مقالات رزومه دکتر داوود مختاری

Tectono-karst processes play an important role in the formation and change of landforms. Some areas, such as Zagros in Fars province, are affected by tectono-karst activities due to being in a tectonically active area and also having karstic formations. Due to the importance of studying landform changes in different planning, in this research, the analysis of tectono-karst processes in the formation and expansion of the transverse valleys of Zagros, Fars, from the range of Avaz to Karmostaj has been done. In this research, Sentinel 1 radar images, SRTM 12.5m high digital model, 1:100000 geological map of the region and hydroclimatic information of the region are used as the most important research data. The most important tools used in the research were ArcGIS and GMT. This research has been carried out in two stages according to the desired goals, in the first stage, the tectonic status of the region has been evaluated using the SBAS time series method, and in the second stage, using the Fuzzy Logic-AHP integrated model, to the potential The measurement of areas prone to the development of karstic processes has been discussed. The results obtained from the SBAS time series method have shown that some of the transverse valleys of the region are subsiding in comparison to their downstream regions, and this problem has caused a decrease in the height difference, a decrease in the speed of runoff, creating the necessary opportunity for erosion and dissolution, and in The result is the transverse development of these valleys. Also, based on the results, all the transverse valleys are located in the category with high or very high potential for the development of karstic processes, which indicates the role of karstic processes in the formation of transverse valleys in the region. The total results of this research have shown that the formation and development of transverse valleys in the studied area were affected by tectokarst factors.

Rivers are environmental forms that react strongly to changes in their bed, tectonic is the most important factor affecting morphology of the river, causing significant changes in river systems. In this study, using the digital elevation model (DEM), Geographic Information System (GIS) and Global mapper 13, we investigated the effect of tectonic activity on river systems in the eastern slopes of Mullah Daghi, southeast of Zanjan province, this The area is drained by Abhar river. Using the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in the Arc Gis 10.2 software environment, required maps including geological maps, topography and…, Geological map of 1: 250,000 leaves of Zanjan was used to prepare the fault map. In order to achieve the research objectives, tectonic activity indicators including: are Mountain front sinuosity, basin shape, drainage density, longitudinal gradient of the river, River maze, basin asymmetry, hypersometric integral, the topographic symmetry of the basin and the width of the valley floor to the height. The combination of these indicators is achieved by the tectonic activity index (IAT). The results obtained through the Iat index indicate the activation of tectonic and neotectonic in the watershed of Ardejin and Abhar and the moderate activities in the basin of the zareh bash basin. The impacts of these activities on river systems that are different from the tectonic indexes in the studied basins, such as river meanders(main stream), coniferous formation (Ardejin watershed basin),  tilt watersheds  abhar and Ardejin and  the shape of the basins (Basin elongation zareh bash)

Road transport network is facing a wide range of natural and human disasters, because of geographical extent and functional diversity. In addition to direct damage to road transport networks, accidents can cause indirect damage to road network users and even entire community. Present research is an attempt for assessing potential areas of road accidents in highways of East Azerbaijan province. In this regard, four main criteria (climate, environmental, topographic and road factors) and fourteen sub-criteria were used. The weights of each criterion and their sub-criteria were computed using ANP model. In doing so, the final map of proposed sites for road accidents was prepared by integrating them with standard layers. The results of this study revealed that road safety criterion has the most importance in road accidents and the sub-criterion of the crash is also of paramount importance. Furthermore, the segment of Koshksaray-Marand was the most dangerous area and segment of Jolfa-Norduz was the least risky area in terms of the probability of occurrence of road accidents in highways of East Azerbaijan province.

Urmia Lake is one of the largest saltwater lakes in the world, which unfortunately is drying up and has caused many dangers and concerns, especially in relation to salt dust in its dried areas. Therefore, in this research, we tried to investigate the relationship between vegetation and dust in the cities around Lake Urmia. Salinity in plants causes physiological disorders, salt stress causes growth, photosynthesis, protein, respiration, energy production, premature senescence, water reduction in plants. Considering these effects, it was tried to evaluate the overall health of plants by using related indicators including NDVI, CIre, GCI, CRI2, NDWI, NDII, MSI, PSRI. These indicators evaluate the amount of plant water, plant water stress, photosynthesis capacity, plant growth and water deficit, the amount of chlorophyll, nitrogen and pigments, which are related to plant energy and health. According to these indicators, the health of plants is generally in a favorable condition, and mostly the highest numerical values of the indicators were assigned to gardens. Using Landsat and Sentinel 2 images and the NDVI index, the vegetation changes of the region were determined in the period from 2010 to 2020, and then using the MERRA-2 database, the amount of dust concentration was also extracted for the mentioned years. The results showed that the average NDVI in the studied area follows a constant trend with an overall average of 0.2957 and sometimes it increases or decreases due to the influence of external factors such as dust. Based on this, the highest (0.3495) average NDVI is related to 2018 and the lowest (0.2579) is related to 2013. Also, two methods of linear and logarithmic regression were used to investigate the relationship between vegetation cover and dust, and the results showed that based on the linear (0.7703) and logarithmic (0.7915) regression, the highest coefficient of explanation between the two mentioned indicators was in May. have been.

The aim of this study is to estimate the rate of soil erosion and its relationship with landforms of Zonuzchay catchment in Marand city. In this study to estimate the rate of soil erosion and sediment production, the modified global model of soil loss (RUSEL), geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) was used. To implement the model, rainfall erosivity factors (R), soil erodibility factor (K), slope length-gradient factor (LS), support practice factor (P), and cover-management factor (C) in Arc GIS environment calculated and Then a soil erosion map was drawn. Topographic position index (TPI) was used to classify and map the landforms of the basin. Then, the role of different landforms in relation to soil erosion rates was investigated by combining relevant maps. The results showed that the values of soil erosion in Zonuzchay basin vary between 0 and 50.20 tons per hectare per year. Valleys and cuts located on heights and slopes have the highest rate of erosion and low-slope domains and flat areas and plains include areas with low and very low erosion. In Zonuzchay basin, soil erosion is mostly on the builders of Flysch type deposits, red and gray conglomerates with Marny layers and alluvial terraces. Investigation of regression relationships between (RUSLE) model factors and soil erosion of Zonuzchay basin showed that the slope length-gradient factor has the greatest effect in calculating the rate of erosion of Zonuzchay basin. .

The present research has been written to assess the capabilities and zoning of the geo-tourism capabilities of Tarom. The research method in the current research is mixed (quantitative-qualitative) with a practical purpose and analytical-exploratory nature; in order to analyze the information, Comanescu’s capability measurement method, Fuzzy Network Analysis Model (ANP-FUZZY), and also GIS software. The research results showed that the geo-sites of Tarom County have high geo-tourism values. Meanwhile, the geo-site of the Valider Sheit River has the highest value, the geo-site of the Ghezel Ozan River ranks second, and the Nokian River ranks third. Also, the investigation of the geo-tourism criteria of Tarom shows that 46.49% of the studied area is suitable for the development of geo-tourism. On the other hand, the geo-sites with high value in the Comanescu Model are consistent with the potential geo-tourism zones resulting from zoning in the county and have an acceptable level.

Alluvial fans are among the areas prone to geomorphological hazards. One of these hazards is liquefaction, which the main purpose of this research was to investigate this phenomenon in the surface of the alluvial fan. The FUZZY-VIKOR combined model and GIS technique were used to prepare the liquefaction risk potential map. The used parameters in this research were: slope, depth of underground water, type of soil and seismicity. The information layers of each of these parameters were prepared in the ArcGIS software environment. Next, the fuzzy model was used to standardize the layers. At the end, the weighting of the parameters was done by Vikor method. . The results of weighting the parameters by Vikor method showed soil and depth of underground water have obtained the highest importance coefficient with the weight of 0.442 and 0.236 respectively. The final map was prepared by overlapping the layers and multiplying the final weight of the criteria in each layer in 5 classes from very low to very high potential. The final map was prepared by overlapping the layers and multiplying the final weight of the criteria in each layer in 5 classes from very low to very high potential. The results of examining the area of each risk class showed that 0.28% of the area is in the very high class and 70% is in the high class in terms of the risk of liquefaction. Mainly, the areas with high risk potential are located in the downstream parts of the region.

In addition to their importance and role in providing water resources, karstic water resources also have a high potential for vulnerability, which is why these resources are always exposed to pollution. Given the importance of the issue, this study identifies vulnerable areas in Ravansar basin. The research data includes 1:50,000 topographic maps, 1:100,000 geological maps, a 10-meter-high digital model, and digital layers from various organizations like soil layer. After collecting the required data, using COP and EPIK methods, the areas vulnerable to contamination were identified and then the results were compared and evaluated. The results estimated by COP and EPIK methods showed that Ravansar basin has a high potential for vulnerability, so that based on the results of both methods, many parts of the region are vulnerable. Based on COP method, 27.8% of the area has a very high vulnerability potential, and based on EPIK method, 29.5% of the region has a high vulnerability potential. Moreover, in terms of spatial distribution of vulnerabilities, based on the results obtained from both methods, the northern regions have the highest vulnerability potential and the southern regions have the lowest vulnerability potential.

Alluvial fan flooding occurs as a flood occurring on the surface of an alluvial fan or similar terrestrial shape that originates from the source at the peak and is characterized by high velocity flows, active erosion processes, sediment transport and unpredictable flow paths, any point in the Active alluvial fan may be at risk of flooding, and flooding changes over time.Lack of attention to the geographical features of an area in relation to urban development causes instability of landscapes and geographical phenomena. Floods are one of the Risks that have challenged Pardisan town. Floods cause a lot of damage to the area every year. The location of this area of Qom city in the area of floods and its acceptance, as well as its rapid development, requires comprehensive studies in this place. There is access from the slope, air conditioning, access to transportation roads as well as smooth space in urban development, so that this area can be studied logically and in principle. The purpose of this study is to answer the question whether the development of Qom city in the study of geographical features has been done or not? To answer this question, it is necessary to conduct field evaluation and review patterns and models.

The study area is located in the area of Qamroud river and in longitude 50°41'14" west and50°54'17" east and latitude34°18'50"south and 34°34'15" north. The desired area is 222 hectares. The general slope of the region is south to north, where the southern part is mainly composed of old alluvial fan deposits and the northern part is composed of new deposits. Field and satellite images, reports, land use maps and topography of the regional water organization and natural resources of Qom province are among the important sources used in this research. Due to the size of the area, we divided the area into 15 basins. In this research, two qualitative and quantitative methods have been used. In the qualitative method, geomorphological indices of flood risk zones were determined and in the quantitative method, using numerical data in hec-Ras software environment, a 100-year flood risk map was drawn and finally the results of both methods overlapped and a final map was presented.

The term active refers to areas of the alluvial fan where deposition, erosion, and instability of flow paths are possible. If floods and sedimentation have occurred areas of the alluvial fan over the last 100 years, such areas can clearly be considered active. Such conclusions can be drawn from historical data, photographs, aerial photographs taken at different times, and engineering and morphological data. To study the flood zones, we first need to analyze the current situation in the region. To do this, using hazardous images, vegetation maps, waterway network maps and field visits, hazard zone analysis was performed on alluvial fans. Taking into account the desired indicators, the initial flood risk area in the area of Pardisan town was drawn. The indicators presented can give us an overview of the current situation, which is basically accompanied by flaws and shortcomings. We need mathematical modeling for better and more accurate representation.Before entering the flood modeling, it is necessary to prepare hydrometric data from the study area. For this purpose, we will first extract this data. In this study, due to the lack of a hydrometric station in the study area, a Rational method has been used to calculate thmaximum flood flow Equation(1) Q=1/360 CIA Q= peak flood discharge in cubic meters per second C = surface runoff coefficient, I = maximum rainfall intensity in millimeters per A = basin area per hectare To analyze the intensity, amount and duration of floods for flood warning programs, we need a flow diagram. Which is obtained from the following relations; Equation(2) Qp=0.208A/Tp Equation(3) tp=D/2+ti E D is the required continuity for rainfall (hours), t is the latency of the basin (hours), A is the area of the basin (square kilometers), Qp is the peak flow rate of the unit hydrograph in cubic meters per second for one millimeter of runoff, and tp is the peak time. Equation(4) D=0.133Tc Equation(5) ti=Tc/1.66Tc is the precipitation concentration time which is used in SCS method with delay method using the following formula. Equation(6) Tc=0.000142L^0.8 〖(25400/CN-228.6)〗^0.7 S^(-0.5)Where L is the length of the canal in meters, S is the slope of the main canal in percent. The curve number (CN) is determined by the soil characteristics, the type of land use and the previous soil moisture conditions. According to the diagram, 15p, 14p, 9p, 7p, 9p, 2p basins introduce the largest volume of flood into the alluvial fans.After obtaining hydrological data from the existing relationships, we proceed to simulate floods from the study area. After creating the geometric model, a one-dimensional model was created for all the main channels. For this purpose, riverbeds, shorelines, flow path determination, cross sections and surfaces resulting from the intersection of cross sections were extracted. After constructing the geometric model of the main channel, it should be combined with the geometric model of the entire study area (floodplain) and an integrated model suitable for hydraulic modeling should be obtained. In creating a computational network, it is necessary to enter the desired cell dimensions.

In this paper, the Poisson Point Process model has been used to analyze the frequency and intensity of hot and cold extreme temperatures at Abali station. The Poisson Point Process Model (Paritou- Poisson) is designed based on Peaks over threshold method. In this method, a suitable temperature threshold was first selected using statistical methods and then the Paritou-Poisson distribution was fitted to values higher than the threshold.  Estimation of distribution parameters was carried out using Maximum likelihood Method and extreme temperatures were estimated for different return periods. To validate the model, Q-Q charts and χ2 statistics were used. The results showed that the Poisson point process model has a great potential for modeling the extreme temperatures

Adherence to non-operating defense principles in locating infrastructure, especially military centers, can reduce vulnerability and damage in times of danger and crisis and any military threat. There are several factors affecting this location, most of which are natural geographic (climatic and geomorphological) factors. Considering the development of cities and the placement of military centers within the urban context and the lack of adherence to non-operational defense principles in their placement and construction in the past, as well as the need to relocate most of the existing military centers at the provincial level, the importance of the case doubles. One of the main goals of the research is. Two groups of data were used in this study. Climatic data obtained from the Provincial Meteorological Organization and other data obtained from topographic and geological maps and related organizations The present study deals with the role of climatic elements and other effective factors in locating military sites. The purpose is to identify areas that are prone to non-operating defense principles. The strategic position of the East Azerbaijan Province in northwestern Iran in order to align with the Republic of Azerbaijan and Armenia and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and to position itself on the European and Central Asian communication axis further emphasizes the importance of non-operational defense principles in locating sensitive and military centers. . The research method in this research is based on the Network Analysis Process (ANP) and GIS analysis. After weighting the layers and overlapping them and examining the principles of non-operating defense, the final mapping was prepared and the results show that among the factors Effective in locating military centers in the study area, climatic factors have the highest weight (0.34).

In recent years, tourism has emerged as a smoke-free industry and has become a substantial source of income for many countries in world trade. It is also an important element in improving and regulating the trade balance and balance of payments. Therefore, strategic planning for the development of this industry has become crucial in most countries. The purpose of this study is to identify effective drivers in the strategic planning of tourism development in Tabriz. The research method used in this study is both applied and descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study includes approximately 2000 people, which comprises managers, officials, urban experts, and academic elites of Tabriz. The sample size was estimated at 340 based on the modified Cochran model. The research data was analyzed using the partial least squares model in Warp-PLS software. The findings indicate that the most important drivers of tourism development with a focus on historical-cultural tourism are related to legal-political, economic-marketing, and managerial drives, respectively. The coefficients extracted based on the structural model of the research for each driver are 0.71, 0.65, and 0.53. Among the sub-variables, the most influential ones are related to measures such as correcting negative perceptions and eliminating Iranophobia to increase motivation for traveling to Iran, enhancing international tourism cooperation, removing barriers such as bureaucratic regulations and accommodation issues, providing proper information and advertising in target markets, building institutional interaction and trust between public and private bodies, using participation, establishing accommodation facilities that comply with international standards, and providing facilities based on the nationality and culture of tourists through an appropriate needs assessment of their preferences.

Due to their geomorphological characteristics, alluvial fans are part of the high flood risk area. Placement of human phenomena in flood zones is a factor that intensifies the instability of currents. For this purpose, in this research, we applied the location of human phenomena in the geographical space of Pardisan in the flood zone with an applied-experimental method. To achieve this goal, the HEC-RAS-6 hydraulic model has been used as a working tool. Due to the size of the area, the area was divided into 15 sub-basins. First, the sub-layers of rivers and floodplain network were extracted, then human phenomena in the studied space were extracted and located on the RAS background map. Then the measured data and values ​​were considered and implemented in the model. By locating the phenomena and considering the conditions of the alluvial fan flood, it was determined that the 100-year-old flood in the area of ​​railway and communication lines, stairs in the west of Pardisan, west side of Payamnoor University, upstream of Pardisan town and also agricultural lands, has a high vulnerability rate. In general, despite the newly established Pardisan town, urban design and subsequent study and modification of the route did not match the geographical features of the region and the prospect of instability has prevailed in the geographical space of the area. It is suggested that for the future development of the city, the flood route be improved and monitored upstream to maintain environmental sustainability.

Geodiversity is recognized as an important aspect of nature conservation in itself and is a material consideration in planning decisions in developed countries. In recent decades, many researchers have turned their attention to the definition of geodiversity and its relationship to biodiversity, natural environment protection, ecosystem services, and geotourism. In the emerging science of geodiversity, geomorphodiversity evaluates the shape of the surface features of a place or region. Different geomorphological landforms may occur in a geographical environment that creates a variety of landforms called geomorphodiversity. The purpose of this study is to provide an indicator of geomorphodiversity as an attempt to replace landforms with DEM-derived morphometric parameters and finally to prepare geomorphodiversity maps of the study area; Geomorphodiversity Index (GmI). DEM As the only input data, this approach makes it possible to achieve topographic variables with different horizontal resolution and vertical accuracy and to test more than one topographic data for an area. Thus, the GmI method uses geomorphological data only for result validation and not as input parameters to avoid the limitations mentioned in geomorphological thematic mapping. The Mishu Mountains contain a variety of geomorphological phenomena.
this mountain are less popular today among different regions due to habitat destruction and species extinction. In the past, it was one of the most valuable regions in the country in the regional network and was considered an irreplaceable region. Due to the recent droughts and the lack of codified management plans and also due to the lack of attention in control and supervision of miners and also one of the main conflicts in the Mishu Mountains, we can point to the imbalance between livestock and rangeland. This area has witnessed many destructions over the past years. Mainly the geodiversity of the Misho Mountain region has been involved in its development, providing both opportunities and constraints that need to be managed and understood. With the advent of new approaches in geodiversity, geographical spaces such as Mount Misho can be used effectively.

The study area is located in northwestern Iran. Its highest peak is Ali Alamdar with a height of 3155 meters. In terms of morphological and geological characteristics, it is divided into two parts, Eastern Misho and Western Mishu. In this study, the GMI Quantitative Geomorphodiversity Index presented by Melelli et al. (2017) is used to evaluate. Analysis of indicators and using advanced software such as GIS software, Land Face software and SAGA increases the validity of research findings and results. This analysis includes five factors taken from Melelli et al. The sum of these five parameters shows the geomorphodiversity of the region (Equation 1).
1 : GmI = Geov + Ddv + Rgv + Spv + Lcv
GmI Index of geomorphodiversity:1. Geov is a classified raster map of geological diversity.
2. DdV is a categorized raster map factor for drainage density variability.
3. Rgv Classified raster map is a factor of roughness variation.
4. Spv is a categorized raster map.
5. LcV Classified Raster Map is a factor in Landform classification diversity.
It is necessary to mention that except for the geological map factor, in other factors, the maps went through two stages of processing. The first step is to extract the raw data. The second stage is normalization using natural ruptures. This algorithm reduces the variance within the groups and maximizes the variance between them. Normalization uses the ArcGIS 10.7 reclassification tool to create five classes for each factor. V1 is the lowest while V5 is the highest diversity class (V). This formula is classified into five categories (very low) to (very high). The focus of the research method of this model is the spatial analysis of indicators obtained from Dem 12.5 meters. To evaluate the variability of each parameter, a focal function (neighborhood statistics function) is applied as a result of the variability.

The results of this study showed that the range of geomorphodiversity of the study area decreases from the peaks to the plain and areas with low geomorphodiversity value are located in the plain. The lowest diversity (V1) consists of Quaternary deposits and the highest diversity (V4 and V5) is composed of carbonate formations, intrusive masses, and volcanic formations because they are the rarest type of rocks all over the earth's surface, located mainly in the eastern Mishu. The high values of diversity in the geological factor are related to the erosion-resistant geological substrate (such as volcanic compositions and intrusive masses) and the lowest values of diversity are related to the Quaternary deposits along valleys and plains. The geological factor, waterway network, and landform classification show the highest percentage of area in the upper classes of diversity compared to other parameters of the geomorphodiversity equation (Equation 1). In geological factor due to the large area of carbonate and alluvial assemblies. In the other two factors,

The results of the present study showed that the range of geomorphodiversity of the study area decreases from the peaks to the plain and areas with low geomorphodiversity value are located in the plain. Also, the lowest diversity (V1) consists of Quaternary deposits and the highest diversity (V4 and V5) consists of carbonate formations, intrusive masses and volcanic compounds because they are the rarest type of rocks all over the earth, which are mainly in The eastern parts of Misho are located. The high values of diversity in the geological factor are related to the erosion-resistant geological substrate and the lowest values of diversity are related to the Quaternary deposits along the valleys and plains.The geological factor, waterway network and landform classification show the highest percentage of area in the upper classes of diversity compared to other parameters of the geomorphodiversity equation (Equation 1).

One of the new approaches in the direction of urban sustainability is the concept of livability, which emphasizes on improving the quality of various economic, social, environmental and physical indicators in the city. In this study, which was conducted with the aim of assessing the livability situation in 10 areas of Tabriz, the descriptive-analytical method and questionnaire tools (at both levels of citizens and experts) were used. In this regard, one-sample t-test in SPSS software environment, Vicker multi-attribute decision model and interaction / structural analysis method using Mick Mac software for data analysis have been used. The statistical population of this study was the residents of 10 districts of Tabriz, and the statistical sample was selected based on stratified sampling method and the proportion of population share of the regions using simple random sampling method. The results show that according to both experts (3.04) and citizens (3.20), the average of the four dimensions of livability of Tabriz metropolis is higher than the average (theoretical average of 3). According to the opinions of the citizens of District 9 and according to the opinions of experts, District 1 is in the first place. The results of Vickor analysis also show the first rank of Region 2 in terms of viability. Regarding the influential factors resulting from Mick Mac software, "creating employment and sustainable income" is the most important known factor. The results show that the factors of job creation and sustainable income, renovation of worn-out texture, improvement of suburban texture, provision of suitable housing, development of green and open spaces and provision of infrastructure services are key factors, respectively. Considering this, it can be said that among the 10 areas of Tabriz metropolis, we are witnessing a spatial imbalance in terms of livability, and the optimal management of the mentioned cases plays an important role in eliminating this spatial imbalance.

Knowing the subsurface structures is one of the ways to access underground resources, and knowing the characteristics of alluvial sediments is very important for exploitation, management and control of underground water. Shahryar plain located in the west of Tehran city and south of central Alborz, which supplies an important part of Tehran city's drinking water, is covered with Quaternary alluvium. The purpose of this article is to determine the thickness of these alluviums. There are different geophysical methods to estimate the thickness of different layers of the earth to determine the characteristics of alluvial deposits, including the type, depth, thickness, etc., of this plain, the data of electric soundings includes: 12 profiles and 186 sections, received from the regional water organization, geological maps, and data DEM used. After checking and validating the data, by choosing the normal kriging interpolation method with exponential variogram, the alluvial thickness and topography maps of the underlying layers include: alluvial thickness map, evaporite sediment surface topography, tuff and igneous rocks topography, The topography of the bedrock of the region, the thickness of evaporite sediments and the topography of the conglomerate surface of the region were preparedin in GIS with the highest accuracy. Then horizontal and vertical characteristics of these deposits were investigated. The results showed the maximum thickness of the alluvium is up to 350 meters in the center And near the edge of the plain, the thickness of alluvium decreases so that it is about 10 meters in the west and southwest.

In recent years, the issue of sustainable development in urban areas has been one of the most important topics among researchers, professors and urban planning experts, and although many questions have been focused on what should be done and how to solve these challenges and how to do it. (Pourmohammadi, 2003: 1) But in reality, effective solutions are few and the need to renew the attitude to the city and, of course, urban planning, is more evident than ever. Cities face many challenges in the economic, social and environmental fields. At the same time, the increase in population along with the increasing proportion of urbanization has brought harmful consequences for cities. Continuation of such urban growth with social, economic, and environmental problems is critical and is a warning of urban instability, which in turn has severely affected livability in cities (Sasanpour et al., 2014: 29). In this regard, reducing social, cultural, service problems, strengthening the spirit of citizen participation in urban affairs, restoring peace, comfort and beauty to urban environments, implementing social justice effectively and restoring security in various dimensions, all in the hands of management It is an optimal city (Hosseinzadeh Dalir et al., 2012: 161). In this study, which has been conducted with the aim of studying the situation of livability in the regions of Tabriz, while comparatively comparing the situation of regions based on objective and subjective approaches, has identified the key components affecting the promotion of livability. The main question of the research is what is the situation of different areas of Tabriz in terms of livability? And what factors affect the improvement of livability in these areas?

Descriptive-analytical method and questionnaire tools (at two levels of citizens and experts) have been used. In this regard, one-sample t-test in SPSS software environment, Vicker's multi-attribute decision model and interaction / structural impact analysis method were used using Mick Mac software to analyze the data. The statistical population of this study was the residents of 10 districts of Tabriz, and the statistical sample was selected based on stratified sampling method and the proportion of population share of the regions using simple random sampling method.

The physical dimension, based on the opinions of experts and the sample t-test, has an average of 3.28, which is above average. The value of this dimension, according to citizens, is equal to 3.20 above average (theoretical average of 3). According to the opinions of the citizens of District 9 and according to the opinions of experts, District 1 is in the first place. The results of Vickor analysis also show the first rank of Region 2 in terms of viability. Regarding the effective factors obtained from Mick Mac software, the results show that the renovation of worn tissue and the improvement of marginal tissue are key influential factors.

In the section of biodegradability analysis, based on objective criteria, 8 criteria were used and the areas were ranked according to their per capita related to urban uses using the Victor technique. The ranking of the regions is; Zones 2, 9, 5, 1, 6, 7, 3, 4, 9 and 10. Regarding the analysis of key factors affecting urban livability, cross-structural / structural analysis method was used. This was done in the Mic Mac software environment. The results show that in order of factors; Creating employment and sustainable income, renovating worn-out structures, improving suburban structures, providing adequate housing, developing green and open spaces, and providing infrastructure services are key factors. Considering this, it can be said that among the 10 areas of Tabriz metropolis, we are witnessing a spatial imbalance in terms of livability, and the optimal management of the mentioned cases plays an important role in eliminating this spatial imbalance. Based on this, it can be acknowledged that achieving viability requires an attitude similar to a living organism that people and place are two sides of this living organism.

The water cycle in nature is directly related to the climate of that region. Reasonable and correct use of water resources requires accurate quantitative and qualitative knowledge and collection of appropriate climate data and information. Depletion of groundwater reservoirs, drying of canals and springs and even semi-deep wells and reduction of deep well discharge, change of groundwater flow direction, salinization of aquifers, salinization of soil due to irrigation with saline water, barren The emergence of fields, soil erosion, etc. has put most of the plains of the country at risk of further desertification (Tavousi, 2009: 14).Atmospheric precipitation is the main source of surface and groundwater and the study area is poor in terms of atmospheric precipitation and its amount is between 150 to 450 mm per year, which varies in plain and mountainous areas. The climate of the region is semi-arid and cold and is mostly influenced by the Mediterranean climate. Due to the fact that groundwater is the most important source of water consumption in the study area, the impact of climate change, especially precipitation on the water table of wells in the area was investigated in this study.

To study the trend of groundwater level changes in Marand plain, water table data of 23 piezometric wells and data of 8 rain gauge stations during the last 16 years of 1395-1395 were used. After using the correlation matrix method to select rainfall stations and considering the complete statistical data and appropriate coverage of the area by these stations, 4 stations were selected for the study and for each station, a piezometric well was selected within the station. This research was first calculated using precipitation data and water table of piezometric wells SPI and SWI values ​​and then NRMC values ​​for each index, respectively, in each method are briefly referred to:Calculate SPI and plot seasonal SPI variations of selected stations.The standardized rainfall index was provided by McKay et al. (1993, 1995) to provide a warning and help assess drought severity and is calculated by the following formula:  Relation 1:SPI = (X_ij-X_im) / σ In the above relation, X_ij is the seasonal rainfall at rainfall station i, with j number of observations, X_im is the long-term average rainfall and σ is the standard deviation Calculate SWI and plot the seasonal SWI of selected wells  The standard water level index was presented in 2004 by Bui Yan et al. (2006) to monitor fluctuations in groundwater aquifers in the study of hydrological droughts, which is calculated by the following formula:Relation 2:   SWI = (W_ij-W_im) / σ Where W_ij is the seasonal average of the water table of observation wells i to j, W_im is the long-term seasonal average and σ is the standard deviation. Calculate the NRMC values ​​of each indicator and plot the normalized distribution curve In this method, seasonal normalized distribution curves were adjusted for both SPI and SWI indices. Cumulative normalized curve is a kind of condensation diagram of a climatic or hydrological variable (such as precipitation and water table) that is extracted from the subtraction of each observation in the statistical series of the long-term average and its division by the average according to the following formula. (Rasooli, 1994) Relation 3:  NRMC xi = ( (Xi-X m) / ({(Xi-X ̅m) / X ̅m})  ) * 100  In the above formula, Xi represents the amount of each rainfall observation or the amount of water table and X ̅m is the long-term average in the series of observations.

Investigation of normalized distribution curves showed a correlation between precipitation changes and groundwater level in Marand plain. This correlation has a higher significance with a delay season. Shamsipoor (2003) in Hamedan plain achieved a 9-month delay between precipitation and water table. Mohammadi et al. (2012) in Arak plain expressed the impact of groundwater resources from drought with a delay of two months. The results of the study (Rudel and Lee 2014) in the study of groundwater drought index in the United States showed that the SPI drought index with a delay of 12 and 24 months had the highest correlation with the SWI index.

Considering the more fluctuations of the water table than the fluctuations of the rainfall, it can be concluded that human factors such as uncontrolled harvesting is an effective factor on the water level of wells. Komasi et al. (2016) stated the effect of human factors on the decrease of groundwater level before the factor of climate change in Silakhor plain. Calculations showed that the value of correlation for both SPI and SWI indices in the nonlinear multivariate equation is higher than the value of the linear equation, which indicates the effect of several other factors in addition to precipitation fluctuations on the groundwater level. According to the results of the study, it seems that the groundwater level in addition to precipitation depends on other factors such as geology, lithology, tectonic morphology, the shape of the aquifer, the distance of aquifers to the feeding site and .... And to achieve more complete results, it seems necessary to address these factors in future research.

The results of studies conducted in this region show that the climate of the region is semi-arid and cold, and its rainfall regime is in the Mediterranean. Its geomorphology is young and its topography is directly related to geological structures, i.e., most folds and fractures make up the heights. The lithology of the formation, along with the action of tectonic processes that have led to the dissolution and creation of joints and cracks in the rocks, has provided the necessary conditions for the formation of less developed karst forms. The region's most significant karst forms are Karen, pinnacles, channels, dissolution doline and dissolution cavities, karst springs, and caves that have spread along joints, cracks, and faults and indicate the connection between these landforms and the region's tectonic structures. In this study, to find out the relationship between tectonics and karst formation, the dip and strikes of fractures (joints and faults) were measured in 7 areas. The results obtained from field studies and their comparison with the information contained in remote sensing documents show that the direction of most joints in the region is consistent with the direction of faults. It has also been found that more Karst landforms have formed along these joints. On the other hand, most of the valleys are consistent with the geological structures of the region, i.e., faults and folds. Therefore, tectonics has played an effective role in creating Karst landforms and their hazards in the region. According to the rockfall risk zoning map, 3.77% of the total area is in the high-risk zone.

The term geosite is a new concept in tourism land and is very important in understanding the geological history and historical geological evolution of a region. Geosites are landforms that have gained special value over time due to human awareness, thus creating the necessary context for the development of tourism activities and special infrastructure in an area. Geosites may exist individually or in broader perspectives. They may be altered, damaged, or even destroyed by the effects of human activities. Different regions have different potentials in terms of geosite diversity and consequently the development of geotourism depends on geological, geomorphological, and hydro-climatic factors. One of the areas that has high potential in the development of the geotourism and tourism industry is the karst areas. Kamyaran city in Kurdistan province is one of the areas located in karst formations. Kamyaran city, despite having developed karst areas, types of landscapes, rivers, and springs, has a high potential for the development of the geotourism industry and geostourism. Despite the natural conditions in the region, it seems that more attention has been paid mainly to cultural issues. Due to the importance of the issue, in this study, the geotourism situation of Kamyaran city is studied and optimal geotourism models in this city have been presented.

In this research, in order to achieve the desired goals, library information, interviews, field visits, the digital model height of 30 meters, geological maps 1: 100000 and topographic maps 1: 50000 have been used. ArcGIS and SPSS software are the research tools. Also in this research, the Kubalikova model has been used to evaluate geosites and fuzzy logic and ANP models have been used to identify areas prone to geotourism development. This research has been done in three stages. In the first stage, using field visits, interviews, and library studies, the geosites of the region were identified and evaluated using the Kubalikova method. In the second stage, 9 parameters (the distance from the river, landscape, urban areas, communication lines, cultural sites, distance geosites, altitude, slope as well as vulnerability potential) and fusion logic integrated model and AHP were used to identify areas prone to geotourism development in Kamyaran city. In the third stage, based on the results obtained from the previous stages and the location of geosites, appropriate models for visiting geosites were presented.

The results of the evaluation of geosites based on the Kubalikova model indicate that among the geosites of the region, Palangan valley has the highest score with a total of 10.25 points, followed by Gavoshan dam, and Tangivar River with 10 and 75 points, respectively. The results also indicate that the geosites of the western regions of Kamyaran city had the highest score in terms of the Kubalikova method. In this study, after evaluating geosites, areas prone to geotourism development have been identified. Based on the results, the southern and western parts of Kamyaran city due to the distribution of potential geosites, the presence of permanent rivers, proximity to cultural sites, and proximity to communication lines had a great potential for geotourism development goals. According to the results, Palangan and Tangivar River geosites have the highest potential for geotourism development goals because they have a high score in terms of evaluation methods and are also in classes prone to geotourism development. Also, in this study, based on the location of geosites in the study area, 6 patterns were presented for visiting and planning for geotourism development goals. The results of evaluating the scores of geosites obtained in different models indicate that the total averages percentage of scores of the visited geosites were 26.25, 33.75, 30.75, 23.25, 13, and 71.75 in the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth patterns, respectively.

The Tamtaman area is located between 37◦38/00//-37◦44/00//north and 44◦40/30//-44◦59/30// east in northwestern Iran, approximately 15 km northwest of Urmia. This study aims to identify and zoning the potential development of karst in the area of Tamtaman cave in west Azerbaijan province using the AHP method. In this study, the information layers of lithology, tectonics, topography, slope, aspect, hydrology, land use, and climate have been considered as factor maps. The above layers have been called to extract the karst potential model in the GIS environment. Different information layers were classified as Criterion maps by applying expert judgment and assigning the weight of each layer in Expert Choice software and field visits. Finally, according to the obtained weight, the karst development zoning map in the Tamtaman area was obtained. The results obtained in this region exhibited a total area, of 6.68% within the very poorly developed class, 15.64% in the less developed class, 42.50% in the normal developed class, and 35.18% in the developed floor are located. The results show that in the Tamtaman region, the lithological and tectonic factors have the highest weight and are the most important factors controlling potential karst growth, while the land-use factor has the least impact on karst formation.

Slope instabilities are one of the most distinctive types of geomorphic hazards that are exacerbated by human interference and threaten most of the human installations, especially mountainous highways and impose heavy costs on the government and local residents. Each year, slope instabilities cause enormous economic damages to highway, railways, power transmission and communication lines, irrigation and watering canals, ore extraction, as well as oil and gas refining installations, infrastructures in cities, factories and industrial centers, dams, artificial and natural lakes, forests, pastures and natural resources, farms, residential areas and villages or threaten them. Nowadays, many instabilities are resulted by human intervention and manipulations. One of the effective human factors in instability occurrence is the construction of highway. Highway construction, especially in mountainous areas, increases the probability of occurrence of various types of instabilities, as it changes the natural balance of the slopes and causes deformations in the land. Each year, lots of casualties and financial losses are imposed by the occurrence of various types of instabilities in the slopes overlooking the highways, which also cause the destruction of many natural resources in the country. However, the construction of roads, highways and freeways is necessary and unavoidable in today’s life.The Tehran-North highway will be the route that connect the Iran’s capital Tehran with the southern shores of the Caspian Sea.

This contribution aims to study slope instabilities along this highway using logistic regression method. In this regard, layers of 14 effective factors were identified, comprised of elevation classes, slope, aspect, geology, land use, precipitation, distance from fault, river and highway, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), climate, slope length (LS), stream power index (SPI) and topographic wetness index (TWI). Consequently, maps of the factors responsible for instabilities were prepared as separate layers in the GIS environment and transferred into the Idrisi software. The whole procedure included: (1) preparation of digital elevation model (DEM), river and fault layers based on the 1:25,000 topographic map of the area, as well as distance maps from rivers and faults, (2) creating slope and aspect maps from DEM, (3) preparation of land use and NDVI maps of the region based on unmatched classification of Landsat 8 image of OLI sensor, (4) preparation of geological map, (5) preparation of precipitation and climate layers based on the information obtained from the meteorological organization, (6) creating LS, SPI and TWI layers based on the DEM, (7) conversion of the distribution data of the regional instabilities using Landsat satellite and Google Earth images, (8) correlating the information layers with the regional instability map and calculating their density per unit area, and (9) performing the logistic regression model using Terrset software.

Results obtained by applying logistic regression model showed that the most important factors affecting slope instabilities in the Tehran-Soleghan highway area are distance from fault and climate. 27.14% of the Soleghan highway area possesses medium to high potential for instabilities, within which 86.26% of the instabilities have occurred. Furthermore, 4.57% of the Soleghan highway area shows very high risk in terms of instability occurrence, encompassing 61% of the occurred instabilities. According to the prepared maps, the middle and southern parts and a small section in the north of the Tehran-Soleghan highway area have the highest potential for instability occurrence. The high value of the ROC index and its proximity to the end value of 1 indicates that instabilities strongly correlate with the probability values derived from the logistic regression model. Additionally, the assessment of the instability potential map by the SCAI index showed that there is a high correlation between the prepared risk maps and the occurred instabilities, which have been confirmed by field surveys. The obtained results are in a good agreement with the general opinion that SCAI decreases especially in high and very high risk classes and indicates a high correlation between the prepared risk maps and the occurred instabilities and field surveys in study areas.

Finally, it can be mentioned that the logistic regression model is suitable for preparing the zonation of the probability of instability occurrence along the edges of the studied highway. As a final conclusion, it can be concluded that in addition to natural factors, the- human-made factors and particularly unsystematic highway  construction can play an important role in the instability occurrences on the slopes overlooking the highway  and in order to reduce the relative risks and increase the stability of the slopes, it is necessary to avoid manipulating the ecosystem and changing the current land use as much as possible, in addition to policy making for constructions in accordance with geomorphological and geological features of the area.

Investigating the effect of drought on water resources of countries plain is high important at optimal management of water resources in the agriculture and natural resources part. The phenomenon of climate change, affects the amount of water existence in aquifer by changing amount of precipitation. The occurrence of consecutive climate droughts affects ground water resources. Knowing and awareness of the effect of time between two phenomenon of drought and hydrological drought, can help managers and planners of the water sector. Over the years, the effect of drought on ground water resources less attention has been paid. In order to understand the state of groundwater resources and optimum management, it is necessary to carry out a thorough study of groundwater fluctuations. In this research, Marand plain is the purpose of this study. Marand Plain is poor in rainfall and has a rainfall of 450 mm / year and at least 150 mm / year which varies in the plains and mountainous regions. In this research, we have tried to investigate the effect of atmospheric drops, including rainfall, on ground water level in the Marand watershed.

The Marand plain with 45 °, 15 to 50 minutes east longitude and 37 ° 7 'to 38 ° 56' north latitude and with an area of 42.517 square kilometer is one of the vast plains in the northwest of East Azarbaijan province. Which is selected as the study area. In this study, in order to study the trend of ground water level changes in the Marand Plain, the static surface data of 23 piezometric wells was used during the 2000 to 2016. First, a common statistical period was chosen to analyze the data series (2000 to 2016). Then in order to reconstruct the statistical defects, the correlation between stations and piezometric wells and linear regression method was used. The IDW method was used to calculate the average rainfall of the plain. Finally, the standard water level index (SWI) and the SPI index for the studied basin were calculated and analyzed. 

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of climate drought on the fell of groundwater level in the Marand plain using SPI and SWI indices. Meteorological drought conditions in the Marand plain were calculated using the SPI index on a 12-month time scale. The results and drought accuracy of the rain gauge stations in the studied basin showed that during the study period, the first period of drought since 2005 started gradually with decreasing atmospheric precipitation and continued until 2007 and after a period of humidity short-term, again, a short period of drought from 2008 to 2009 has been on the ruling area. The SWI index was used to survey the status of groundwater level. This indicator also showed that in terms of time and place, the drought based on this index corresponded to the drought caused by the SPI index.

Using the SPI index, the drought trend was studied in the region. The results showed that during the study period (2000-2016) three drought periods from winter 2005 to beginning of 2009, summer of 2011 to the end of 2012 and winter of 2015 to summer of 2016 occurred. Drought affected areas included the east and center of the study area and the west of the region witnessed more atmospheric precipitation. The SWI index was used to survey the status of groundwater level. The index showed that in terms of time and place, the drought based on this index corresponded to the drought caused by the SPI index. Data analysis showed that these two indices with a time interval of one season had a correlation of 1%. This means that the hydrological drought after a season has a direct impact on the surface of the water. In general, we can conclude from the results of this study that the trend of ground water surface changes has been consistent with the drought and weathering changes in the region. Therefore, the fall of the ground water level of Marand plain can be largely influenced by weathered droughts.

Combining entrepreneurship and ecotourism is one of the best ways to diversify the economies of communities, especially rural areas, to create jobs and generate wealth and prosperity. And when agriculture alone is not able to provide the job opportunities needed by young people, it creates new job opportunities in industry and services. The purpose of this study is to identify the components, indicators and their effects in order to properly manage and implement "ecotourism entrepreneurship" in Azarshahrchay valley and make maximum use of the potential of this region. In this regard, in this study, first the standard indicators of ecotourism entrepreneurship development were extracted through library resources. Then, using Micmac software, which is designed to perform complex cross-matrix calculations in future research and study of quality indicators, the relationship and impact of each of the components in the field of entrepreneurship was determined. Judgments about the impact of each indicator on trends in this software were made based on interviews, questionnaires and field studies. The statistical population of the study is the residents of the villages of Azarshahrchai valley, especially the owners of ecotourism-related businesses. Findings show that the general entrepreneurial environment of ecotourism in the region is unstable due to lack of proper planning, weak legislation and long and tedious investment administrative process. The results suggest that "geographical diversity" as a potential for the development of ecotourism entrepreneurship in Azarshahrchai Valley, for reasons such as economic barriers, weak legislation, lack of bank credit to encourage entrepreneurship and inadequate administrative system and long and tedious bureaucracy, The syntax is not used well. To the extent that components such as the clarity of laws, the protection and encouragement of laws, bank credit and income as incentives are more than "geographical diversity". Also, among the effective socio-behavioral characteristics of entrepreneurs, the effect of "risk-taking" is more than success. And this means entrepreneurship in the Azarshahrchai valley is facing a lot of risk.

Land use change is one of the important factors in changing the hydrological flow, basin erosion and biodiversity destruction. Therefore, knowing the effect of land use change on discharge and suspended load is an inevitable necessity. The main purpose of this study is the efficiency test of the model and its usability as a simulation of the process of land use change on discharge and sediment is from the soil and water assessment model (SWAT) and SUFI2 program. Model simulation was performed for 29 years from 1987 to 2015, the first 5 years of which were selected for model calibration and the last 5 years for model results validation. Four statistical indices, r_factor, P_factor Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) and coefficient of determination (R2), the ratio of squared root-to-standard deviation (RSR) and the percentage of skewness (PBIAS) were selected monthly to evaluate the model. The accuracy of monthly simulation using NS evaluation index in the calibration and validation stage for flow and suspended load is equal to 0.65 and 0.49, respectively. The results of the study were considered acceptable according to the interpretive domains used in previous studies and indicate the satisfactory efficiency of the SWAT model in simulating the components of the impact of land use change on sediment and discharge in the Ojan Chay Bostanabad watershed. The results showed that the height of surface runoff increased by 1.15 mm and the sediment concentration increased by 1.5 tons per hectare per year.