فهرست مطالب یگانه موسوی جهرمی

The purpose of the present paper is to study the effect of levying tax on savings interest on the total portfolio (the combination of economic agents’ financial and capital assets) and saving, using the Financial Computable General Equilibrium (FCGE) approach. For this purpose, the data of the Social Financial Accounting Matrix (SAM) of Iran 2018 was used. Financial assets and liabilities have been separated into ten groups using the statement of cash flow published in 2018 by Central Bank.Model calibration has been done using GAMS software and NLP method. In this study levying a ten percent tax on the savings interest shows that the total savings of economic agents, including households and the government, and the investment of financial institutions in the construction and real estate sector will increase by 0.92%, 9.72%, and 37%, respectively. Also, savings, demand deposits, and shares will increase by 5.13%, 3.2%, and 8.8%, respectively. While, the total direct investment of economic agents decreases by 1.4 percent and the amount of short-term and long-term loans to economic agents decreases by 1.18 and 2.58 percent, respectively. The lack of coherent and advanced financial markets, the avoidance of keeping gold and foreign exchange by economic agents due to risk aversion and the lack of cash returns, and the lack of access to the housing market for all economic agents can be considered as the important reasons for the increase in savings.

Performance of monopolies in the Iranian economy is not only a result of the behavior of certain economic actors, based on principle 44 of the Constitution as the legal basis after the 1979 Revolution. Due to the responsibilities outlined in this principle, state monopolies became a dominant force in Iran's economy, while the private sector continued its activities as a supplement to the state economy. The success of this dependent sector relied on the extent of coordination with the government. The enactment and implementation of the Law on Amending the General Policies of principle 44 in the Constitution was a reaction to the undesirable performance of state monopolies. This law, passed by the Iranian parliament in 2008, aimed to reduce government monopoly and increase private sector participation and competition in the Iranian economy.It is expected that the implementation of this law would transform Iran's economy from a monopolistic state to a competitive one, providing consumers with greater access to higher-quality goods and services while reducing the costs associated with monopolies. To assess the achievement of the objectives of this law, it is necessary to study the structure and performance of Iran's economic markets by using scientific methods to evaluate the degree of monopolistic power and the extent of changes in monopolistic welfare costs.This article attempts to measure the degree of monopoly in Iran's major industries during the period from 2002 to 2019. To achieve this goal, the data from ten two-digit industries of Iran's industrial sector are used, and the stochastic frontier function approach is applied to measure the corresponding mark-up.

In this research, the random frontier approach is used to evaluate the intensity of competition (monopoly) in Iran's major industries within the cost function framework. The cost function is denoted as C = (W, Y, T), where T represents the technology level, Y is the output level, W is the vector of factor prices, and C is the minimum cost associated with each output level. By estimating the cost function, the marginal cost can be estimated for each production level. Also, by inputting the price data, the size of the markup can be determined. Based on the size of the markup, one can judge the level of market monopolization. If the market is perfectly competitive, price and marginal cost will be equal, and the markup or monopolistic power will be zero. On the other hand, if the market is non-competitive, it is expected to have P > MC (where P is the price and MC is the marginal cost). If  P-MC > 0, it indicates the presence of monopolistic power. Since the markup is expressed as θ = (p-MC)/MC, by estimating θ, the Lerner index can be calculated. Furthermore, by calculating the elasticity of cost with respect to production, the return to scale can also be determined for large industries.

In this study, the market power (monopoly power) in large-scale industries of Iran was measured based on two indices including the markup index and the Lerner index. The research findings indicate the existence of market power in these industries. For the average of these industries, the markup was estimated to be 5.22, and the Lerner index was estimated to be 0.839. Both indices not only confirmed the existence of market power in large industries but also emphasized the high level of market power. During the period under study, the highest value of the Lerner index was observed in 2009. Additionally, the study revealed that, on average, the large industries in Iran operate in the decreasing-cost region, which is supported by the increasing returns to scale (RTS =1.47). In other words, the average economies of scale were found to be Es = 0.47, indicating that not all the scale advantages have been fully utilized in these industries. There is a significant concentration in the industries of Iran, as only two industries out of seventy account for 43.3% of the total industry sales; each of these two industries has a share of more than ten percent. Furthermore, eleven industries have a share of more than 5% of the total industry sales, and these eleven industries together hold 82.3% of the total industry sales. All of these figures indicate the high level of concentration in the industrial sector of Iran.Conclusions and policy implications: The research results indicate that the large industries in Iran are highly concentrated. The indices not only confirm the presence of market power (monopoly power) in these industries but also emphasize the significant level of this power. Among the seventy-four-digit ISIC (International Standard Industrial Classification) industries, ten two-digit industries were examined in this study. In the year 2019, the market power in sixty-two industries was higher than 0.9, and these industries accounted for 82% of the total industry sales. In other words, a substantial portion of the industrial sector is effectively controlled in a monopolistic manner.

In recent years, researchers have analyzed migration flows using several experimental methods. This research has considered economic factors (per capita GDP, unemployment rate, and poverty intensity) and environmental factors (drought index (CI)) affecting internal migration in 31 provinces of Iran during 2011-2016. The results of descriptive statistics are displayed in the ArcMap software. Moreover, considering that the location dimension has been confirmed in statistical data on internal migration and explanatory variables based on Moran's I test and in spatial models according to rho and lambda statistics, after testing different spatial models, the SEM spatial model was chosen to examine the research model. For this purpose, GeoDa and Stata software were used. The results of the spatial regression of the cross-sectional data showed that the economic indicators of GDP per capita, unemployment, and poverty intensity have a statistically significant effect on net migration in the provinces of the country. Unemployment and poverty have a negative effect, and income (gross domestic product per capita) positively affects net migration in the provinces. These results are consistent with the economic motives proposed in neoclassical theories and relative deprivation theory in internal migration. Additionally, increasing CI (avoidance of drought) as an environmental factor has positively and significantly affected net migration in the provinces. By combining this result with descriptive statistics, it can be stated that migration is one of several potential strategies for households to deal with environmental changes (drought).

The main purpose of this article was to measure the effectiveness of industrial trade with an emphasis on the technology gap and the intensity of learning in Iran and high-middle-income countries. To meet these ends, the industrial trade using Grubel-Lioyed criteria for 97 countries over 2002-2021 at four-digit HS codes was calculated. Moreover, this study sought to investigate the specific effects of industry and country on industrial trade in the framework of Tobit Heckman's two-stage model, the databases, and statistical information extracted from the World Bank and the International Trade and Development Organization. The results of the study, while confirming the predominance of inter-industry trade compared to intra-industry trade of Iran with partners, indicate the effect of most variables with the expected sign on industrial trade. Among the indicators of technological achievements, only the human skill gap index has a negative effect on industrial trade while the rest of the technical indicators such as technology diffusion and creation showed a positive and significant effect. The results of the learning intensity also provide evidence of Iran's growing experience in producing domestic products similar to foreign ones at a lower cost and acquiring the knowledge of installing and assembling imported capital goods. In addition, the lack’s effects of foreign investment on intra-industry trade between Iran and its partners can be attributed to barriers to entry, such as the tightening of economic sanctions against Iran

Today, taxes play an important role in the economic growth and development of countries by maintaining the existence of the government and financing social programs and infrastructure investment. Also, taxation helps to allocate resources, redistribute income and correct negative externalities as well as support domestic industries. Therefore, tax evasion reduces the role of tax effectiveness in the mentioned cases. The relevance of the subject of the study is evident from the fact that every year an important part of financial income is lost through the activities of financial planning, financial evasion and tax evasion carried out by the private sector. The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between tax evasion and economic growth during the period of 1399-1390 Iran. For this purpose, seasonal data from Denton's method and estimated tax evasion data have been used. In this study, in the form of a three-part model, the effect of extra-fiscal on economic growth has been investigated using Autorgessive distributed lag (ARDL). The results show that in the short term, in the economic growth model, the coefficient of tax evasion variables, employment rate, foreign investment and oil income is negative. However, in the long run, the impact of tax evasion, employment rate, oil revenue and average tax burden on economic growth is positive. Despite the fact that the coefficient of foreign investment is not significant.

The governments of developing countries noticed that environmental taxes, in addition to helping to achieve environmental goals, also make it possible to achieve other economic and social goals such as reducing the unemployment rate. In the past, policies aimed at minimizing the unemployment rate have a negative impact on other policy goals because they reduce private incomes, especially for people on government benefits. Therefore, it is politically difficult to implement environmental policies. However, for green tax reforms to be socially acceptable, complementary policies such as public spending cuts should be minimized to reduce the burden of green taxes on the private sector.

Green taxes lead to a decrease in social welfare and have a greater impact on endogenous public expenditures. Therefore, minimizing public expenditures as a complementary policy to promote the labor market effects of green tax reforms in developing countries will fail. Was.

As a result, policymakers in these countries should look for other ways to help them reduce the green tax burden on business, which in turn will enable them to implement environmental tax reforms.

In the present study, Spss26 software is used to describe the statistical population and research data, Excel software is used for the Dimtel technique and fuzzy Delphi analysis and fuzzy ANP software. In the second level, the fuzzy Delphi method is used using Excel. In the third level, Fuzzy Network Analysis Process (FANP) was used based on the constituent questions and variables. At the last level, Dimetal technique was used to check the relationships.

Most countries have experienced rapid growth in their health care costs in recent years. Given the growing cost of this sector, it seems important to identify the components that affect health spending. The purpose of this study is a comparative study of factors affecting the cost of private and public health care in selected developed and developing countries.

The present study, using time series data for the period 2000-2019 and based on the data panel method, has examined the variables affecting health expenditures for the private and public sectors.

The variables of GDP, life expectancy, population over 65 years and urbanization rate in both groups of private and public in selected countries have a positive and significant effect on health care expenditures; The population under 14 years of age in both groups of countries had a negative and significant relationship with health care expenditures in both sectors; Also, out-of-pocket payment variable has been negative and significant in developed countries and positive and significant in developing countries. The coefficient of foreign aid variable in developing countries has been negative and significant. There is no literacy rate with health costs.

Considering the share of public and private sectors in health expenditures in developing countries, governments, as the largest public institution, should take the necessary measures to increase the share of public sector in health expenditures.

 The emergence of information technology has led to a huge transformation in the world of business. However, the type and degree of impact of information technology and its different parts onthe efficiency of companies is not known; Efficiency in economics is a broad concept that is used to indicate the state of best possible performance and includes the minimum cost of producing goods or services, the maximum amount of production and the maximum market performance. (ODonnell, 2018). Recently, rapid technological developments have made companies use information technology to ensure their growth in order to survive in the business competition (Fadhilah & Subriadi, 2019).In Iran, the importance of this technology in the field of industry, economy and trade has not been properly clarified for managers and capital owners. Therefore, it is of great importance and necessity to conduct a research that shows the impact of the use of information technology on the efficiency of companies in a documented manner and using data from various companies at different times. Also, information technology has different parts (hardware, software, database, network, human resources) that the use of each sector requires investment and spending the company's limited resources in those sectors. Now, focusing on which part can have a greater effect on efficiency is also an issue that is addressed in the current research. Therefore, the current research tries to address this issue by using econometric models and relying on real data. Therefore, the main goal of the current research is to investigate the effect of information technology on the efficiency of companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange, and based on this, the main and sub-hypotheses of the current research are proposed as follows:Information technology has a significant impact on the efficiency of companies.Investment in hardware, investment in software, investment in database, investment in network and investment in skilled human resources have a significant impact on the efficiency of companies.

 The current research aims to investigate the impact of information technology on improving the efficiency of companies with an analytical-applicative approach. The statistical population of this study includes companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange during the 5-year period from 2014 to 2019. And the research sample is the data of 41 companies that were selected using the systematic elimination sampling method. The variables examined in this research include the dependent of the companys efficiency information technology in five areas:hardwared) Hardware-Invi,(, software (software-Invij), network and communication facilities (Network-Invij), database (Database-Invij)  and investment in skilled human resources  (Humanresources-Invij), company size and risk. The method used in this research (in order to investigate the relationship between independent and dependent variables) is the pooled data model.In order to estimate the model, we first use Limer's F statistic to determine the presence or absence of width from separate origins for each section (using the methods of combined regression patterns and panel data pattern); If the combined regression models are not confirmed, the Hausman test is performed in order to use one of the fixed effects model and the random effects model for estimation. The models investigated in the current research are derived from the model (Fadhila and Sobriadi, 2019).

 The findings of the research indicate that information technology and its components have a positive effect on improving the efficiency of companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. In this equation, the role of the controlling variable of company size is also confirmed. In fact, information technology can increase the efficiency of companies by investing in five sectors: hardware, software, database, network, and human resources, and this means that companies that have invested more in information technology had a higher efficiency rate.

 that investing in hardware has a positive effect on improving the efficiency of companies. Therefore, it can be said that with the increase in the investment of companies in the hardware sector, the efficiency of the companies accepted in the stock exchange has also increased. Investing in software has a positive effect on improving the efficiency of companies. Based on this finding, it was found that companies can achieve improved efficiency by investing in software and increasing readiness to provide facilities and keep pace with technological developments. Also, investing in the database has a significant effect on improving the efficiency of companies. Based on this, it can be concluded that companies can increase their efficiency by increasing their investment in the database. Investing in the network has a significant effect on improving the efficiency of companies. Networks consist of intranet, extranet and internet. The presence of these networks in the company facilitates the process of exchanging information, carrying out processes and making decisions, and ultimately improves the efficiency of the company. Investing in human resources has a significant effect on improving the efficiency of companies. Therefore, it can be said that companies' investment in human resources can improve the efficiency of companies. Based on the results, the companies were looking for higher efficiency by investing in this sector. Based on the investigations carried out in all the fitted models, it is clear that the company size variable has a positive and significant effect on the efficiency of the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange  This factor indicates that larger companies, in terms of size, have experienced higher efficiency, and this factor can be caused by the distribution of the fixed cost of these companies on other costs.

The economy of many countries around the world is now dependent on commercial activities in ports. Although ports are considered among the most important transportation infrastructures that can greatly affect economic growth, less attention is paid to ports and their relevant commercial activities in Iran. This study used the mixed-data method to address this issue by reviewing the data related to Khuzestan, Bushehr, Hormozgan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Guilan, and Mazandaran provinces of Iran in the period 2005-2017. The results showed that the operating capacity of ports exhibited a significant and positive effect on the economic production of the studied provinces. In addition, the uploading and offloading volume showed a significant but nonlinear effect on the economic production of hosts. In other words, the economic production increased with the increase in the operating capacity of ports but further increase in the operating capacity beyond the critical point negatively affected economic production. The study findings also indicated that human development, economic growth rate at the beginning of the studied period, employment, government investment in ports, government’s working budget, technology, manufacturing structures, and urbanization rate had positive and significant effects on the economic production of the studied provinces.

Internal and external economic crises and shocks are inevitable in different countries. Many countries are unable to resist economic crises and witnessed undesirable economic events. On the other hand, some countries are highly resilient to domestic and foreign economic crises.  The single-product countries are more vulnerable to economic crises than other countries. Resilience of the economy can help move the economy towards sustainable development.Sustainable development is a development that meets the current human needs without harming the capabilities of the future generations to meet their needs. For sustainable development, four dimensions including governance, economic, environmental and social dimensions are considered. Analyzing the growth history of countries reveals the fact that international trade has been the engine of economic prosperity and expansion of most advanced and developing societies. In order to achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to have trade relations with other countries of the world.Also, the country's distance from international trade centers due to specific geographical and political conditions will be an obstacle to the development of the economy. In this way, the peripheral dimension is proposed as the fifth dimension of sustainable development to show the political and geographical isolation of the country. In this article, first, the dimensions of sustainable development and its subgroup variables are determined. Then the impact of sustainable development dimensions on the state of economic vulnerability and resilience of different countries are analyzed. The statistical sample includes two groups of countries including G7 member countries and MENA countries. This study investigates the state of vulnerability and resilience (VR) of these two groups during 2017-2020.

In this article, Graph theory and Tarjan's algorithm are used to analyze the relationships within the network of variables influencing sustainable development and to examine the relationship between these variables and economic vulnerability and resilience. Tarjan's algorithm is looking for a strongly connected graph that can identify the fundamental variables affecting economic vulnerability and resilience and finally determine the maximal graph. The final output of Tarjan's algorithm is n* variables for measuring VR. Tarjan's algorithm divides the variables into two general parts; The first group of variables that causes vulnerability and resilience and the second group of variables that is created as a result of resilience and vulnerability. The initial set of variables in the dimensions of sustainable development includes economic, social, environmental, governance and peripheral dimensions. After identifying the relationships between the 43 variables presented, a graph is drawn that expresses the relationships between the desired variables.

The results of the algorithm reveal the fact that the resilience of the model is due to the economic and governance dimensions. If the "economic" or the "governance” dimension are specifically removed, the capacity of the directed graph which is resilient to the strongly connected feature will definitely be lost. Since governance and economic dimensions directly affect other dimensions, they are called as control dimensions. On the other hand, social, environmental and peripheral dimensions are considered as contingent dimensions.Therefore, contingent dimensions are directly dependent and influenced by control dimensions. In this research, the Net Vulnerability and Resilience Index (NVRI) is separated in all dimensions and calculated in the range of -1 and 1. The NVRI time series is shown during the period and based on the sample countries. The results indicate that in all periods, the status of the NVRI index of the G7 countries was better than the MENA countries, and all the G7 members had resilient economies.

According to the index calculations, the countries are classified into four states of uncontrolled vulnerable, limited vulnerable, unstable resilient and sustainable resilient. The G7 countries are sustainable and resilient, which means that in these countries, resilience has surpassed vulnerability. The countries of Oman, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Occupied Palestine and Bahrain from the MENA group are also sustainable and resilient.The main strength of MENA countries, which are in the group of sustainable resilient, is focused on the peripheral dimension and how these countries interact with the global economy. Among these countries, the UAE and occupied Palestine have a more suitable situation. MENA countries are mainly in the pure and uncontrolled vulnerable group. The governance dimension and then the economic dimension are the important factors of the vulnerability of these countries.The temporal analysis of the index for the selected countries shows that the majority of the countries that are in the sustainable resilient group did not change their situation during the period under review. Iran is an uncontrolled vulnerable during the years 2017-2020, and in all periods, the index in governance and economic dimensions has been negative and vulnerability is more than resilience.The analysis of the NVRI index examines the strengths and weaknesses of MENA and G7 countries with a sustainable development approach. It helps the policymakers to get strategic suggestions to improve the situation in weaker countries by following the example of the countries that have a better VR state. The goal of quantifying the state of vulnerability and resilience is to achieve sustainable and inclusive growth in accordance with international programs.

The emergence of social networks has led to a change in the paradigm of social communication in all aspects of human life. This study, while describing the influential space of these networks on women's economic life, seeks to examine the economic value of Instagram as an example of non-market goods within the framework of microeconomic concepts. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to estimate the Willingness to accept (WTA) female users in Tehran to avoid using Instagram for one month using One-and-one-half-bounded dichotomous choice (OOHB) method. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to estimate the Willingness to accept (WTA) female users to avoid using Instagram for one month using OOHB method. This study is classified in terms of fundamental purpose and terms the descriptive survey research method. The total volume of the sample was determined by the Michelle and Carson 384 formula and the 7 -price range of the proposed questionnaire was specified by Cooper. The results of this study showed that the minimum Willingness to accept users to not use Instagram for a month was 415474 Tomans'; Approximately the monthly welfare surplus equivalent will be 989 billion tomans. The study's results indicated that education variables, income, time of using Instagram, and budget to access the Internet had a positive and significant effect on women. The results also showed that the age variables and the head of the household had a negative and significant effect on the desire to receive female users.

One of the challenges faced by governments in the last century is environmental crises such as temperature increase, climate changes, environmental pollution, loss of plant and animal species, etc. European and North American or Japanese governments often use green finance laws and instruments to advance their environmental protection policies.

 In this research, in the first step, the researcher will identify the effective criteria and models on the green tax by using the expert analysis approach using the fuzzy Delphi method, and after screening, he will introduce the implementation models. In the second step, by using the causal theory of the Dimtel method in the fuzzy evaluation environment (due to the high precision of the fuzzy method approach, this approach has been used in the analysis), the tolerance evaluation of the executive models will be carried out. Finally, the correlation executive model will be presented. The fuzzy network analysis model, which is a comprehensive approach to the green tax open environment problem, will classify and grade the identified patterns.

Using analytical and library methods, this study shows that tax, as one of the financial policy tools, plays an important role in sustainable growth and development and ensuring social justice. The main goal of this research is to investigate the classification process of green tax in environmental instruments, in order to achieve sustainable development.

Iran can increase the share of its tax revenues and leave a positive impact on the quality of the environment by designing and implementing green tax (environmental taxes) as one of the common tax bases in the countries of the region.

With having 80 percent of world trade, ports nowadays are the most important national and international window towards trade. Despite their Increasing importance in development of transportation, ports and the relevant activities are completely neglected in Iran. Significant relationship between ports development and their capacity and throughput drive an important question: what is the net effect of port throughput on the host areas growth? The present study analyses the question using data of six provinces including Khoozestan, Booshehr, Hormozgan, Gilan, Mazandaran, and Sistan and Baluchestan during 2005-2017 (1384-1396). Results show that ports capacity, human development, economic growth at the initial period, employment, government investment in ports, government's current budget, wage, technology, production structure and urbanization have significant positive impact on economic output of the provinces while the transportation cost has a negative one.

In various studies, to evaluate and measure the poverty, based on the poverty line, the poor are divided into the poor and non-poor and based on the data of the poor households, different indeces of poverty are calculated. Since the rate of poverty varies, the effect of each poor individual on the society varies as well. In this study, the size of poverty in Iran is measured by Fuzzy Membership Function. In the current study, using the raw data, the household income of the Iranian Sensus Beauro, from 1385 to 1397 is calculated using the index of age poverty by Gini coefficient and Bonferonie standard, in classic and fuzzy modes of poverty size. The results show that using the fuzzy logic has a significant effect on poverty size so that in the classic mode, it is significantly less than that of the fuzzy mode. The results also suggest that in both the classic and the fuzzy ways, using the Bonferonie standard instead of Gini Coefficient causes the rise of poverty.

In today's world, policymakers are trying to consider the preferences and desires of society as a pillar in the decision-making and implementation of economic policies; Policy-making in the field of social media is no exception to this, so understanding the behavior of consumers and users of social media, makes the possibility of policies more successful. In this study, using the one and one half bound dichotomous choice model, non-market value and the Willingness to accept users not to use Instagram have been estimated. The proposed amounts in the questionnaire are designed by the Cooper method. The total sample size is determined by Michel and Carson formula to 781 users. The corresponding function was estimated by the maximum likelihood method. The results show that the minimum desire to receive users for not using Instagram for a month is 379578 Tomans, the equivalent of 989 billion Tomans, approximately the monthly welfare surplus. The variables of household income, education, family budgets for access to the Internet and time of using Instagram have a positive and significant effect, and age, head of household, sex, marital has a negative and significant effect on the Willingness to accept users for non-use Instagram. The results showed that among the users, the highest desire to receive is related to the group of employees and then respectively, related to, students, , homemakers, freelancers, unemployed and retirees,.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the causal relationships between entrepreneurship development, economic growth and unemployment by Vector Auto Regression (VAR) and to investigate the effects of shocks on these variables in Iran. For this purpose, seasonal time series data from 2006-2016 and Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI) and Central Bank of Iran (CBI) were used. The findings of Granger causality test show that a bilateral causality between economic growth and unemployment and a unidirectional causality from economic growth to entrepreneurship index were confirmed and there was no causality relation between entrepreneurship and unemployment in spite of correlation among them but, a third variable, GDP, is the cause of changes in both variables. According to analysis of impulse-response functions, only the shocks caused by entrepreneurship index are enduring in the model. Also, according to the result of variance decomposition, among three variables, the largest share in entrepreneurship changes is related to the entrepreneurship index itself. Therefore, it can be stated that only entrepreneurship policies can improve the component of entrepreneurship index.

Paying attention to the importance of international trade, analyzing and recognizing the country's trade relations and examining its obstacles and incentives play an effective role in the path of economic development, because international trade affects the growth rate of the economy through access to foreign markets. Technology has played a significant role in shaping trade patterns, and there is a significant relationship between trade and technology in empirical literature. It is important to evaluate the effect of distance and technological gap as a variable that can play as an obstacle or an incentive for the country's trade relations. Therefore, the gap in technological progress can be one of the most important determining bilateral trade and economic growth between countries. In the present study, 43 trading partner countries of Iran, which had the most trade with Iran between 2001 and 2020, were selected, and the relationship between the technology gap and the industrial trade was estimated using the gravity model and Panel-ARDL regression. The results showed that the gravity model is in place in Iran's economy in the long term. Also, in the long term, the technology gap between Iran and the commercial side, based on the index of research and development costs, will lead to a decrease in the trade of the industrial sector of Iran and its commercial partners. reducing Iran's technology gap with trading partner countries, it increases industrial trade

The purpose of this study is to investigate the challenges of privatization of the banking industry and to identify the causes of its inefficiencies in the governance layer. To this end, in the theoretical framework of neo-institutionalist economics, Williamson's four-tier conceptual model became the basis of the analysis. Based on the selected model, the basic assumptions, ideas and goals of the government from the implementation of the privatization program, government policies to reform the institutional environment and government policies to achieve efficient governance structures on the way to market economy, and the results of these policies at the operational level. Both in terms of opinion and in terms of practice, based on content analysis, data related to the implementation of the privatization program were analyzed. The results showed that the roots of the inefficiency of the privatization program should be in the first priority in the fallacies in the basic assumptions and the expected goals of privatization in practice, in the second priority in the failure to fulfill the expected functions of the transfer of ownership in the privatization process. The basis of the expected functions of it, and in the third priority in the government's adherence to the style of economic governance with an acting approach instead of governing with a game-making and regulatory approach on the way from state economy to market economy. The results of these failures in the three layers of economic governance have led to the failure of the price mechanism in the market.

Understanding the water content of export and import products in international trade has an effective role in the optimal management of water in Iran as a country with water stress. The main purpose of this study is to identify the balance of water content of products in Iran's foreign trade. For this purpose, using the input-output tables - 2016 and considering the interrelationships and dependencies between major economic sectors including agriculture, mines, manufacturing, electricity and gas production, treatment, supply and wastewater, buildings, services and others, the Water footprint index, net import of virtual water and some indicators related to water consumption have been calculated. The results show that in 2016, Iran was a net importer of virtual water. Although the agricultural sector has the highest national water footprint ( 89%), according to the water consumption multiplier index, increasing water consumption in this sector has very little effect on increasing water consumption in other sectors. After the agricultural sector, the manufacturing sector has the highest intensity of indirect water consumption (3.5 cubic meters / million Rials), and the increase in water consumption in this sector has the greatest impact on increasing water consumption in the economy. So that the increase of one unit of water consumption in this sector increases the water consumption of the agricultural sector by 7 times and the water consumption of the whole country by 9 times. After the agricultural sector, the highest amount of virtual water content (direct and indirect water consumption) was allocated to the treatment, supply and wastewater sector(5.8 cubic meters / million Rials). The services and other sectors, which has been the largest net exporter of virtual water ( 217 million cubic meters), have the largest water footprint after agriculture.

Green taxes are one of the old economic tools in environmental protection that have been used for many years in different countries. The use of this tool is very necessary in the cases suggested by environmental economics and prevents the release of excessively optimal social pollutants. The use of green taxation as a favorable mechanism to help curb climate change and promote environmentally sustainable occupational practices was supported.

The study of green tax design is the main subject of this research. Research and study of the practical application of green tax It is necessary to learn the background information about it. Definition and classification of green tax is the existential reason behind green tax. Statistically, it was determined using Cochran's test and by designing a questionnaire and checking their validity and reliability (in the case of the reliability of the questionnaire, the compatibility coefficient of the comparisons was 0.0196, which is less than 0.1, so the comparisons can be made. () In order to evaluate the results with the help of Excel and SPSS software, green tax variables were classified. Green was identified and after screening the executive patterns were introduced. In the next step, with the help of Demetel method in the fuzzy evaluation environment, the executive patterns were evaluated in relation to each other. Classified Took.

The various dimensions studied in this study are the core efficiency, the dimension of maintaining and improving the quality of the environment, the dimension of applicability in various fields, the dimension of increasing income and effective in the economy, and the dimension of sustainable development, respectively. Among the dimensions, it could be used with a weight of 0.97, with the highest weight. In the second place, the axial efficiency weighs 0.1873. The average dimension is equal to 0.1659.

Basically, this tax is used to reduce the negative impact on the environment caused by business activities. Given the importance of green taxes, it is suggested that green taxes should be included in the government's environmental policy portfolio. Environmental taxes require companies to offset their pollution costs with environmental activities or pay higher taxes.

Neglecting the commercialization of technological products will lead to a lack of productivity and a drop in production indicators among companies active in this field, and this will mean the country's inability to achieve development. This study aimed to investigate the factors behind the commercialization of technological products in Iran. This research is purposefully a practical study, and the statistical population consisted of marketing and commercialization experts. These experts were identified using purposive sampling along with the snowball method. A Grounded Theory Paradigm Model is the method of analysis. We used purposeful techniques and snowballs for sampling. Twenty experts were finally interviewed regarding data adequacy. Accordingly, the main dimensions of the commercialization of technological products have been classified in the form of a paradigm model under eighteen sub-categories and eight categories. The results of the research show that appropriate capacities such as expert human resources are one of the most important factors that make investors and technology-based companies interested in commercializing and implementing such models, be at the organization level

In this article, we try to examine how to eliminate poverty and inequality throughthe negative income tax system. In this study, the rate of poverty and inequality iscalculated through Kakwani poverty indicators and Gini coefficient inequality index,respectively. Negative income tax rate (0.5) for the income distance to the povertyline, is considered and the statistical sample of the study includes the cost andincome of 12961 urban households in Iran in 2018. The results of this study showthat the plan to impose a negative income tax (0.5) will reduce the povertycalculated based on the Kakovani index from 0.54 to 0.24 which shows a decreaseof about 0.55%. The Gini coefficient decreases from 0.38 before the policy to 0.17,which means a 55% reduction in inequality. On the other hand, to completelyeradicate poverty in Iran, according to the data of 2018, there must impose anincreased tax rate of 60% on the income surplus of non-poor people up to thepoverty line.

Economic vulnerability, is a country’s structural feature, making it exposed by out-of-control economic exogenous variables.On the other hand, resilience stems from how macroeconomic policies are adopted.The purpose of this article is to analyze the relationship between sustainable development, vulnerability and resilience in the Iran's economy in the time period of 1391-1398.In this way, sustainable development consists of 5 Dimensions: Economic, Social, Environmental, Governance, Peripheral and also includes 44 variables as a sub-indicator of each development's dimension. It uses graph theory and Tarjan Algorithm for study the network structure of relationships between variables. The Algorithm identifies34 variables as the fundamental variables affecting economic resilience and vulnerability and introduces economic and governance Dimensions as control (major) Dimensions; Social, Environmental and Peripheral Dimensions as Contingent (minor) Dimensions.The results show that weakness of Iran's economy in this period was due to vulnerability and resilience in governance and economy Dimensions.Among the contingent Dimensions, the Peripheral dimension has the worst situation in terms of vulnerability and resilience.The innovation of this research is in studying the Dimensions of sustainable development and its effect on vulnerability and resilience, moreover graph theory has been used in order to study the influential variables for the first time in Iran. In this algorithm, without limiting the number of input variables, the phenomenon can be analyzed comprehensively. furthermore, a holistic table has been prepared, by focusing on the variables affecting the state of vulnerability and resilience in the theoretical foundations of the subject, that has not been shown in any other studies.

Payments out- of- pocket is one the major sources of financing health services in the most developing countries, including Iran. These payments be caused households confront with catastrophic healthcare expenditure if it would be more than 40% of households’ ability to pay.The purpose of this study is to investigate the physical zoning of Iran’s provinces based on the proportion of urban households facing catastrophic healthcare expenditure, using the income-expenditure data of urban households of the Iranian Statistical Center during 2010-2016. The results indicate that the proportion of urban households facing catastrophic healthcare expenditures with a relatively constant trend is 10.3% in average for entire country during the mentioned period. Also, by comparing the provinces’ proportion of urban households facing catastrophic healthcare expenditures can figure out that in spite of its more or less pendulous trend, increased for 63.3% of provinces and decreased in 23.3% of provinces, during that period. Therefore, it can be declared that the health system cannot achieve the goal of reduceing the proportion of households facing catastrophic healthcare expenditure based on Article 78 of the Law of the sixth five year Economic, Social and Cultural Development Program.

The main purpose of this paper is to measure the multidimensional inequality index. To achieve this goal and answer of what trend inequality has gone through during the study period, using the data of the household expenditure income plan of the statistical center of Iran and also using the Bourguignon index, inequality was measured in several dimensions for the period 1984-2018. In addition, it should be noted that in this study, household expenditures were initially adjusted based on age composition and number of household members by calculating the equivalence scale. This adjustment was made possible by estimating the share of expenditures of different commodity groups by considering its functional form in the the quadratic almost ideal demand system (QUAIDS). Then, using data mining techniques and Principal Component Analysis(PCA), the weight of the studied dimensions in the analysis (income, education and health) was calculated and when measuring inequality, the degree of social aversion of inequality was considered in the form of two scenarios, zero and one. the results of this study indicate that the magnitude of multidimensional inequality per zero value for both the degree of social aversion of inequality parameter and the degree of substitution parameter based on the Bourguignon, index is between 0.28 and 0.41 in urban areas and between 0.26 and 0.41 in rural areas. fluctuations in the Bourguignon index and the Gini index of income have not necessarily been similar. The findings of this study also showed that the size of multidimensional inequality in rural areas is lower than urban areas in most of the years studied. There is an approximate similarity between its trend in urban and rural areas. Inequality in the 1980s was higher than in other periods (despite higher oil revenues than in the previous and subsequent periods and more government shares transferred than in previous periods), in the early 1390s, declined, and then increased again. Finally, the research findings indicate the failure of the egalitarian goals of development programs and thus emphasize the need for a fundamental review of the forthcoming programs with more attention to distribution by the market institution rather than the government.