مقالات رزومه دکتر حسین فرازمند

The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, is an important pest of greenhouse plants. To prevent the problems of using chemical pesticides in the greenhouse environment, it is necessary to use non-chemical methods. This study was carried out to evaluate efficiency of different colors and to determine the best light wavelength of sticky trap on tomato plants in greenhouse, during 2019–2020. Four experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design with 6 replications to evaluate the efficiency color of the sticky trap on attraction T. vaporariorum, throughout comparison between six colors (yellow, orange, green, blue, red, and white), and to evaluation efficiency height of the sticky trap on attraction, through comparison between three heights (30, 80, and 160 cm above the ground). Finally, the daily mean of trap capture and the light wavelength of the colored traps were measured. The results showed that, the orange and yellow colors had the best efficiency with the daily mean capture of 66.96 and 65.55 T. vaporariorum per trap, respectively. The most capture of sticky colored traps, was recorded at an installation height of 160 cm, with the daily mean capture of 115 T. vaporariorum per trap. The results of spectral measurement of traps showed that, the maximum wavelength reflectance in yellow and orange sticky traps were 580 and 600 nm, respectively. According to the results of this study, orange sticky traps with a light wavelength of about 600 nm, have the best efficiency in attracting and control of the greenhouse whitefly, T. vaporariorum.

Codling moth, Cydia pomonella Linnaeus (Lep.: Tortricidae), is the most important pest of apple orchards, feeding on fruits, resulting to reduce the quantity and quality of product. In order to reduce the use of chemical insecticides, the application of kaolin particle film was tested in the fields of tree regions of Iran (Tehran, Razavi Khorasan, & Zanjan regions). The different concentrations, 3, 4 and 5%, of kaolin clay (Sepidan® WP95%), and diazinon (Diazinon® EC60%) and fozalone (Zolon® EC35%) insecticides were sprayed over the whole canopy, three times from early June to late August. Based on the field studies, kaolin-5% had a similar efficacy to chemical insecticides. The mean of codling moth infestation in fozalone, diazinon and kaolin-5% treatments were 14, 16 and 16.4%, respectively, compared to the control (44.6%). The use of kaolin increased the weight and diameter of the fruits and the chlorophyll index and photosynthesis amount of the apple trees. In the kaolin-5% and control treatments, the mean fruit weight were 247 and 146 g, and the mean fruit diameter were 78.6 and 75 mm, respectively. Also, the chlorophyll index was 53.8 and 51.5, and the photosynthesis rate was 5.91 and 4.93 μmol/m2/s, respectively. Therefore, due to the high effect of kaolin in reducing of pest damage and also no adverse effect on trees, spraying kaolin (Sepidan® WP) at the concentration 5% over the whole canopy, before the peak of moth oviposition, can be used successfully to reduce codling moth on apple.

Carob moth is the most important pest of pomegranate in some countries including Iran. The use of sex pheromones is one of the methods to monitor and control of this pest. The major component of the carob moth sex pheromone ((Z, E) -9,11,13-Tetradecatrienal) is unstable, and the effectiveness of its mimic ((Z, E) -7,9,11-Dodecatrienyl format) is less than the sex pheromone. Nanotechnology can play an important role in increasing the efficiency of pheromones through gradual release. In this study, with the aim of increasing the stability of the sex pheromone in garden conditions, in addition to prepare the nanocapsule containing the major component of the sex pheromone, an experiment was conducted in a factorial design based on completely randomized blocks with two factors, including type of attractor (sex pheromone nanocapsule and commercial dispenser of mimic sex pheromone) and replacement time attractor (including one, two, four, and eight weeks). According to results, nanocapsule formulation had better performance than the mimic sex pheromone. The mean number of males attracted to nanocapsule at times of replacement attractor including one, two, four, and eight weeks were 1.93, 1.74, 1.51, and 0.6 insects per day, respectively, and to mimic sex pheromone at the mentioned times were 1.17, 0.89, 0.56, and 0.14 insects per day, respectively. Also, nanocapsule and mimic sex pheromone were able to attract insects for 49 and 21 days, respectively. According to the results of this study, the sex pheromone nanocapsule is recommended to monitor and control of this pest.

 Fig mite, Eotetranychus hirsti Baker & Pritchard (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important pests of fig trees in Iran and most parts of the world. This pest causes the leaves to fall and reduce the quantity and quality of the product. Several different insecticides have been used to control this mite. Due to the consumption of fresh fig and in order to produce healthy crops and to develop non-chemical pesticides, the application of coconut botanical soap (Palizin® SL70%), red pepper extract (Tondexir® EC85%), and propargite (Omite®, EC57%,) were tested in the fields of Bardaskan region, during 2015-2016. The botanical insecticides (1500 & 2000 ppm concentrations), propargite acaricide (2000 ppm) and water were sprayed over the whole canopy during July to August. Samplings were carried out one day before and 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after spraying. At each sampling time, the total number of egg, larvae and active stages (nymph and imago) of fig mite on 4 leaves per tree were counted. Treatments were compared based on mortality rate and efficacy percentage. Data was analyzed based on a completely block randomized design using SAS software. Mean comparison was done using Tukey's test. The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between all treatments and different times, on all developmental stages of fig mite. Based on the field studies, the application of botanical components, including the red pepper extract, compared with the propargite acaricide, caused a further decrease in the population of fig mites. The highest mortality rates for eggs, larvae and active stages (nymph and imago) of fig mite were observed in red pepper extract and coconut botanical soap treatments, and the lowest mortality rates was recorded in control treatment. The mean efficacy percentage of red pepper extract (2000 ppm) treatment for eggs, larvae and active stages (nymph and imago) were 97.9, 95.1, 92.2 in 3 days, 98.7, 94.2, 93.5 in 7 days, 96.0, 88.9, 89.3 in 14 days, 98.8, 93.7, 92.8 in 21 days and 97.1, 96.8 and 92.7 in 28 days after spraying, respectively. Also, the mean efficacy percentage of coconut botanical soap (2000 ppm) treatment for egg, larvae and active stages (nymph and imago) were 88.9, 89.2, 87.0 in 3 days, 89.2, 87.7, 86.3 in 7 days, 87.1, 86.0, 87.6 in 14 days, 86.6, 83.5, 83.4 in 21 days and 87.5, 87.6 and 90.9 in 28 days after spraying, respectively. Therefore, red pepper extract (Tondexir®) spraying with 2000 ppm concentration, over the whole canopy of figs trees, were effective in decreasing fig mite damage.