فهرست مطالب کیومرث خداپناه

Recognition and study of facilities and capabilities and then determining the levels of development of rural areas is the first step in the process of planning and development of such areas. To succeed in planning and achieving development, the first step is to study and recognize the real level of enjoyment, capabilities, limitations and regional imbalances. The present study is descriptive and "analytical" and its main purpose is to determine the levels of enjoyment and classification of rural areas of the province. The statistical population of the present study includes rural areas of 19 cities of East Azarbaijan province based on statistical data of 2016 and to collect the data required for the research, two methods of library and field have been used. To analyze the research "data" from 44 variables in the form of indicators "infrastructure", "educational-cultural-religious and sports" and "health and treatment", selected and to determine the levels of development of rural areas of the province Numerical taxonomy classification technique has been used. Findings show that among the cities of the province, the rural areas of Miyaneh city are heterogeneous and among the 18 homogeneous cities, the rural areas of none of the cities of the province are at very developed and developed levels, Sarab and Kalibar cities are at the level of The average level of development, Marand-Tabriz-Maragheh-Shabestar-Bostan Abad-Hashtrood-Ahar and Varzeqan counties are at a deprived level, and Charavimaq-Malekan-Esco-Azarshahr-Harris-Bonab-Ajab Shir and Jolfa counties are at a very deprived level have.

Rural development is one of the goals of governments, especially in developing countries; Because the villages, having many natural resources and agriculture, due to the existence of many problems and problems such as poverty, unemployment, weak economic infrastructure, lack of endogenous service activities, low productivity rate in the agricultural sector and rural production sector and decline Natural resources, development and creation of sustainable employment are limited in it. This issue has caused rural development to receive special attention in recent decades, and theorists, planners, and government executives are trying to come up with new strategies and solutions for the problems and issues that these areas are facing. , reduce One of these strategies that is of interest in most countries of the world and its implementation has brought positive results is the development and expansion of industries in rural areas; In other words, by increasing public welfare, reducing poverty and creating positive effects in other dimensions of development, the action for the development of rural industries can provide the basis for creating a suitable living space in environmental, social and cultural dimensions for the villagers. The creation of towns and industrial areas is one of the common approaches of industrialization in order to facilitate and concentrate activities and actions. The development of industrial areas is a suitable stimulus for the formation of industrial units and a suitable platform for increasing the production and productivity of active industries and As a result, it increases the sustainability of industrialization in the village. One of the most important duties of the government is planning to reduce the problems of the people. In the third world countries, especially in Iran, the problems in rural areas are doubly burdening the villagers, so that the pressure on agricultural land, the low standard of living and the unemployment of the rural workforce are among the most important of them, which seems to be Industrialization of villages can be the best strategy in this regard.

According to the nature of the problem and the subject under investigation, the research method in the present study is descriptive-analytical and a questionnaire was used to collect information. The statistical population under study includes 5 villages around Shirin Asal Shabstar industrial town, which according to the census of 2015 has a total of 6357 people based on Table 1, and the sample population is estimated to be 350 people according to Cochran's formula. The selection of the sample population to complete the field questionnaires was done by a systematic random method, and the number of samples was distributed according to the stratified method and based on the population ratio. In order to analyze the data, the results of the questionnaire have been analyzed in the SPSS software environment with relevant statistical tests according to the nature of the research. In this context, 2 dimensions (social and economic), 39 indicators have been compiled for the purpose of evaluating the effects of industrial towns in the development of rural areas around Shirin Asal Shabster industrial town. For data analysis, the mean difference and significance of different dimensions have been measured through independent one-sample t-tests and Anova test.

The results of the descriptive findings of the research based on 350 questionnaires distributed among the sample size indicate that 319 were men and 31 were women. The highest frequency of 156 respondents were in the category of 41-50 years, which accounted for 45% of the sample size. In terms of level of education, among the four levels of education, elementary and illiterate, under-diploma, post-diploma, bachelor and above, the highest frequency of respondents with 194 people, equal to 55%, was in the diploma level. According to the results of the research on the effect of industrial towns on the development of the economic indicators of the villages of the region, 5 people (1.42 percent) answered very little, 21 people (6 percent) answered moderately, 55 people (15.71 percent) answered high. And 269 people (76.85 percent)answered too much. The average economic impact of the industrial town in the villages of the region has been obtained with a 5-point Likert scale of 4.74. The mean difference was obtained with t-test -0.41. According to the results of the research on the effect of industrial towns on the development of the economic indicators of the villages of the region, 15 people (4.28%) answered very little, 42 people (12%) answered moderately, 68 people (19.44%) answered high. And 225 people (64.28%) have answered too much. The average social impact of the industrial town in the villages of the region is 3.91 on a 5-point Likert scale. The mean difference was obtained with t-test -1.27.

In this research, the economic and social effects of Shirin Asal industrial town in the rural area of Eastern Goni district in the central part of Shabastar city have been investigated. The research data shows that the establishment of the industrial town has had positive and negative effects on the villages of the region in economic and social dimensions. The results of the industrial town in the studied villages show that the total average of the economic indicators is 4.74 and the social dimension is 3.91. Therefore, according to the respondents, relatively, the industrial town has been relatively effective in both economic and social aspects. The examination of each economic and social indicators shows that the greatest and the least impact of the industrial town in the economic indicators included employment opportunities for local people and the reduction of the labor force in agriculture, respectively, in the social indicators also included the acceptance of immigrants respectively. villages and increasing the opportunity to continue education for the villagers. The presence of an industrial town in the area has overall positive effects on rural development indicators, and the degree of impact includes economic and social dimensions respectively.

Rural business is one of the types of businesses that nowadays, due to the reconstruction of functional patterns of many rural areas and also the design of new tourism businesses in rural areas is one of the most dynamic aspects of entrepreneurship. Activities that are formed in tourism destinations with goals such as improving livelihoods and economic well-being sound to be the best ways to deal with these risks of economic shocks and imbalances to improve their resilience. Resilience is the capacity of society to withstand risks and abnormal conditions and return to normal conditions. Considering that tourism is an important and dominant economic sector in some countries and some destinations are dependent on this sector for growth and survival, relying on this sector has put a lot of pressure on tourism managers and planners in order to protect the business and the tourism community against crises and disasters and has led to the presentation of strategic plans to deal with its possible consequences. Therefore, in an important and growing economic activity such as tourism, it is necessary to understand and recognize the dimensions of the accident and crisis and to examine strategies to stop or limit its consequences. In this regard, business resilience and resilience planning are a comprehensive approach. To realize the development of tourist communities and reduce the possibility of instability caused by the occurrence of disruptive conditions in the normal process of these businesses, the most common perspective of resilience in tourism is on the marketing of the tourism industry and the number of incoming tourists to the destination due to the rapid change of variables caused by unexpected or predictable events and its impact on the economy and tourism businesses. In fact, the resilience of tourism may pay attention to the changes in social, environmental and economic variables that make up  tourism in an integrated way, but the ultimate goal of paying attention to it should be to create the resilience of businesses related to these variables against external fragile events.

The current research is applied in terms of its nature and descriptive-analytical in terms of survey-based method. The data collection tool for each item was through a questionnaire. The required variables of this research were selected using the study of reliable scientific sources and field study from the study area. In this research, the questions related to the variables of the questionnaire are set using a 5-option Likert scale from very high to very low. The unit of analysis in this research is the business owners related to the tourism sector in the rural areas around Urmia Lake in Shabestar city. In order to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, a number of 30 questionnaires were distributed in the region and the reliability coefficient of resilience was estimated at 0.87, which indicates that the mentioned questionnaire has adequate reliability. Also, based on Cochran's sampling formula, the sample size was 350 people from business owners related to the tourism sector. The data needed for the research was also collected through a simple random sampling method.

The descriptive findings of the research, based on 350 questionnaires distributed among the sample size, indicate that 319 were men and 31 were women. The highest frequency of respondents was 156 people in the category of 41-50 years, which accounted for 45% of the sample size. In terms of level of education, among the four levels of education, elementary and illiterate, under-diploma, post-diploma, bachelor and above, the highest frequency of respondents with 194 people, equal to 55%, was in the diploma level. One sample t-test was used to investigate the resilience of villages in four dimensions. The general results of the one-sided t-test for the resilience of the villages show an average of 1.68. Considering that the average observed resilience of the villages is less than 3, which corresponds to the average level of the Likert spectrum, so it can be said that the overall resilience situation in the studied villages is evaluated at a low level of resilience. According to the results of the one-sided t-test, the average of social capital dimension was 2.11, economic 1.22, human capital 2.16, and management institution 1.23. The significance level of all the indicators is lower than the test error level of 5% and the average of all dimensions are not at the optimal level and this issue is effective in reducing the resilience of the studied villages.

The results of the research based on the one-sided t-test indicate that the general situation of resilience is not very favorable. The general results of the one-sided t-test for the resilience status of the studied villages show an average of 1.68. Considering that the average observed resilience of the villages is less than 3, which corresponds to the average level of the Likert scale, it can be said that the overall resilience situation in the studied villages is evaluated at a very low level of resilience. Dimensions of resilience from the villagers' point of view have different averages, so that the highest average is related to the institutional and human capital (2.16) and the lowest average is related to the economic dimension (1.22). The stratification of the 7 studied villages based on Mirka's decision-making technique shows that based on the score (Q) Ali Biglo, Qara Tapeh and Kafi al-Mulk villages are at the medium resilience level, Sheikh Wali and Koushak villages are at the low resilience level and Haft Cheshme and Maraghosh Qala villages are at a very low level of resilience.

In the prevalence of coronavirus, there is no significant difference between rural-urban population and rural and urban settlements. However, as a crisis, the coronavirus has a negative impact on the rural economy or can be an important driver for innovation in new jobs in rural areas. Today, the coronavirus outbreak has become a major global crisis, affecting many countries, including Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the economic and social consequences of coronavirus in rural areas of central Ardabil, which is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical nature. The statistical population is 32 villages in rural areas of central Ardabil with a population of 8038. The sample size was estimated based on Cochran's formula of 384 people, which was distributed according to the number of heads of households in each village. To study the subject, two indicators in the form of 30 indicators based on the studies of other researchers were used. The validity of the questionnaire was reviewed and confirmed by a panel of experts in this field. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire, 30 questionnaires were distributed in the same area and its reliability coefficient in the social variable was 0.826, in the economic variable was 0.852 and the total reliability of the questionnaire was 0.839. The results showed that the maximum reduction of unnecessary social interactions in rural areas is the main condition for controlling the prevalence of corona. In addition, the spread of the virus has had a negative effect on savings, business closures, labor cuts, declining household incomes, and insufficient government lending in the area of the corona outbreak. 

Infectious diseases have always existed in human history, but over time, new infectious diseases have emerged that are progressing rapidly. In developing countries, infectious diseases have led to many deaths and problems. Most people affected by these diseases live in rural areas with very few resources and limited services; These people are at high risk of these diseases due to the economic and social context of their place of residence and living conditions. One of the emerging infectious diseases in the last two years is Covid 19 disease. The prevalence of coronavirus did not distinguish between "poor and rich" and "rural-urban", while rural areas before the outbreak of Covid 19 were at the forefront of positive examples of community support, neighbors and friends; The virus can represent the creative response of the community in business and adaptation to the crisis in rural areas and an important driving force for innovation in rural jobs. Because the behavior of "counteracting and preventing corona" occurs in space and the rural environment is affected and received; Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the economic and social consequences of coronavirus in rural communities in the central part of Ardabil city.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and based on descriptive-analytical nature. The statistical population of the study is 32 villages in the central part of Ardabil city with a population of 8038 people. The sample size was estimated to be 366 people based on Cochran's formula. The method of data collection to answer research questions was library and questionnaire. The instrument used in the survey method was a questionnaire that in order to measure the research variables, the required indicators based on the studies of other researchers were used in combination so that the corona outcome variable of 30 indicators in the form of two economic and social indicators has been used. 

In this study, a one-sample t-test was used to examine the villagers' views on the consequences of coronavirus. In this test, according to the findings, the average economic and social indices were 2.87 and 2.80, respectively. The significance level of both indicators is less than the test error level of 5%, also the average of these indicators is less than the desired three limits. Therefore, it can be said that both indicators are not in the desired level for the villagers and this issue shows the economic and social effects of coronavirus in their lives. Findings obtained from multivariate regression coefficient to investigate the share of one or more independent variables in the dependent variable showed that the level of significance of the test with a confidence level of 0.95 of economic and social index with beta coefficients of 0.793 and 0.614, respectively. Has an effect on the dependent variable. And with 0.690 and 0.582 of the total variance, respectively, explain the coronavirus outcome. Also, in order to study the consequences of coronavirus, the status of each indicator based on decision-making techniques, using Shannon entropy method, each indicator was assigned a specific weight. To the indicators of increasing savings (0.051), preventing the entry of peddlers (0.0377) and in the social index belong to the indicators of maximum reduction of unnecessary social interactions (0.049), increasing disorders and depressions (0.032), respectively. 

The results of field findings show that economic and social indicators from the perspective of villagers with averages of 2.87 and 2.80, respectively. The level of significance of both indicators is less than the level of test error of 5%, and also the average of these indicators is less than the number of the desired three limits (number three is equivalent to 60% of respondents). Therefore, it can be said that both indicators are not in the desired level for the villagers and this issue shows the adverse effects of economic and social indicators of Corona virus on their lives. Also, the results of the study in the study of social indicators showed that the community affected by coronavirus has relative knowledge and awareness in this regard and in rural society the most important condition for controlling the prevalence of coronavirus is to reduce maximum unnecessary social interactions. Organizing for relatives and acquaintances not to travel to the village during the summer holidays is one of the important issues that are associated with it, and as a result, the social and personal relations of the rural community are affected by the corona virus epidemic. One of the most important economic consequences of coronavirus in the studied rural community is the role of encouraging households to decide to save a lot, close businesses, reduce labor force and reduce household income and insufficient government loans to prevent coronavirus.

Occurrence of natural hazards such as Earthquakes due to the Environmental and Geographical conditions of the country has always led to serious financial losses and widespread human losses, and in order to reduce its effects, attention has been paid to the resilience approach.

The aim of this research is to analyze the Economic, Social and Cultural resilience of rural settlements in the central Disteict of Ardabil Township against Earthquakes.

The present study, with regard to the nature of the issue and the subject of the study, is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of the study is 36 villages with more than 20 households and most of the central part of Ardabil city. Based on Cochran's method, 365 heads were determined and distributed and completed to the number of rural households in a simple random manner. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 30 specialists and experts. The total reliability was estimated 0.9 by Cornbrash’s alpha.

Studied Areas: 

The village has more than 20 families in the Central District of Ardabil Township.

The findings indicate that, the social dimension is in a better position than the economic dimension. Also, the economic resilience measure showed that the indicator "income amount to compensate for damages" with a value of 3.90 has the highest and the indicator "satisfaction with personal income" with a value of 2.24 has the lowest average. Social and cultural resilience showed that the indicators of "the degree of solidarity between people in the event of an earthquake", "the level of satisfaction with access to a doctor" with the highest 17.17 and 15.70, respectively, and the indicators of "satisfaction with "Housing insurance" and "Hope for the future in case of an earthquake" with -22.25 and -14.21, respectively, have a lower than the desired test average.

Findings showed that the resilience of economic indicators of the studied villages against earthquakes is lower than the average level and there is a significant difference between the villages.

Housing resilience is one of the important issues that is based on improving the quality of life of villagers in order to prevent possible damage and make villages livable. Building suitable housing and improving its indicators will increase stability and livability and increase the motivation of the village population to stay and the resistance of rural buildings against threats. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of housing resilience on livability in rural areas. In terms of practical purpose, this research is based on analytical and exploratory nature and its governing approach is qualitative-quantitative. The statistical community is the central part of Ardabil city. In order to examine the issue, the opinions of 30 experts and specialists related to the present issue were used in a targeted manner. The results based on the experts' point of view to identify the driving components of housing resilience after four rotations showed that among the 30 components, 12 are key resilience components. Also, the results of Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that there is a positive relationship between the components of resilience and livability. The results of multivariate regression also showed that the resilience components had an effect on livability and explained 0.610 of the total variance of rural livability. Therefore, paying attention to the livability of these areas in the form of improving and modernizing the village and increasing welfare can provide the grounds for the sustainability of the population in rural areas, and for its development, physical problems and an unfavorable environment must be eliminated first.

One of the problems that has always threatened the lives of human societies for many centuries is the occurrence of disasters and accidents that, if unknowingly and unprepared, cause irreparable damage to various aspects of human life, including social, economic and residential areas. Imports environmental, psychological and .... Dealing with risks is one of the main challenges for most countries. Not only does it cause their deaths and emotional suffering, but it also damages the local economy and thwarts development gains. Occurrence of natural disasters such as earthquakes in geographical areas, especially in rural areas, has devastating effects.. The present study, with regard to the nature of the issue and the subject under study, is applied in terms of descriptive-analytical purpose and its purpose is to analyze economic and social resilience. And the culture of rural settlements in the central part of Ardabil city is against earthquakes. 36 villages with more than 20 households and more were selected as a sample and based on Cochran's method, 365 heads were determined and distributed and completed to the number of rural households in a simple random manner. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 30 specialists and experts. The total reliability was estimated 0.9 by Cronbach's alpha. Findings showed that the resilience of economic indicators of the studied villages against earthquakes is lower than the average level and there is a significant difference between the villages. The results showed that among the economic, social and cultural dimensions of rural areas, the social and cultural dimension plays a greater role and effect on the resilience of rural settlements.

Rural tourism is a new strategy to achieve rural development, which plays a major role in empowering local people and diversifying economic growth through creating complementary activities and transforming these areas. The current research has been done with the approach of the driving factors of rural tourism. The research is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. The required data were obtained through documentary and field methods. The statistical population of the research is 12 villages above 20 households in Hiran district in the central part of Astara township with a population of 2509 people and 798 households. The sample size was estimated to be 260 people based on Cochran's formula, and the number of samples was distributed in villages according to their population. Environmental, managerial, economic and social factors were used to examine the issue. Based on the qualitative content analysis of the collected data through the review of sources and interviews, key concepts were extracted from the text of notes and interviews, and during open coding, 30 effective factors of translation were identified. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experienced experts and the reliability coefficient was estimated at 0.80 based on Cronbach's alpha. SPSS25 and Lisrel software were used for analysis. The results show that the highest factor load among the environmental factor is the flora and fauna index (0.88), in the management factor is the incentive policies index (0.76), in the economic factor is the villa construction and second home index (0.88) and in the social factor, it is dedicated to the comfort facilities in the village (0.89) in the field of tourism.

Effective rural management requires utilizing novel managerial and institutional approaches to help adopt strategies and solutions that will make rural families resilient against various perils, such as drought. Thus, the present research aims to investigate the role of rural management in rural peoples’ resiliency against drought. This research falls under applied research and is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of this research consists of 32 villages in the central part of the city of Ardabil with 8038 households. The sample size was estimated to be 384 people using the Cochran formula, which was distributed in proportion to the number of the heads of the households in each village. To investigate the rural management, four indicators in the form of 40 components, and to investigate resiliency against drought, four indicators in the form of 40 components were used based on previous literature. The exerts examined the face validity of the questionnaire, while its total reliability was 0.784 based on Cronbach’s alpha. Findings revealed that from among rural management indicators, environment management explained 0.703 of the resiliency variances against drought. Also, based on villagers’ perspective, the average resiliency indicators of preparations, reaction, and prevention were greater than the moderate rate, as the average resiliency indicators of recovery and reconstruction were lower than the moderate level (2.80). On the other hand, the MAIRCA technique indicated that the village of Amoughin held the highest rate of resiliency against drought, while Arvanagh held the lowest rate. The study also found that a set of systematic factors could explain the roles and developments of the rural management in villagers’ resiliency, as rural management can use an all-out vision to increase the resiliency of villagers against types of natural disasters and offer necessary warnings to them so that rural sustainability is provided.

The prosperity of tourism in any geographical place, along with the positive and negative economic and social consequences, has environmental effects that, if the negative effects of tourism continue, can cause irreparable damage. The present study aims to assess the environmental effects of tourism on the sustainable development of rural areas of Namin city. The research method in this study is applied in terms of purpose and based on the descriptive-analytical nature, the data of which have been collected based on field studies. The statistical population of the study consists of 11 tourist villages of Namin city with a population of 5471 people. The sample size was estimated based on Cochran's formula of 98 people, which was distributed according to the number of heads of households in each village. In order to study the environmental effects of tourism in the studied villages, 10 indicators and 33 indicators based on the studies of other researchers were used. The face validity of the questionnaire was examined by experts and its total reliability was estimated 0.88 based on Cronbach's alpha. The general results of the study showed that in terms of sustainability, the studied villages are in a moderate stability situation with 0.44 points. Also, among the studied villages, none of the villages are in a stable condition. It is relatively unstable and Khankandi village is in an unstable situation.

The area of Iran has always been at risk of earthquakes due to its location on the earthquake belt. The formation of large faults and the existence of active stress fields have made Iran prone to earthquakes. Among the dangerous phenomena, devastating earthquakes have been responsible for the highest number of human casualties and financial losses. The present study, according to the nature of the issue and the subject under study in terms of applied purpose and descriptive-analytical type and its purpose is to assess and analyze the vulnerability of rural settlements in the central part of Ardabil to earthquakes. Ardabil city has a population of 28272 people and 8151 families. The sample size was estimated to be 356 based on Cochran's formula. The distribution of the number of samples in the villages is proportional to the number of available households and the method of sample selection in each village has been done systematically randomly. To assess the vulnerability of the studied villages, two indicators and 14 indicators based on the studies of other researchers were used. The face validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by experts and its total reliability was estimated 0.87 based on Cronbach's alpha. The results of this study in the city showed that in terms of seismic vulnerability using the Topsis model, more than 73 Percentage of villages with high and very high risk of economic and social vulnerability to earthquake risk. Calculation of the overall vulnerability of villages in the study area shows that 41% of villages are moderately vulnerable and 59% are high and very high vulnerabilities. Vulnerability assessment of rural settlements in the study area indicates high and very high vulnerability in the villages of the study area and this is a serious threat to increase the risk in the area.

 the present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating and measuring the realization of creative village indicators in Nair County, to provide grounds for creative class of rural community, audience and consumers of creative products outside the village environment by relying on ecological lifestyle processes.

Design/methodology/approach:

 the present theoretical study is conducted with applied purposes using the descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the study is 33 villages in Nair County with more than 50 households, having a total of 2937 households. The sample size was estimated to be 340 people based on Cochran's formula. Distribution of the number of samples in the villages is determined in ratio with their population. In order to examine the subject in six dimensions of flexibility, innovation, promotion, risk taking, leadership and participation, 43 indexers were used in a combined manner, based on the studies of other researchers. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the panel of experts and specialists in this field and the reliability coefficient was calculated for the questionnaire at 0.723. Also, the opinions of 30 experts and specialists were used to give weight to indicators and indexers of the creative village through Swara weighting technique during two stages. The results show that, the average indices of creative village are not in a favorable situation.

 the results of single sample t-test indicated that, the total average of the creative village indicator was 2.993 and rural creativity in the study area is at a weak level and is vulnerable. The results of CODAS technique from the leveling of 33 villages showed that, 2 villages are at the optimal level and 17 villages are at the weak level. Among them, the villages of Golestan and Saqqechi were in the highest level and the villages of Qare Tape and Meymand were in the lowest level of creativity.

Originality/value:

 In the present study, the rural creativity was examined from the viewpoints of both local community and experts using various techniques. And through several referring to experts and specialists, the importance of each index and their prioritization were checked and their accuracy was ensured. Also, most of the conducted studies have examined rural creativity in the field of tourism, while the present study has investigated rural creativity and its realization in general and in all fields.

Nowadays, the tourism industry is one of the most significant and diverse industries in the world that was developed rapidly and provided considerable income resources for many governments. Nowadays, the sustainability paradigm emerges as a significant and essential issue and has attracted the attention of the global communities in recent two decades. One of the components considered for reaching a sustainable development is resilience, and nowadays, the experience of the occurred crises and their resulted imposed damages makes the human being realize the need for resilience and making resilient settlement areas. Therefore, the prevailing perspective has changed from mere reducing vulnerability to increasing resilience when facing disasters. On the other hand, the touristic villages are prone to the damages resulting from these developments besides having potential factors in line with the tourism and development due to having tourism potential, and in some cases, due to the low resilience and being tourist-friendly besides the risks caused by the lack of the resilience have affected the villagers’ lives. Thus, due to tourism development, resilience must be considered in tourism villages to reduce the risks caused by the occurrence of the possible damages. Therefore, investigating the resilience of these villages can play a significant role in the development of sustainable tourism in them. Tourism villages of the Ardebil area are one of the tourism villages of the province and have the capability for sustainable tourism development. Thus, investigating the resilience of these villages can play an essential role in the sustainable tourism development within them. According to the abovementioned and the effects of the tourism development on the resilience of the rural regions, the current study was conducted to evaluate and assess the resilience of the target villages for tourism in the Ardebil area and sought to answer the following question: what is the level of the resilience of the target villages for tourism in Ardebil area?

   The current research was descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature of the research problem and subject. The statistical population of the current study included 11 target villages for tourism in the Ardebil area with a population of 4278. The data collection method to answer the research questions was the library study and the questionnaire. Four aspects, 10 indicators, and 33 items were used to assess resilience. Multivariate regression analysis was used to analyze the distributed questionnaires, and the one-sample t-test was used to study the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable and villagers’ opinions on the indicators of resilience. MAIRCA decision-making technique was used to rank the villages.

 The one-sample t-test was used to study the resilience status of the target villages four tourism in four aspects. The overall results of the one-sample t-test indicated an average of 2.13 for the resilience status of the villages under study. Given that the observed average of the resilience of the villages was less than 3, which is the medium level of the Likert scale, it can be said that the overall status of the resilience in the villages under study was evaluated as the low level of resilience. According to the obtained results from the one-sample t-test presented in Table 3, the following average values were obtained: 3.42 for the social aspect, 2.31 for the institutional aspect, 22.27 for the physical aspect, and 1.85 for the economic aspect. The significance level of all indicators was lower than the error level of 0.5. However, the t-value was lower than the critical value of 1.96 in the institutional aspect, and the upper limit and lower limit were negative. Furthermore, the average of the social aspect was more than 3, the desirable limit. Therefore, it can be said that the social aspect was at a more desirable status according to the villagers’ opinions. Nevertheless, other aspects are not at a desirable level, which is effective in reducing the resilience of the villages under study according to villagers’ opinions.

In general, the findings of this research by investigating the resilience status of the target villages for tourism in the Ardebil area, according to the results of the one-sample t-test, indicate that the overall status of the resilience was not desirable. They also indicate the poor resilience and low tolerance of the tourism villages in dealing with the issues caused by the major presence of the tourists at peak conditions of traveling. The overall results of the one-sample t-test indicated an average of 2.13 for the resilience status of the villages under study. Ranking 11 villages under study based on MAIRDA decision-making technique shows that Alvaresi Village and Aladizgeh Village ranked first and second, respectively, based on the score (Q) and are considered total resilient than other villages of the region and have more resilience against the increase in the needs of the village due to the entrance of the tourists. Atashgah, Golestan, Villa Darreh, Ilanjough, Kalkhvoran-e Viyand, Ghareshiran, and Sardabeh villages have relatively low resilience. Kanzag and Kur Abbaslu villages ranked the last in the rural resilience based on the set of the indicators understudy in the current research and are considered in the class of “lack of resilience”.

Problem definition: 

Rural governance is a new process in the rural management system, which has different principles, criteria, and indicators, as well as many players in the rural field.

 The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the influence of Shura, Dehiari, Agricultural Jihad, Housing Foundation, etc. in the rural governance of Ardabil County.

 This research was practical in terms of purpose with a descriptive-analytical nature. The statistical population included 30 experts and specialists in the rural field. The sampling method was targeted at the beginning and followed by snowball sampling. Mactor software was used to analyze the issue. 9 actors and 9 targets were analyzed in the software and the degrees of effectiveness, competitiveness, convergence, agreement, and divergence between the actors were investigated.

 The results showed that the actors’ performances played an important role in determining and achieving goals. The highest number of effects (111) was related to social networks. The highest level of competitiveness (2.05) was related to social networks. The goal of governance accountability also had the highest level of agreement between the actors.

Innovation: 

In this research, for the first time, analysis of the key factors of rural governance was done by using the Mactor technique.

Nowadays, the tourism industry is a dynamic global and social phenomenon whose scientific knowledge and analysis can provide a reliable framework for planning the tourism industry. The aim of this study was to identify the drivers that affect the future status of sustainable rural tourism in Nir township and how these drivers affect each other. In terms of nature, this research is based on the method of futures research, analytical and exploratory science and is based on an applied goal. After holding meetings and discussions with 30 tourism experts and elites of Nir township as a statistical population, 37 variables were identified in four categories. Findings based on the condition of the scattering plate showed that the system is unstable and most of the factors are scattered around the diagonal axis of the plate. Out of 37 factors considered, due to the high impact score and direct impact, only 13 factors as the output of Mick Mac and drivers are influential in the future of sustainable development of rural tourism in Nir township. The results show that among the 13 driving factors, the following are more influential and important: factors of attracting surplus agricultural sector in tourism activities, increasing technology, receiving bank credits, rural land management, income distribution and diversification to the economy and increasing job opportunities for young people.

Over the past few decades, a variety of methods have been developed to study flooding, including the most important flood risk estimation methods proposed by researchers such as maximum possible flood risk and flood frequency analysis. In addition to the mentioned methods, that are methods which are mainly based on the use of GIS and remote sensing technologies and seek to investigate the flood situation using environmental parameters. It seems that the study of flood risk beyond natural phenomena is also related to human factors. In this regard, studies conducted on multiple floods show that despite the high efficiency of software in assessing hazards, none of these cases in practice has been able to prevent the occurrence of re-floods and the resulting losses. Human factors are also effective in the occurrences of floods. Considering the mentioned cases and the necessity of investigating the possibility of occurrence of floods and also the great importance of investigating the role of human elements along with environmental factors in the happenings of floods, the present study was conducted with the main purpose of investigating and analyzing the role of environmental components and humans in the occurrence of floods in Qaleh Chaie, which was taken from the experiences of floods in 2017.

The present research, in terms of method, has an applied purpose and a descriptive contextualized nature.  To collect the required data for the research, the library and field methods (researcher-made questionnaire in a five-point Likert scale) as well as the experts' questionnaire (Delphi), were used. The implementation process of this research has been done in two general stages: in the first part of the research, the parameters affecting the risk of flood occurrence were environmental. The software used in this section was ARC GIS and ENVI software. Components used in this section include land topography (height), land slope, slope direction, distance from the river, vegetation density, flood characteristics, rainfall, and land use. Also, in the environmental component section, economic, socio-cultural, structural-institutional, and infrastructural variables have been used. The collected data were analyzed using statistical tests.

The results of the analysis of satellite images in the field of topographic parameters of the land slope, slope direction, height, and distance from the Ghaleh Chaie River and others show that there is a big difference in different villages. The first group of villages that are located in the direction of Ghaleh Chaie are prone to floods due to the mountainous type of the region and also the steep slope, and the other group that is located at the end of the Ghaleh Chaie watershed has a very gentle slope due to its plain location and villages are less prone to face floods. Also, the results showed that from 1971 to 2017, 9 floods were reported in the area. In other words, the return periods of the floods are about six years. Also, since 1971, three floods have been reported, which killed four people in 1979, eleven people in 1990, and twenty casualties in 2017.
The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that the difference between 36 villages in terms of four indicators affecting flooding was significant at the level of 0.000, coefficient of 0.05%. Among these, the variables related to economic effects with the value of F = 13.524 have the highest level of expectation from the other three groups, followed by infrastructure, cultural-social and structural-institutional variables, respectively.
The study of the spatial distribution of the villages indicated that the villages near the Qaleh Chain River are vulnerable due to the high slope of the land, the mountainous nature of the region, the melting of snow, and the flow of water due to rainfall on the slopes of Sahand Mountain. Most of these villages are prone to be affected by environmental factors like slope, proximity to the river, mountainous topography, and so on.

As it has been examined in this study, given that floods are recognized as one of the most destructive natural disasters in the world, the identification and investigation of areas vulnerable to floods as well as the identification of all natural and human components that might influence the occurrence of this this phenomenon can be the starting point for practical and effective planning in the field of flood prevention. Accordingly, in this research, the role of environmental and human factors in the occurrence of floods have been investigated simultaneously. The results show that villages located in mountainous areas with high slopes are very vulnerable to flooding. Since environmental parameters are beyond human control, their effects can be reduced by taking preventive measures. The results also showed that there is a relationship between human parameters and the degree of vulnerability of villages to floods, so it is suggested that to manage flood risk in rural areas, human and environmental components be taken into account and studied simultaneously.

Compliance with the drought, due to the complex nature of the phenomenon, depends on a variety of social, economic, environmental, infrastructure and management factors, and the development process of villages located in drought conditions also depends on several factors that are caused by drought conditions. The drying of Lake Urmia has also made the necessity and importance of adapting rural settlements to the present conditions of this lake inevitable. The present research is carried out with the main purpose of forecasting rural-based rural drought management in the villages of Lake Urmia watershed. The research is applied-exploratory and based on the principles of future research. The results of the research showed that of the total of 67 variables affecting rural drought management based on Urmia Lake, 9 factors are considered to be the key driver: cultivating drought-resistant products, education and skills of villagers, Soil erosion control, attention to livelihoods diversity of villagers, implementation of drainage plans, use of sprinkler irrigation system and drainage, attracting villagers participation in implementation of Urmia lake restoration projects, insurance of agricultural products and livestock against accidents and coping with micro-organisms . Finally, with consideration of research findings, it is suggested that by adopting comprehensive social, technical and agricultural approaches, facilitating the adaptation of villages with drought conditions in Urmia Lake.

Transport is one of the most important activities and an essential component of the economy, which plays an important role in establishing spatial relationships between different locations and, like many existing networks, comprises a set of locations and links that represent inter-location communications. The most fundamental elements of a transportation network are network geometry and level of communication. Investing in transport infrastructure is one of the best ways to develop because economic development in any country requires investment in different sectors and economic activities and without it we cannot expect prosperity, the existence of rural roads and proper transportation play an important role in facilitating sales. And exports of agricultural products and rural products and provides a convenient way to market agricultural products easily. Unfortunately, in Iran, this sector has not been able to reach its true position and needs development and improvement, as many of the problems of rural and urban life are rooted in rural transport. In recent years, only efficient and effective planning can address rural transport issues, bring rural transport services into the area, improve the economic life and communication of the villagers, and solve many of the disadvantages of rural life. In rural areas of Ardebil city where a significant part of the population lives in rural areas, rural transportation and its improvement can improve the conditions and quality of life of the villagers and promote economic growth, rapid transfer of goods to market and immediate customer contact. This is because inadequate access to these areas leads to transportation, backwardness, unemployment and poor infrastructure, leading to rural migration to urban centers. Therefore, in view of the importance of the subject, the present study aimed to investigate the role of rural transport in the development of economic dimensions of rural areas in the central part of Ardebil city (Kalkhuran district) in order to answer the following questions:• From the point of view of household heads, what is the state of transport in the villages?To what extent is the impact of rural transport components on the dimensions of economic  development? What are the dimensions of economic development in the villages under study?

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature and method of the survey component. The statistical population of this study is 12 villages of Kalkhouran village in the central part of Ardabil city with 2946 households. The sample size was estimated to be 340 according to Cochran's formula, but since in some villages the sample size was below ten, the sample size was increased to 356 for better results. The distribution of samples in the villages was proportional to the number of households and the sampling method in each village was systematic random. In order to operationalize the research variables in the independent variable section, three indicators of transport quality, transportation services and rural transport infrastructure in the form of 15 indicators and in the dependent variable four indicators in the form of 23 indicators were used. The instrument used in this study was a closed-ended Likert-type questionnaire whose face validity was evaluated and modified by experts and finally confirmed. Its reliability was estimated 0.753 for Cronbach's alpha and 0.859 for Economic Development. Multivariate regression, one-sample t-test and finally fuzzy TOPSIS technique were used to classify the villages under study.

After determining the weight of each rural transport indicator, fuzzy TOPSIS technique was used to classify the villages. After calculations, positive and negative ideals were identified. And then the sum of the distances of each village from the positive and negative fuzzy ideals, similarity index was calculated and the level of each village was determined. 0 is at the lowest level of the transport indicators. Multivariate regression coefficient was used to investigate the effect of rural transport on economic development to investigate the contribution of one or more independent variables to the dependent variable; The results showed that considering the significance level of the test with confidence level of 0.95 among the four indices of rural transport, transport infrastructure index with beta coefficient of 0.658 had the most effect on the dependent variable. Is 0.432 of the total variance of economic development. The results of one-sample t-test showed that the dimensions of economic development in the studied villages were desirable because the mean of economic, social and environmental dimensions was higher than 3 desirable (3 equals 60% of the respondents). The highest average (3.375) belongs to the index of job diversification and the lowest average is to economic stimulus.

The results of the research findings to answer these questions show that the role of transport is undeniable in the process of economic development of rural areas, but its indicators have different effects on economic dimensions, such as transport infrastructure index. And the narrative has had the greatest impact on explaining the dimensions of economic development. Diversification of jobs had the highest average, followed by increased income, increased investment of urban origin, and finally, economic excitement had the lowest average. The increase in the number of tourists and travelers to the area and the direct sale of rural products have had an impact on rural incomes, with rural transport having a greater tendency to cultivate marketable and guaranteed purchasing products, on the other hand to invest in industry and Rural services have increased and in addition reduced the cost of transporting goods and manufactured goods to the consumer market.

The present research has been carried out to analyze the behavior of the rural community of Varzaqan in the territory of electoral geography and the approach used in it is "spatial-behavioral". Research based on the purpose is practical and in terms of collecting data, itchr('39')s a mixed type (exploratory design - tool development model). According to the research goal, using the qualitative method, through the phenomenological method, the deep understanding, complexity, detail and texture of the studied phenomena have been studied. Then, using this initial identification (in order to arrive at a generalized result), it was attempted to develop the tool using the SEM. Using a targeted sampling method, the sample size of the first phase is 25, and for the second phase, 32 people are localized. Phenomenological results show that the Electoral Behaviors of rural community in Varzaqan county can be analyzed in three main categories: (a) "geographic features" with the themes of "sense of location, neighborhood impact, and localism"; (b) "individual and social" with the themes of "social stimulus and individual stimulus"; and (c) "political" Themes "Engagement Conditions, Affective Role, Political Orientation, and Religion." This behavior is in accordance with the categories of "geographical and political characteristics" with the "rational choice theory", and in terms of "individual and social" with "the pattern of political economy (wise reformed approach)". Modeling results also show that the variable "geographical features" and "individual and social factors" are at the "significant" threshold and the variable "political factors" is within the "average" threshold; The quality test of the structural model shows that "political agents" and "social factors" have "strong" values and "geographic features" have average values to determine the predictive power of the electoral model.  The general model of the SME shows the goodness of fit in the model and shows its generalizability.

Proper governance is a good approach in modern rural management to apply administrative, social, economic, and political authority in pursuit of sustainable development that seeks to improve viability and to reach the healthy village by providing appropriate conditions in different dimensions. The purpose of this study was to investigate and evaluate the proper governance effects on rural areas' habitat. This research is applied in terms of its purpose and based on the descriptive-analytical nature. The statistical population is 32 villages in the central part of Ardabil city with 8038 households. The sample size was estimated to be 366 people based on the Cochran formula, which was promoted to 384 people to achieve better results. The distribution of the number of samples in the studied villages is categorized based on the number of households. In order to analyze the subject in the appropriate variable, seven indicators were used in the form of 39 items and in the variables of viability in three dimensions of economic, social and environmental, 10 indicators were used in 55 items. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of expert and experienced experts. Correlative reliability coefficient based on Cronbach's alpha was 0/806, the viability of 0.835 and overall reliability was 0.821. Results of the findings based on Pearson correlation coefficient indicate that there is a moderate to weak correlation between the indices. The results of multivariate regression show that the participatory index with 0.772 of the total variance of viability is explained and increasing the rate of participation increases the rate of viability in rural areas. The results of the Cooper's technique of leveling 32 villages on the basis of viability showed that only one village was in a very good level, not a village at a good level, and 21 villages were in medium to poor levels, and two villages were at a very weak level, indicating that the viability indicators Not in a good condition.

Tourism planning requires understanding the interaction between supply and demand and the impact of each in relation to the other; Therefore, planning the destination of tourism is one of the important factors of development planning. In the meantime, network analysis is one of the most up-to-date and efficient analytics that enhances their power over superior centers by linking small centers. Given the weakness of the attraction and the diffusion of many tourism destinations, their arrangement in the form of a network helps to synchronize the potential of these destinations; Therefore, network analysis and its applications in regional tourism development are essential. This study aimed to increase the competitiveness of these attractions within the framework of network theory by using a descriptive-analytical method, and the research data were collected by field survey method. The statistical population of the study consisted of 79 villages around 5 tourism centers of Ardebil district. Data are analyzed using NODEXL software, and density, degree, contrast, self-centered computational networks and gravity relations graph. According to the study of tourism network and presenting the spatial pattern in Ardebil area, the research findings show that most single cell villages were studied in south east and southwest part of the region. The central and western part of the region, large multicellular villages, are located in the central, western and northeastern parts of the region. The region's multi-celled villages are located around the tourist centers of the region (Ardebil and Sareen). Therefore, regional development and tourism management should strive to strengthen the link between the region's attractions, and establish a complete network and linkage for optimal use of the region's attractions.

One of the most important applications of information and communication technology is the impact of information and communication technology in the field of employment and entrepreneurship. The aim of this study was to investigate and analyze the impact of employment and entrepreneurship on information and communication technology. This research is applied in terms of practical purpose and based on descriptive-analytical nature. The statistical population of the study is 12 villages of Kalkhoran village with a population of 10048 people. Based on the Cochran's formula, the sample size was estimated at 340 people. To analyze the subject, five indicators of information and communication technology in the form of 42 indicators and four indicators of employment and entrepreneurship technology in the form of 36 indicators were used. The results of the research findings indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between the indicators of information and communication technology and job creation. Also, the awareness effect of villagers with beta coefficient of 0.479 has the most role in explaining job creation and entrepreneurship and 0.227 of the total employment variance is explained and the index educational effects with beta coefficient of 0.039 has the least effect in explaining job creation. And it explains only 0.001 of the total variance. The results of Kodas technique for leveling villages based on employment and entrepreneurship indicators indicate that among the 12 villages studied, Qarahler, Tazeh Kondar Rezaabad and Gilan villages are in the highest level and other villages are in moderate to poor condition.

The drying of Lake Urmia is one of the environmental hazards that has occurred in Iran for two decades and has caused some problems in Rurals. Reducing the vulnerability of villages to drought requires attention to resilience dimensions, so that the village's internal capacities can be used to reduce vulnerability, which also requires training and skill. This research was carried out with the aim of studying the resilience situation of the villages of Ghale-Chahi watershed, the role of practical training in improving resilience and, finally, extraction of key proponents of rural resilience to the drying of Lake Urmia. The research is applied and analyzing the data is descriptive-analytical as well as with a futuristic approach. The results of the research showed that the resilience situation in the studied villages before and after the training had a significant difference at the level of 0.714. Also, the results of the resilience model indicate that the AIR rate in the villages is equal to 0.51 and in the training period is 0.63. The results of the data analysis with the Mick-Mac software showed that the variables of attention to entrepreneurship and employment are considered as the most effective key proponent. In the next stage, social cohesion, social participation, village ownership, social responsibility, risk perception of drought, modification of cropping pattern, new irrigation practices, NGO formation and activity, housing rehabilitation and compliance with technical criteria for construction as a important key to rural resilience. Finally, based on the findings of the research, practical suggestions are presented.

Having different infrastructure services and social and economic facilities is one of the most important development indicators in each planning unit especially in rural areas. To succeed in planning and achieving development, the first step is to examine the real level of regional capability, limitations, and imbalances. The present research is descriptive and analytical. The aim of this study was to measure the level of development of rural areas of Timal Dashe sector and their ranking in terms of the level of facilities and facilities. The statistical population of the study consisted of 4 Ojun districts East, Sahandabad, Abbas, East and West. For collecting required data, two methods of library and field have been used. To analyze the research data and determine the level of development, 27 variables have been used in different economic, social and physical indicators in the rural area. In order to analyze rural development inequalities, the coefficient of variation (CV) has been used. . The results of the research show that the levels of the rural districts are different and according to the general coefficient of utilization, the most suitable rural district (East Azarbaijan) is about 1.34 times the most deprived rural district (Eastern Abbas). Differences in the levels of physical and social contexts are more than economic. Research findings also show that the rural areas of this sector still have a long way to achieve a balanced, integrated and sustainable development.

The present study, with the future research approach, identifies extracts and analyzes key impacts on the development of villages in Bonab. The research method is based on the Delphi method. Initially, a survey of 103 managers and experts in the rural area identified 34 key variables related to the characteristics of 29 villages in Bonab. Using delphi method and with participation of 35 rural experts, the results were analyzed in the micro-macro software environment. According to the results, the most important key drivers are important in the order of magnitude: the logic of the price of products and the elimination of dealers and intermediaries, the disconnection of villages from sanctions, prices and stagnation through the use of local capabilities , Local authorities' attention to sustainable livelihoods, such as changing crop patterns, irrigation modifications, creating employment and entrepreneurship tailored to rural jobs, coping with the drying of Lake Urmia, tackling soil erosion in proportion to the soil conditions of each village, reducing the duration of implementation of plans Development through access to local indicators through the use of local facilities, government investment in villages Social welfare through the use of local capacities of each village, education and promotion programs in villages, and attention to rural native knowledge. Also, according to the results, populated villages and close to the city center have better conditions. Finally, with regard to the situation of the villages of Bonab, proposals for rural development are presented.