مقالات رزومه مهندس علی بزرگمهر

Salinity of water and soil resources is one of the most basic agricultural problems, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Identifying and domesticating salinity-resistant plant (halophytes) species with economic value is an important strategy for these regions.

This research aimed to investigate the amount of elements and the quality of fodder in several Salicornia species under the influence of water salinity in a factorial experiment with a completely randomized design in pot culture conditions in Bojnourd (North Khorasan province) in 2018. Irrigation treatment was applied at two levels (brackish water and normal water), and Salicornia species treatment included four species (Salicornia persica, S. sinus persica, S. europaea, and S. bigelovii) and Salicornia var Markazi. The source of salty water was the Kal-Shoor river in Esfrain and the source of normal water was the well located in Research and Education of Agriculture and Natural Resurces Center in Bojnourd. Due to the high salinity of Kal-Shoor river, normal water was used to adjust the salinity to the treatment limit of 45 dSm-1. To produce seedlings, Salicornia seeds were planted in plastic combs for seedling production in April 2018. After 60 days, seedlings (10-15 cm) were transferred to pots. The irrigation circuit varied in different growth stages according to weather conditions, and irrigation was done by the weight method with the 80% moisture index of the pots.

The results showed that the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sodium and chlorine increased with the increase in irrigation water salinity in all species. The highest accumulations of sodium (11%) and chlorine (23.5%) were observed in S. sinus persica and the lowest amount of sodium (8.6%) and chlorine (21%) were observed in S. persica. Among the Salicornia species, the lowest amount of elements is related to potassium and phosphorus ions, which is mostly due to the limitation of the absorption of these elements under the influence of sodium ions, and as mentioned in the sources, the process of absorption of these elements increases gradually with the growth stages. Maintaining a more negative potential of the membrane is an important factor for salinity tolerance, considering that in saline soils, chlorine and sodium are the most common solutes, the absorption of sodium and chlorine ions is important for regulating osmotic pressure and cytoplasmic concentration. In this experiment, in both irrigation treatments, the most elements in all species were related to chlorine and sodium ions. Based on the measurement of quality variables of fodder, the percentages of protein, crude fat, and ash in salty water treatment were higher than those in normal water. The highest percentage of crude fat (1.32%) in S. var. Markazi was affected by saltwater treatment, which was significantly different from the other species. The highest percentages of protein in S. bigelovii and S. europaea under the influence of saltwater treatment were 6.06% and 6.31%, respectively, which were significantly different from the other species. The highest amounts of ash belonged to S. europaea (63%) and S. bigelovii (62%) in saltwater treatment, and S. sinus persica contained the least ash (49%) in normal water treatment. Although the increase in protein increases the quality of fodder, the increase in the amount of ash and crude fat causes limitations in animal nutrition and digestibility. Therefore, the increase of water salinity has a negative effect on the quality of fodder.

Brackish water treatment increased the amount of ash in all species to different proportions, which is a limiting factor for the pure consumption of salicornia in animal feed. Therefore, the relative reduction of water salinity and the selection of suitable species are effective in increasing the quality of fodder.On the other hand, the great ability of Salicornia species to absorb and store salts in their aerial parts provides the basis for the exploitation of their vegetative organs for the production of vegetable salt. Moreover, it is economically important along with other applications of Salicornia (production of fodder, oil, medicines, and protection).

Because of climate change, a Large part of the country's lands and waters are becoming saline, so it is very important to know the ecological aspects of halophyte species in the exploitation of water resources and saline lands. Salicornia spp. are annual coastal herbaceous plants and grow in colonies in salt marshes and seashores, especially in the mouths of rivers and waterways. Salicornia has a wide variety and distribution in many parts of the world, especially in Iran. Kal Shore River in the south of North Khorasan province is one of the areas where Salicornia plant grows with a spotted distribution pattern, and it has received less attention in scientific sources. This research was conducted in 2018 with the aim of investigating the ecology of the natural environment and the growth status of Salicornia in this region.

The studied area located about 35 km east of Esfrain, along 5 km from the edge of Kal Shore river, which according to Dumarten's climate classification is part of dry areas with an average rainfall of 186 mm and average, minimum and maximum temperatures of 15.4-17.6 and 42.3 degrees Celsius, the average relative humidity is 46% and the average evaporation and transpiration is 2400 mm. The measured components include determining associated species, water and soil salinity changes during the growing season, physical and chemical analysis of water and soil during the flowering stage of salicornia, recording the phenology stages of salicornia, determining the amount of absorption of elements and the quality of fodder, and measuring production. Wet and dry mass in one square meter plot was at the time of salicornia flowering.

Result :

According to the meteorological statistics, the amount of precipitation in the area of ​​Kal Shore in the year leading to the time of the study is 318 mm, which is twice the long-term average, and this condition has a positive effect on the establishment and growth of Salicornia. Based on the analysis, the soil sample of Salicornia habitat has silty loam texture, pH 7.7, chlorine, calcium, magnesium, and sodium levels are 1812, 54, 256, and 1550 meq/l, SAR 124, and salinity level, EC 84 to 175 dS/m. The salinity of Kal Shore water varies from the beginning of Salicornia germination (18 dS/m) to the ripening stage (110 dS/m) and has an increasing trend. The germination of Salicornia in the region is in late March, flowering is in late August to September, full ripening in November, seed shedding continues until December, and its growth period is about 8-9 months. Average dry matter was 2.8 and wet matter was 11.5 kg per square meter. The accompanying species of Salicornia are mainly bushes Halocnemum strobilaceum and Tamarix sp. Based on the dry matter analysis at the time of flowering, the average amount of elements in the plant sample is nitrogen 1%, phosphorus 0.15%, potassium 0.7%, magnesium 0.67%, calcium 0.42%, sodium 10.64%. , chlorine is 21.3% and in terms of fodder quality, crude fat is 1.55%, protein is 6.28%, and ash is 60.5%.

Based on this study, Kal Shore Esfrain in the northeast of the country is introduced as one of the growing areas of Salicornia. The results showed that Salicornia can complete the phenological stages in very high water and soil salinity conditions and have a good biomass. Due to its high ash content, Salicornia fodder is limited for animal feeding and should be combined with other sources of fodder in animal feeding rations.From the point of view of protection and environment, in areas where it is not possible for other species to establish and grow in terms of high salinity, the role of Salicornia is very important in the stability and balance of the growth environment and carbon deposition by creating suitable vegetation and absorbing elements.

This study was aimed at comparing the yield of native and non-native clones at the research site of Bojnourd in North Khorasan province. A total of 95 clones collected from different regions of the province and 45 non-native clones were investigated. Finally, 21 clones were divided into two groups of closed-crown and wide-crown and studied in the form of a complete randomized blocks design in three replications for 10 years. Vegetative traits including diameter at breast and height at the end of each vegetative season were measured, and the volume of wood production per hectare per year was calculated. The results of yield of 10 closed-crown clones including P.n.56/32, P.n.62/154,  P.a. 44/9, P.a.71/21 (native) with a yield of 41.5 and 34.5 m3/ha per year, had the highest yield as the first group, and P.n.56/32, P.n.62/191, P.n.62/127 with a yield of 32.8, 32.6 and 31.5 m3/ha per year were in the second group, showing no significant. The lowest yield belonged to the clones P.a. 49/39, P.n. 62/154 and P.n.71/23 (native), and P.n. betolifolia with a yield of 26.7, 25.3, 21.9 and 21.4 m3/ha per year, located in the last group. The results of the yield of 11 clones (9 wide-crown clones and 2 closed-crown clones) with 4 × 4 meter spacing including: P.e. 455, P.e. 262, P.e. 561/41, P.d. 69/55, P.e.vernirubensis, P.e triplo, P.a. 44/13, P.a. 17/60, P.d. 77/51, P.a. 71/23 and P.n. 71/28 showed that P.a.44/13, P.e. 455, and P.a.71/28, with a yield of 24.8, 20.65 and 20.12 m3/ha per year had the highest yield and also P.d. 69/55، P.e. 561/41, P.a 17/60 with a yield of 19.53, 18.5, and 17.8 m3/ha per year were in the second group, showing no statistically significant difference.The lowest yield was obtained in P.d 77/51, P.n 71/21
(native closed-crown clones) and P.e. 262.

Limitation Natural Forest in the world and incressing of needs to wood production , result have had most attention to poplars. With attention to species various of poplars, it is disterbuted in different climatic condition of Iran.in the north Кhorasan аге Planted Poplars under tlraditional condition with species populus nigra and Р. alba. for the better known of poplars variets and it development , was accomplished design of poplar experimental in the natural resourses research station of north khorasan with titel collection and investigation various variets poplar. This experiment, endemic varietis include Populus nigra and Р alba were collected from north area of khorasan in during two years. Non endemic varietis were provided than research center of Alborz (Karaj) that аге included of following groups : Р. x.euramericana (1 lclones), Р. nigra (15), Р. deltoides (5), Р. simonii (1), Р. ciliata (1), Р. trichocarpa (1). In the primary year , is provided cutting from all clones and they were cultivated with distance 20 cm and was interval clones 1. 7m together , in this experimental , the following parameters were investigated; measurement, height growth and diameter growth in different ages (1/1,1/2,2/3)* determination of successful percentage cutting in different date of cultivation , effect cut the base of shoot оп the growth of tillers , uniformity of sapling growth and clones resistance to disease and pest. Among different groups of sapling with age (11), the highest growth are belonged to Р. nigra, Р. deltoides & Р. x.euphraticana groups. the most various percentage is registered for Р. cilliata and Р. deltoides groups, and lowest various percentage have to Р. nigra group. ln final of growth season from primary уеаг l1ad cut all sapling , and in secondary уеаг were investigated of sapling with age 1/2,than between total groups result, the highest ofheight growth increases, belong in Р. alba clones. in the third уеаг was measured of young tree with age 2/3, than the highest growth belong for Р. eur., Р. nigra (non endemic), Р. alba (non endemic) groups, that have not significant different in 1 % level together, but had significantly different with other groups. ln the total groups have not high sensitiveness in wood pest , but leaf pest, like Choitophorus populi and Monsteria discoidalis are estabished severely pollution оп the Р. nigra and Р. alba clones respectively and have had the highest resistance Р. deltoides clones. The disease melampsora populina have the most pollution оп Р. n 42/78 and 49/5 clones Р. ciliata clone have had the most sensitiveness to frost.