas of the world are trying to bring attention to the political - military¡ political attitudes - are economic. Energy¡ especially oil and gas in this century as geo-economics spirit in the development process¡ the establishment of security and regional and international conflicts that role. One of the strategic areas and the areas of conflict and competition geo -energy geoeconomics in the twenty-first century¡ the Persian Gulf. Geopolitical and geostrategic theories of the Persian Gulf¡ the most international area of the world''s energy resources¡ space geo-economics important role players in the form of cooperation¡ competition and conflict provides op Geo – economics geo - energy conflict and competition in the twenty-first century¡ the Persian Gulf.

As a jurisprudential rule, "nafye sabil" has played a sustaining and influential role in Islamic system's major decisions, policies and behavior. This principle is of high importance in Islamic state's foreign relations. Rejecting oppression and tyranny against Muslims and preserving their freedom and removing dependence on aliens is the foundation of this rule in Islamic republic of Iran's foreign policy. In Iran's constitution, any form of tyranny, extortion, domination and deferring to domination have been forbidden and rejected. As a foundation to provide society's independence and prevent economic domination, this principle forms the building blocks of Islamic republic of Iran's major as well as foreign policies.

The term minority is legally refers to those human groups which usually are marginalized legally, politically, culturally and economically. Nowadays, regarding the international importance of minorities, this is a global issue and a problem for many of the states. Iran is of different religious, ethnic and linguistic minorities. These minorities looked for their legal, political, social and cultural receivables. This survey is going to show that religious minorities in the Islamic Republic of Iran have attained most of the equal rights with Muslim Iranians via the constitution and the verdicts of jurists, during the last three decades, although, considering some legal restrictions and different views, it is a long way to the substantiation of equal rights with Muslims. During the recent period, this issue is emphasized and taken into consideration by legal institutions and related organizations and the minorities in the Islamic Republic of Iran have an optimum position regarding their legal rights compared to the many of the other countries.

From the beginning of 21st century the geo-economic approach is used as a new approach for analysis of strategic and international problems and competition of big powers in strategic regions. This approach is formed from the combination of three elements, namely geography, power and economy and it examines the relations of geography, power and economy and the interaction of these three elements in acquisition of power. In this period the powerful countries instead of paying attention to mere geopolitics mainly turned to geo-economics and try to have a politico-economic look instead of politico-military look to sensitive regions of the world. In present century energy particularly oil and gas as the spirit of geo-economics plays important role in the process of development, determining security and creating regional and international tensions. One of the strategic and geo-economic regions which will be the scene of disputes and geo-energy competition in twenty first century is Persian Gulf. Persian Gulf from the viewpoint of geopolitical and geostrategic theories is an important international region and this region from the viewpoint of new theories (geo-economic, geostrategic and geo-energy) is one of the sensitive and effective region in international and regional equations.