مقالات رزومه دکتر پرویز آزادفلاح

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Embodied Sense of Self Scale (ESSS).

This is a psychometrics study. Participants were 215 Iranian people (160 females and 55 males with a mean age of 33.34±10.81) who were different based on age, education level, marital status and place of residence. They were selected from the general population by a convenience sampling method in 2020-2022. After translating the Persian version of the ESSS, it was completed by the participants online, along with the dissociative experiences scale II (DES-II) and the prosocial tendencies measure (PTM). Data were analyzed in SPSS sifwaer, version 27 and R version 4.3.2 Lavaan package using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the average variance extracted (AVE), Pearson correlation test, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and McDonald’s omega coefficient.

The three-factor structure of the scale was not confirmed by the CFA but the two-factor solution (agency and narrative) had good fit. The AVE values for agency, narrative, and overall scale were 0.45, 0.52, and 0.42, respectively. The correlation coefficient of narrative and agency domains with subscales of DES-II were in the range of 0.33-0.55. The correlation values of agency and narrative with subscales of PTM were in the range of 0.17-0.30. The Persian ESSS had good convergent validity but had low divergent validity. Cronbach’s alpha values for narrative and agency subscales were 0.86 and 0.83, respectively and McDonald’s omega values were 0.84 for both subscales, indicating the good internal consistency of the two-factor structure of the Persian ESSS.

The Persian version of the ESSS with two subscales has acceptable validity and reliability for Iranian samples; however, exploratory factor analysis is needed to reach optimum validity.

The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Body Awareness Rating Scale (BARQ) among the Iranian sample.

The present study is a descriptive study in terms of the nature of data and data collection method and a fundamental study in terms of purpose. Among female students of Azad University, North Tehran Branch, 100 people were selected as a statistical sample using available sampling method. The research instruments were body awareness and body awareness questionnaires (BAQ). To analyze the results, correlation coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis were used.

The results showed that Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the performance component was 0.79; Mood, 0.74; Emotions are 0.80 and awareness is 0.82. The total alpha coefficient was 0.81. In the content validity test, the values related to the mean extracted variance (AVE) were also higher than 0.5, which confirms that the content validity of the body awareness ranking scale is acceptable and appropriate. Finally, the results showed that the reliability, divergent and convergent validity of this scale is desirable and acceptable.

Using the tools made and identifying the body's awareness in individuals, it is possible to support many people through educational measures, counseling and interventions.

Effectiveness of educational and therapeutic programs in interventional studies, need the initial evaluation of the program which is provided in the feasibility study. The purpose of this study is to provide a detailed review of the feasibility study and its components, as well as to provide a scale for researchers to evaluate the feasibility of psychological programs and protocols.

First, according to the feasibility components, a checklist was prepared in the form of 54 questions. After compiling a checklist to examine the content validity ratio and content validity index, 12 experts were selected using the purposive sampling method and scored the appropriateness and necessity of each question.

The appropriateness of the questions was obtained from 0/83 Up to 1, and the results of S-CVI/ UA and S-CVI/ Ave and Cronbach’s alph showed that the present checklist has a high content validity index and reliability.

Feasibility studies are critical to the successful implementation of randomized controlled trial interventions as one of the important studies to support the effectiveness of the intervention and provide strong evidence for the acceptability of an intervention and its implementation in the long term.

With the increasing importance of environmental problems, environmental psychology also seeks to create a sustainable relationship between humans and nature. In this regard, the present research investigated the role of personality traits in pro-environmental behaviors to better understand this relationship. It has also investigated the mediating role of place attachment in the relationship between personality and pro-environmental behaviors.

The method of this study was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of this study was the students of Tarbiat Modares University in the academic year 2020-2021, 250 people were selected by available sampling method. To measure the research variables, the personality traits scale of McCree and Costa (1992), the place attachment scale of Safarinia (2013), and the questionnaire compiled by Ferdowsi, Mortazavi, and Rezvani (2007) from the environmental protection behavior questionnaires of Kaiser, Wolfing and Fehrer (1999) and Tarrant and Cordell (1997) were used. To analyze the data, the path analysis method was used in the structural equation model.

Fit indices and path coefficients (p<0.05) showed that the personality factors of extroversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness play a role in environmental behavior due to the mediating role of the place dependence factor.

If a person is extroverted, agreeable, conscientious, and has attachment to their place of living, they are more likely to exhibit pro-environmental behaviors. As a result, by knowing the relationship of individuals with different personality traits and affective relationships with home, their positive environmental behaviors can be strengthened.

This study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Family Attachment and Changeability Index (FACI8).

The sample group included 313 male and female participants (age range 12 to 71), who were selected using the available sampling method. The Persian version of the Scale was applied with Connor- Davidson Resilience Scale and Cohen et al.'s Perceived Tension Questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis and convergent and divergent validity were applied to evaluate the validity of the scale and Cronbach's alpha was used to evaluate its Internal Consistency Reliability. For examining the Test-Retest Reliability, the scale was performed on 35 subjects and Pearson correlation was used to measure it.

The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated the fit and desirability of the two-factor model. Significant correlations between the factors of the Scale with of Resilience Scale and Perceived Tension also confirmed the divergent and convergent validity of this scale. The reliability of the scale using Cronbach's alpha coefficient calculation for the whole scale is 0.87 and the test-retest correlation coefficient of 0.9 Obtained.

In general, it can be said that the Persian version of the Family Attachment and Changeability Index, which has two factors (attachment, changeability), has a factor structure similar to the original version of the scale and has the necessary validity and reliability to use in psychological research in the Iranian sample.

Despite the increasing importance of emotion regulation, there are limited scales for its assessment. Mentalized affectivity theory proposes a novel perspective on emotion regulation. This study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of briefmentalized affectivity scale (B-MAS).  

This is a descriptive psychometrics study. Participants were 414 students from Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran University, and Shahid Beheshti University in the academic year 2022-2023, who were selected by a convenience sampling method. They completed the Persian versions of B-MAS, ten-item personality inventory (TIPI), satisfaction with life scale (SWLS), Beck anxiety inventory (BAI), and difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS). Construct validity was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent and divergent validity were assessed by the Pearson correlation test. Internal consistency (using Cronbach’s α), test re-test reliability, and composite reliability were also evaluated.

The CFA results confirmed the three-factor solution (identifying, processing, and expressing) and showed the good fit of the model. The significant correlation of the Persian B-MAS score with the BAI, TIPI, SWLS, and DER scores confirmed its convergent and divergent validity. Cronbach’s α for the three factors was from 0.86 to 0.88. Test re-test reliability for the three factors was from 0.75 to 0.80. Composite reliability was from 0.79 to 0.82.

The Persian version of B-MAS with three subscales has acceptable validity (construct, convergent, divergent) and reliability for psychological studies on the Iranian population.

The inability of couples to resolve conflicts and deal with them appropriately may lead people to divorce. This study was conducted with the aim of determining factors affecting divorce in Iran during the last 10 years.

In this study, a systematic review was done. All the articles in the last decade (2010 to 2020) about the causes of divorce in Iran in Persian and English and in the databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Megiran, ISC, SID were indexed using Persian and English keywords. From all the articles found, following the data entry and exit criteria, 27 articles were finally extracted and analyzed using the PRISMA guidelines.

The obtained results can be classified in several categories. These classes include demographic factors, economic factors, cultural-social factors, personality factors, factors related to incompatibility between couples, family factors and biological-psychological factors. In addition, 20 of the most important causes of divorce in the last 10 years were: male unemployment, lack of moral understanding, infertility, cultural and religious differences, involvement of family members, mental illnesses, drug and alcohol addiction, financial problems and insufficient income, from forced and forced marriage, sexual dissatisfaction, domestic violence, indifference to spouse, infidelity, remarriage, physical diseases, unrealistic expectations, immorality, foul language and obscenity, legal and judicial problems, lack of trust in each other, and moral corruption and illicit pleasures.

The findings of this research can help health policy makers to reduce divorce as a serious social harm by developing detailed programs.

Although conflicts and disagreements are inevitable in emotional relationships, they have many impressions on the quality and durability of the relationship. Clarifying the conflicts between the partners, in addition to being an effective step in evaluating the relationship, is a critical step of relationship assessment and a necessary factor in dissatisfaction intervention programs. Therefore, this study aims to prepare and standardize the Persian version of the Reasons for Disagreement in Romantic Relationship Scale (RDRRS).

As the research sample, 285 men and women living in Tehran, completed RDRRS, Relationship Assessment Scale(RAS), Relationship Quality Scale(RQS), and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire(OHQ) among which the last 3 ones were carried out for assessing the RDRRS validity. The construct validity was examined with the methods of confirmatory factor analysis and convergent and divergent validity through Pearson correlation. To check its validity by calculating Cronbach's alpha, the main test was re-administered for 30 participants after two weeks.

The factor analysis of RDRRS revealed six main factors: Inadequate Attention or Affection; Jealousy & Infidelity; Chores & Responsibilities; Sex; Control & Dominance; Future Plans & Money. The reliability coefficients using Cronbach Alpha were equal to 0.75 to 0.90 for the main factors, 0.82 for the total score, and 0.39 for the test-retest sample. Also, to check the convergent validity, a significant correlation was obtained between the factors of RDRRS with the relationship evaluation questionnaire and the divergent validity with the happiness questionnaire.

According to the acquired results, the Persian edition of RDRRS has a factorial structure the same as the original scale. The Persian edition of RDRRS is a suitable scale for studying disagreements among Iranian couples.

The present study aimed to investigate the psychometric ‎properties of the Persian version of the Romantic Love Myths Questionnaire (RLMQ) developed by Lara and Gómez-Urrutia (2021). The research method is validation and the research population includes all individuals aged 18-24 born and resident in Iran in 2021-2022. 364 individuals‎‏ ‏were ‎selected through the convenience sampling method. Being translated and back-translated, the Persian version of RLMQ ‎was prepared and administered with other scales- The dating Violence questionnaire (Rodríguez-Díaz et al., 2017) and Perceived Relationship ‎Quality Components Short Form (Demir, 2008). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was implemented to investigate the validity of the questionnaire ‎and convergent and divergent validity of the questionnaire were evaluated with other scales. CFA results point out that the ‎Persian version of RLMQ has a two-factor structure (idealization and love–abuse) like the original form. The reliability of ‎the questionnaire was assessed by Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability‏.‏‎ The significant correlation of factors with the ‎used scales pointed to the content validity and divergent validity of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the ‎entire questionnaire was 0.70. The composite reliability for idealization and love abuse were respectively 0.81 and 0.83. ‎Regarding the fact that the composite reliability was greater than 0.80 and the average variance extracted (AVE) for both ‎factors was above 0.5, the convergent validity of the factors was confirmed. According to the results, the Persian version of ‎RLMQ is a valid questionnaire for use in Iranian populations.‎

The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of Persian version of the Religious and Spiritual Straggles Scale.

The population included Iranian adults in Tehran in the age range of 14 to 75 years old, who were selected using the available sampling method. The Persian version of the Scale applied with the Elliott (1983) Spiritual well-being and Cohen et al.'s (1994) Perceived Tension Questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis and convergent and divergent validity were used to evaluate the validity of the scale and Cronbach's alpha was used to evaluate its reliability. For examining the reliability of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale, it was performed on 37 subjects and Pearson correlation was used to measure it.

The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated the fit and desirability of the six-factor model. Significant correlations between the factors of the Scale with of Spiritual Well-being and Perceived Tension also confirmed the divergent and convergent validity of this scale. The reliability of the scale using Cronbach's alpha coefficient calculation for the whole scale is 0.8 and the test-retest correlation coefficient of 0.9 Obtained.

In general, it can be said that the Persian version of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale, which has six factors, has a factor structure similar to the original version of the scale and has the necessary validity and reliability for using in psychological research in the Iranian sample.

An intervention mapping approach is a systematic approach for designing and formulating theory-based interventions in various fields and areas. This six-step approach defines the path of formulating an intervention in a regular and precise manner, from identifying a need or problem to identifying and testing potential solutions and evaluating its effectiveness. The activities identified at each step provide a logical and conceptual basis for how behavior changes and conditions are affected to promote the health, prevention, or improvement of an issue. Therefore; Researchers, creators, and implementers of an intervention can explain how an intervention succeeds or fails. Using the intervention mapping approach increases the possibility of success and achievement of an intervention to its goal. This approach applies to any intervention aimed at changing behavior. The purpose of this study is to carefully study this approach and its steps for designing psychological interventions that, if used properly, can be formulated and implemented as effective interventions

People go beyond the meta personal self-construal dimensions to find the meaning of life and self-definition, the sense of identity in these people goes beyond self-focus and includes a sense of connection with all beings. In order to study the cognitive, motivational, emotional, and behavioral effects of this dimension of self-interpretation, it is necessary to have a tool that has acceptable validity and credibility. The aim of the present study is to validate and validate the Persian version of the meta-personal scale (MPS) and to examine its psychometric properties.

The sample of the present study included 200 students studying in the academic year 2020-2021 at the University of Tehran and Shahid Beheshti and was selected using the available sampling method. The Persian version of the Metapersonal self-scale (MPS) was prepared after the translation process and was administered along with the interpersonal reactivity index questionnaires and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale. In this study, to evaluate the validity of the scale, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, concurrent validity, and divergent validity were used. Correlations between the meta personal scale scores and Interpersonal Reactivity Index and DASS-21 scale were used to assess concurrent and divergent validity respectively. The reliability of the Persian version of the Metapersonal scale was assessed via Cronbach’s alphas and ordinal theta.

The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirm the one-factor structure in the Iranian sample and indicate the good fit and desirability of the one-factor model (χ2⁄df= 2.607, GFI= 0.917, RMSEA= 0.069, SRMR= 0.053). Significant correlations between the transpersonal self-scale with the interpersonal reactivity index scales and the depression, anxiety, and stress scales also confirm the convergent and divergent validity of the transpersonal self-scale (p <0.05). The validity of the scale was obtained by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the whole scale 0.86 and the sequential theta of the whole scale equal to 0.84.Discussion and

In general, the results of this study indicated that the Persian version of the meta personal scale is unidimensional, which has appropriate reliability and validity for application in psychological studies conducted for Iranian samples.

Psychotherapy is one of the most important and attractive directions in psychology. Most of the researches are concentrating on the statistical and clinical significance of psychological treatment in comparing a given treatment group with the other groups or placebo ones. It is worth noting that therapy leads always to no positive outcome. Sometimes it makes some clients worse and some of them remain without any change (no change). The therapy failure has been ignored. The focus on statistical and clinical significance which is predominantly evaluated using quantitative pre-post outcome questionnaires remains unclear what this means for clients in their real situations. To do this, it is needed to combine treatment evaluation with quantitative and qualitative outcome measures. This paper aimed to provide a theoretical view and practical steps for inquiring therapy failure: “no changing” and “deteriorating” after receiving therapy. Finding the roots of this failure improvement the theoretical basis in explanation of a psychological disorder and the related psychotherapeutic package. This paper stayed away from theoretical and practical ignorance.

Children’s screen time is increasing and has devastating effects on various aspects of their development and health. This systematic review study was conducted to investigate the role of family and shortcomings in interventions to reduce children's use of digital media. PsycNet, ScienceDirect, Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ISC, SID and IranDoc were searched from 2000 to 2019. All research studies that were RCT with children under age 12 and aimed to reduce ST in children were eligible to study. 18 of them were eligible and were included in the review. Most of the strategies used were behavioral and cognitive, and family factors, including communication between family members and child- parent relationship as an important and influential factors in managing child behavior were largely neglected across the articles reviewed. Awareness of parents about the negative consequences of children's over- use of digital devices and training them to perform alternative and joint activities as two main elements can make interventions be more effective than when they focus only on teaching skills to children. In addition, involving parents in interventions is more effective when other influential factors such as child and parent characteristics, quality of parent-child interaction, patterns of parenting behaviors, parenting styles and influencing factors in home environment should also be considered.

The purpose of this study is to design a comprehensive model for measuring organizational schizophrenia in the Overseas Office of the Radio and Television of Iran. For this purpose, the mixed method approach- exploratory, from quantitative to qualitative- has been used. Based on the literature review of existing studies, 140 indicators of organizational schizophrenia were identified and accordingly, the Delphi questionnaire was developed and implemented in two rounds. Then, the indicators with appropriate mean was classified and validated by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In the final step, by compiling the organizational schizophrenia scale, the employees in Overseas Office of the Radio and Television Organization were evaluated. The statistical population in the Delphi analysis section included 30 university professors in the field of management and psychology, psychiatrists and managers and high-ranking employees of the IRIB, and in the quantitative section, 160 managers and employees of the Overseas Office of the IRIB. Judgment sampling method was used in documentary analysis and Delphi analysis. Moreover, stratified sampling was used in the factor analysis and evaluation of the target community in Press TV, iFilm, and Hispan TV networks. Data were analyzed by SPSS and AMOS software. Findings showed that 91 indicators, proposed for organizational schizophrenia, have a favorable average and the agreement between experts and specialists participating in the Delphi process about these indicators was 78% in terms of relevance and 73% in terms of necessity. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that 91 indicators of organizational schizophrenia scale can be reduced to 11 fundamental factors that explain 75.744% of the changes and variance of schizophrenia scale which includes schizophrenic organizational behavior, emotional-psychological component, interactive, technical, behavior Individual, institutional, path and goals, socio-spatial, negative mood and ethics, leadership, communication and organizational cooperation. Moreover, Structural equation modeling showed that the 11-component scale of organizational schizophrenia has an acceptable confirmatory fit and validity.

Theories and empirical studies in the development of BPD posit that adverse family context, in which dysfunctional parenting is obvious, is associated with symptoms of BPD. So far, most studies in this area have been focused on retrospective reports of BPD patients from their childhood environment. Due to the limitations of this type of studies and the lack of in-depth study in this area, the present study was conducted to discover and describe parenting in families with offspring suffering from BPD. A qualitative study design using a content analysis approach was used to gather and analyze data. A purposive sample of family members of BPD patients was made. Data were collected by conducting fifteen in-depth unstructured interviews. The recorded conversations of the interviews were written word by word and data analysis was done by administering coding and categorizing strategies. After analyzing the data, "Destructive pattern of parenting" was extracted as the main theme. This theme includes 6 categories: "Physical and emotional maltreatment of children", "Over strict control", "Lack of parental care", "Instability in dealing with children", "Child-centered treatment" and "Prevention of children's autonomy". The results showed that, it seems the dominant behavioral patterns of parents of these people have been inappropriate and destructive which indicates the link between destructive parenting and BPD in offspring. The results, on one hand, emphasize the role of parental behavioral and interactive patterns in the emergence of BPD traits and on the other hand, it highlights the presence of traumatic characteristics in these patients’ families.

Mentalized affectivity is a new approach that expresses the process of emotion regulation through a dynamic perspective. Since social-cognitive variables and cultural context play a major role in the process of mentalized affectivity, the present study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Mentalized Affectivity Scale in Iran.

A total of 447 students were selected via the convenience sampling method. The Persian version of Mentalized Affectivity Scale was administered simultaneously with other scales. exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses was used to evaluate the validity of the scale. Moreover, convergent validity and divergent validity of this scale were assessed with other scales. The reliability of the scale was calculated by Cronbach's alpha, coefficient theta, and composite reliability.

The results of exploratory factor analysis showed four factors of emotion recognition, emotion processing, emotion tracing, and emotion expression. The significant correlation of factors with the used scales pointed to the content validity and divergent validity of the scale. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the entire scale was 0.93. The composite reliability of the factors was in the range of 0.82-0.89, and the coefficient theta of the scale was reported as 0.98. With respect to average variance extracted (AVE) greater than 0.5 and composite reliability greater than 0.8, the convergent validity of the factors was confirmed.

As evidenced by the obtained results, the Persian version of the Mentalized Affectivity Scale is a valid scale in the field of emotion regulation and social cognition that can be used for Iranian populations. The factor structure includes four factors.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive - behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) in reducing self- focused attention and fear of negative evaluation in patients with social anxiety. The study design pre-test - post-test in which 40 students with social anxiety disorder were selected and randomly assigned to either group CBT and IPT. Tools used in this study included the Structured Clinical Interview, the Focus of Attention Questionnaire (FAQ), the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), and the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale revised version (BFNE-II). Data were statistically analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA). The results showed that there was no difference between the two psychotherapies in the improvement in self- focused attention and fear of negative evaluation. The findings of this study showed that both therapies are equally effective for self- focused attention and fear of negative evaluation in patients with social anxiety. Given that IPT is as effective as cognitive-behavior therapy in reducing the fear of negative evaluation and self-focused attention, it could be used to reduce the symptoms of social phobia, especially the fear of negative evaluation and self-focused attention.in situations where IPT is more efficacious, such as those with milder dysfunction in social and cognitive performance.

Previous studies have shown that family risk factors such as poor parenting, unstable, strict, inflexible and harsh discipline, and parental stress increase the risk of developing any of behavioral and emotional problems in children. Mindful parenting is based on the principles of mindfulness that have been developed in response to the shortcomings and criticism of behavioral parenting programs. Mindful parenting allows parents to understand their children without prejudice and to help parents be more responsive and less reactive in parenting. Therefore, the present research aimed to determine the effectiveness of mindful parenting on reducing the externalizing problems of male primary school students and their mothers' parenting behaviors in Iranian society.

This was quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest, follow-up and a control group design. The mindful parenting education program is considered as an independent variable and the externalizing problems of children and their mothers' parenting behaviors are considered as dependent variables. The research population included all mothers of male primary school students with externalizing problems in Karaj. The research sample consisted of 18 mothers of children with externalizing problems who met the inclusion criteria in research. Sampling was performed in two stages of available and purpose-based methods. The data were analyzed using repeated measures (mixed design) in SPSS software Version 20.

Data analysis showed that there was a significant decrease in the overall score of externalizing symptoms in the experimental group compared with the control group after the end of mindful parenting education sessions. The effect of the intervention was significantly kept after 2 months. Another finding of the research showed that there was a significant improvement in parenting behaviors and a reduction in negative behaviors in interaction with their children in the experimental group compared with the control group after the end of mindful parenting education sessions. The effect of the intervention was significantly kept after 2 months.

The results of the research support the effectiveness of mindful parenting education in reducing externalizing problems and improving parenting behaviors of mothers of male children with externalizing problems. Therefore, it is possible to use this method in Iranian samples

The purpose of this research was to identify the psychodynamic dimensions of object relations and determine its role in predicting marital satisfaction.

194 married men and women were purposefully selected in Tehran who had been married for at least 2 years and did not have an acute psychiatric disorder. Participants completed the Bell object relations Inventory (2003) and ENRICH marital satisfaction scale (1993).

The results of correlation analysis showed that there is a significant negative relationship between marital satisfaction and the dimensions of object relations (egocentricity, alienation, insecure attachment and social inadequacy). The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that different dimensions of object relations including egocentricity (R2=0.394, p < 0.001), insecure attachment (R2=0.054, p < 0.001) and social inadequacy (R2=0.016, p=0.05) are the most significant variables in predicting marital dissatisfaction. Moreover, results showed that egocentricity (R2=0.444, p < 0.001), and social inadequacy (R2=0.061, p < 0.001) in men and egocentricity (R2=0/323, p < 0/001) and insecure attachment (R2=0.061, p < 0.001) in women, respectively are predictors of marital dissatisfaction.

The findings of the research provide evidence for the model of psychodynamic explanation in marital satisfaction