یاسین محمدی

Mastery in any discipline necessitates the application of techniques that correspond with its fundamental nature and principles to attain the intended results. The recitation and reading (tilawat) of the Quran, recognized as a specialized art form, exemplify this principle. To execute this art form effectively, one must possess a thorough understanding of the pertinent principles. Central to this understanding is the acknowledgment of the text’s characteristics and a profound comprehension of its deeper meanings. A critical element that significantly influences the art of Quranic recitation is the “internal rhythmic structure of the verses,” which serves as a prominent illustration of the Quran’s rhetorical miracle (i’jaz al-bayani). Considerable effort has been invested in exploring the essence of this rhythmic structure. Grasping this dimension is vital for fulfilling what the Quran describes as “reciting with due right” (haqq tilawat). This analysis adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology to investigate how the internal rhythmic structure of the Quran affects the listener’s understanding of the meanings expressed in the verses. Thus, effectively utilizing the Quran’s internal rhythmic structure to communicate its meanings demands the careful and systematic adherence to recitation principles by the reciter.

The Holy Qurʾān, while being a guiding and illuminating book on the path to human happiness and felicity, contains various kinds of stories throughout its text. To convey a crucial ethical point, warn servants of God, deter them from wrongdoings, encourage the Prophet (SAW) and believers, and so on, this book sometimes presents a narrative in the most concise manner possible, using the fewest words. Given the extensive use of narratives in the Qurʾānic ayahs, understanding this type of speech and its characteristics is particularly vital in order to better comprehend the ayahs and the reasons behind their varied and multiple uses. One way to achieve this goal is to examine and analyze the Qurʾān from a narratological perspective. Based on the literary theory of Roland Barthes, the present study analyzes the narrative structure of Surah Al-Qasas on two levels of story and discourse, and by delving into the details of this theory, which offers a fresh perspective among literary analysis methods, it tries to discover and examine layers of concepts in Surah Al-Qasas that may have gone unnoticed. The narratology of the stories in Surah Al-Qasas revealed that marginal episodes and the shortest indices and catalysts play a significant role in comprehending the story's purpose and the meaning of a given ayah. It also demonstrated that the Qurʾān's unique storytelling style, sometimes using the fewest words and the shortest text, purposefully guides the audience towards the main goal of the narrative, which is the divine guidance.

In order to investigate the effect of sodium nitroprusside (NO donor) on improvement of aged pumpkin seeds under drought stress, a factorial experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design with three replications in Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Seed priming with different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside including 0 (hydropriming), 25, 50 and 75 µM in drought stress levels (0, -0.2, -0.46 and -0.6 MPa) was performed. Germination percentage, germination rate, seed vigor, seedling length, soluble carbohydrates, soluble proteins, memberane electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde content and antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) were evaluated. The results showed that seed priming with different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside mitigated significant decrease of germination parameters of aged seeds under drought stress. At -0.6 MPa, seed priming with 75 µM of sodium nitroprusside increased germination rate, vigor index , soluble carbohydrates and proteins 25, 214.1, 90.8, 117.1%, as well as the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase increased by 34, 14.5, 41.4% in comparison to control, respectively. Therefore, seed priming with sodium nitroprusside specialy with 75 µM is suggested for aged pumpkin seeds by decreasing oxidative stress due to drought stress.