دکتر مهدی معینی

The transformation of society, the independence of the work environment from the family environment, changes in some other institutions, including the generalization of formal education, and the economic need of households increased society and families' demand for women's employment. In the industry and service sectors, it led to the entry of women into the labor market, and as a result, the number of employed women increased. Therefore, the connection of life with employment or being a housewife is one of the most critical issues for the quality of life of women in society, which can play a fundamental and decisive role in managing the lives of employed and married women. Meanwhile, in recent decades the issue of quality of life has attracted the attention of many scientists. Although it is crucial to study the quality of life of all the strata of society, in the meantime, paying attention to the way of women life and their quality of life can be very effective in improving the health of families, today's and tomorrow's generations, and ultimately the entire society. Considering the change in the lifestyle and traditional roles of women in today's society, as well as their extensive participation in various fields, the present research aims to rank the factors affecting the quality of life of employed and married women. The current research is a type of applied study with the nature of a descriptive-survey research method. The target statistical population in Mehrestan city consists of 16 married women (employed or not) with at least five years of marriage history and a master's degree in sociology, who, due to the unwillingness of some of them to cooperate in research or the impossibility of accessing them, finally 13 (including seven employed-housewives and six unemployeds) experts cooperated in completing the questionnaires and were studied as the statistical sample of the research. It is worth mentioning that due to the limitation of the studied society, an enumeration method was used for sampling. The information in this research is collected from library materials(books, articles, reliable scientific databases), standard questionnaires, and paired matrix questionnaires (experts). To measure the validity of the questionnaire, identifying the factors based on the Likert scale, considering the standard questionnaire, face validity was used, and measuring its reliability based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient shows good reliability. Also, according to the calculated inconsistency rate (less than 0.1), the expert questionnaire has good reliability. Data analysis concluded using AHP hierarchical analysis model and Expert choice software. The findings of this research indicate that among the sixaffecting factors on the quality of life of employed and unemployed married women in Mehrestan city, the social relationship was identified as the main factor. In the following, the social security factor was second, the social support factor was third, the social status factor was fourth, the cultural capital factor was fifth, and the public health factor was ranked sixth. This research showed that women's social ties in their quality of life stands higher than other factors, and social security, support, and status are in the next level. In other words, the most paramount factor in women's quality of life is having a network of healthy social relationships with favorable social security, support, and status compared to others. Cultural capital is also effective in women's access to resources and improving their quality of life. Also, with the increase in women's general health, their quality of life increases. Therefore, it can be accepted that employed married women are attracted to the social framework due to their participation in social activities, and as a result, they do not see a difference between individual and social values, and they have a sense of responsibility and trust towards social values and norms that increase social integration. Therefore, they feel that the community's fate is related to its components, and thet they see the community as a suitable place for their evolution. This positive attitude towards the community and people brings social acceptance and increases the social health of the individual, which, as a result, improves the quality of life of employed married women and increases their psychological security.

young population and delayed socialization for a new world order in the transitional society of Iran, has led to the development of adolescent and youth delinquency. In this context, young people who cannot direct their desires in a normal channel may turn into deviant and delinquent behaviors (Mohammadi asl, 2006: 11). This study considers serious delinquent behaviors which are named as high-risk behaviors, namely, behaviors that increase probability of physical, psychological and social negative consequences (Zadeh Mohammadi & AhmadAbadi, 2008: 88-89). Major causes of death and disease in industrialized and developing countries refer to relatively limited number of high-risk behaviors which are mostly begin from teen and young ages (Anteghini et al. 2001: 1). Teens and young adults are one of the important groups exposed to high-risk behaviors such as AIDS (Mozafarzadeh & Vahdaninia, 2008), suicide (Aliverdinia et al. 2011), sexual activities, violence and drugs (Baskin-Sommers & Sommers, 2006 Flisher & Chalton, 2001). Since social, family and economic factors play an important role in directing behavioral patterns of individuals, particularly adolescents and youth, if these factors do not play a desirable role, adolescents and youth experience challenge and pressures derived from these challenges and difficulties, may attract them towards high-risk behaviors (Barikani, 2008: 192-193). Occurrence and prevalence of high-risk behaviors among adolescents and youth is a result of disruption of social mechanisms and is due to several factors. One of these factors is social skills, which are essential elements of social life and the enjoyment of it can play an important role in deterring high-risk behaviors, especially among youth, because youth age is a period of transition accompanied by various crises. Social Skills are learned adaptive behaviors that enable individuals to interact with different people, expressing positive reactions and avoiding behaviors with negative consequences (Kartledge & Milbern, 1990). Lack of social skills may lead to behaviors such as delinquency, maladjustment, poor educational performance (Nasr Esfahani et al. 2005), drug abuse and addiction (Ghassemzadeh et al. 2007). Having social skills provide context for participation of individuals in the community and help them represent effective social reactions in confronting with really difficult social situations. In fact, social skills, transform people's potential abilities to actual ones and are essential to create, maintain and organize human relationships. This research is based on quantitative approach and survey method to collect data and information. Research instrument in this study is questionnaire, consisting of two main parts: The first part of the questions is about the social-economic characteristics of the subjects and the second part is a set of questions measuring (1): four elements of social control (attachment, commitment, involvement and belief), (2): social skills and (3): high-risk behaviors. The validity and reliability of this scale has been designed and evaluated by researchers. Research population include all 15-29 year old youth in Shiraz, whose number in 1390 year, was 477,287 people. In this study, a sample of 600 individuals were determined by using Lin table (Lin, 1978). So the data was collected from 600 cases, and was analyzed using SPSS software. Discussion of Results & The results of the study showed that there were significant relationships between income, attachment, commitment, involvement, belief, social skills and high risk behaviors. There were also significant relationships between sex, marital status, social class and family structure with high-risk behaviors. Nevertheless, there were no significant relationships between age, education and high-risk behaviors. What should be considered here is that the incidence of high risk behaviors is higher among men than women, among unmarried than married, among the lower class than the middle and high classes, and among those who live independently or with their mothers. The theoretical framework of this study is based on Hirschi’s theory of social control. Control theories assume that delinquent behavior is actually because of the absence of something internal or external to the individual. That something is a constraining or controlling factor (Shoemaker, 2009: 122). Hirschi’s social control theory, also known as social bond theory, proposes that juveniles develop attachments to various parts of their social world, and these attachments, or bonds, help deter them from committing acts of crime and delinquency (Ibid: 125). In this theory, the relationship between high-risk behaviors and three institutions of family, school and religion is considered. Correlation coefficients between these variables and high-risk behaviors showed that all four variables (attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief), have inverse and significant relationships with high-risk behaviors. This indicates that the more attachment to family and friends, commitment to the norms, participation in various activities and belief to moral principles, the less commitment to high-risk behaviors by the juveniles. In other words, the more degree of social control on people, either officially or unofficially, the less high-risk behaviors. Thus, role of institutions such as the family, school and religion in explaining delinquency or high-risk behaviors should be considered. In particular, in relation to social skills, these institutions also have a profound impact. Because these institutions are extremely influential to internalize normal behavior and social skills for adolescents and the youth. So they perform a strong deterrent role in committing high-risk behaviors. Regression equation showed that the four elements that Hirschi's social control theory suggest that the elements of commitment and belief were entered in the first and third stages of the regression equation. Gender and social skills were also entered into the regression equation. Deficit social skills for normal behavior lead to high-risk behaviors. Based on the results, there were a moderate inverse relationship between social skills and high risk behaviors. People equipped with social skills, are enable to represent appropriate and rational reactions in different situations, and avoid behaviors that are dangerous with harmful consequences. Social skills trainings help at-risk youth to develop techniques for creating or maintaining positive social relationships with family members, peers, and teachers. Social skills training can have long-term effects associated with preventing anti-social behaviors among young people (Heilbrun et al. 2005). Thus, considering this category of skills can be very effective in reducing high risk behaviors.