مقالات رزومه حسین توفیقیان

The institutions of religion and state had a deep connection during the Sasanian period. Fire temples played an important role in national unity with governmental support throughout Iran, aiding the central government by conducting religious ceremonies. Fire altars, as part of the Sasanian fire temples, were essential for worship and one of the most important tools of worship in Zoroastrianism, serving as the place and throne of the great god; therefore, they are considered among the most sacred parts of fire temples. Sasanian fire altars varied in shape and material, serving different purposes. Most Sasanian fire altars were made of stone or gypsum, with a few cases made of clay. Some fire altars were cone-shaped with spoon or simple designs. An interesting point to note is that in the province of Fars (including the present-day provinces of Fars and Bushehr, and parts of the neighboring areas) during the Sasanian period, all discovered fire altars were made of stone. Except for a few cases possibly dedicated to Azar-Bahram, all the other discovered fire temples had gypsum fire altars. With this description, there may be a specific meaning hidden in the choice of fire altar material during the Sasanian period. The question raised here is about the geographical location of fire temples in relation to the material of fire altars whether a clear connection could be established between the Sasanian-Period Fars and the construction materials of fire altars or not. This fundamental research was conducted by examining field data, archaeological studies, accidental discoveries from various locations, and utilizing library information. Additionally, one of the known types of fire altars, in the form of a curtain, is depicted on some Sasanian coins. Ultimately, it seems that since Fars was the seat of the Sasanian Empire, they displayed fire on stone fire altars.

Damavand is one of the most important historical regions of Iran in the southern margin of Central Alborz, which according to historical documents and archaeological data in the historical period has played an important role in political, cultural, social and economic developments of pre-Islamic Iran. Historical texts and rarely archaeological data have provided scattered information about the Damavand region during the Median, Achaemenid, and Seleucid period. The present study tries to use historical texts and archaeological evidence such as inscriptions, coins, seals and other cultural materials discovered from archaeological excavations and researches in archeological sites, the place of Damavand in the history of Iran in the pre-period Islam should be explained and evaluated. In the present research, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to achieve the set goal. Field and library studies and comparative analysis are the most important methods of data collection in the present study. Combined archaeological and historical evidence shows that Damavand, due to its strategic location, has played an important and pivotal role in the history of Iran from the historical period, especially from the first years of Parthian and Sassanid empire to the last years of the Sassanid Empire and even early Islam.In the present research, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to achieve the set goal. Field and library studies and comparative analysis are the most important methods of data collection in the present study. Combined archaeological and historical evidence shows that Damavand, due to its strategic location, has played an important and pivotal role in the history of Iran from the historical period, especially from the first years of Parthian and Sassanid empire to the last years of the Sassanid Empire and even early Islam

Damavand is one of the most important historical regions of Iran in the southern margin of Central Alborz, which according to historical documents and archaeological data in the historical period has played an important role in political, cultural, social and economic developments of pre-Islamic Iran. Historical texts and rarely archaeological data have provided scattered information about the Damavand region during the Median, Achaemenid, and Seleucid period. The present study tries to use historical texts and archaeological evidence such as inscriptions, coins, seals and other cultural materials discovered from archaeological excavations and researches in archeological sites, the place of Damavand in the history of Iran in the pre-period Islam should be explained and evaluated. In the present research, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to achieve the set goal. Field and library studies and comparative analysis are the most important methods of data collection in the present study. Combined archaeological and historical evidence shows that Damavand, due to its strategic location, has played an important and pivotal role in the history of Iran from the historical period, especially from the first years of Parthian and Sassanid empire to the last years of the Sassanid Empire and even early Islam.In the present research, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to achieve the set goal. Field and library studies and comparative analysis are the most important methods of data collection in the present study. Combined archaeological and historical evidence shows that Damavand, due to its strategic location, has played an important and pivotal role in the history of Iran from the historical period, especially from the first years of Parthian and Sassanid empire to the last years of the Sassanid Empire and even early Islam

The trade between the East and the West began via the Silk Road from the first century BC, and commercial goods, traditions, culture, and religious beliefs were exchanged between the civilizations of ancient China and the lands of the eastern Mediterranean. The Iranian Plateau, as a bridge between Eastern and Western civilizations, played an important role in this world trade. Along with the land routes and during the insecurity of the Silk Road, the waterways replaced the previous routes and the Persian Gulf became the link between the markets of ancient China and the more western lands. In the between, the historical ports of the Persian Gulf, especially unknown port of the Najirom, have played an important role. This historic port which is located in the sixty kilometers west of historic port of the Siraf and ten kilometers from the port city, has played an important role in maritime trade between the Iran and China from the Sassanid Period to the first centuries of Islamic Period. In the archeological exploration of Najirom Port in the spring of 2009, the distribution of cultural materials including pieces of turquoise, torpedo and sgrafito pottery among the architectural remains left in an area of three kilometers parallel to the coast, it announced the existence of a large population, industrial and commercial center.The identification of dozens of pieces of Chinese pottery such as Celadon, Changsha and Blue and White pottery and Chinese coins also indicated the extensive trade relations of the Iranians with ancient China from the Sassanid Period to the middle centuries of the Islamic Period. In this research, meanwhile, introducing the cultural materials belonging to the ancient Chinese dynasties in the historical port of Najirom, the position of this port in the maritime Silk Road and the Iran-China trade relations will be discussed.

Shipping and navigation in the Caspian Sea have not had a long history and is limited to recent centuries. In the historical geography of the Caspian Sea resources, news of sailing and navigation in the sea close to the Safavid period can not be seen. The Qajar era merchant ships traveling between ports and trade goods between ports of Russian Tezar and Iran through the Iranian port of Anzali the Volga River, Sar Mashhad and was trading Ashuradeh. Except for slight hints of tourists and historians of this period, little information is available about the structure of these ships. Identification of timber several ships off the coast of effort, city, complete and valuable information about the structure of historic ships Gorgan Gulf and the Caspian Sea will offer shipping .In this paper, based on field research and study library is provided, Historic ship discovered off the coast of the Caspian Sea and the lack of older introduced in the Monsoon Sea was closed due to the irregular waves, the absence of target markets, advance and retreat of sea water periodically and will be studied.

According to the report of the Center for Marine Medical Studies affiliated to Bushehr University of Medical Sciences about the discovery of pottery fragments from the seafloor in the coastal waters of Bushehr Port, Department of Underwater Archeology, Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR) undertook to study and identify these cultural remains during August 2016. With the participation of professional divers, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences began scientific diving in the Persian Gulf. During the underwater archaeological survey, an area containing clay fragments in the seafloor was identified. The site is located 500 meters from the shores of Bushehr Port and at a depth of three to six meters. Underwater archeological studies of the coasts of Bushehr port in the Persian Gulf, cultural materials including Torpedo jars, small and large glazed crabs and fragments of pottery in the seafloor were identified. Among the cultural findings, a small number of Torpedo jars and more broken pieces of this pottery and several glazed potteries were collected. Torpedo jars and Turquoise glaze pottery are among the most prominent Sassanid pottery in the Persian Gulf that were shipped from Iranian ports to destination ports in the maritime trade. Determining the true nature of this historic site and its dating was one of the major impetus for underwater archaeological diving operations on these beaches, which led to the discovery of cargo from a historic ship from the Sassanid era. In this article, while explaining the underwater archaeology research program of Bushehr port, the discovered pottery of this study, including turquoise and glazed pottery as the most prominent Sassanid and early Islamic pottery in the Persian Gulf, will be discussed. The Sassanid position in the Persian Gulf maritime trade and the importance of trade in this historic period from Iranian ports to destination ports in the Indian subcontinent, the southern coasts of the Persian Gulf and East Africa are carefully considered.

The Caspian Sea surface has undergone many changes and fluctuations. As the sea level has changed, many postal land has fallen underwater or parts of shallow coastal waters have left the water. In the past ten years, due to changes in the surface water of the Caspian Sea and the drop in water, a number of historic ships have been revealed. Identifying several wooden logs on the banks of Talesh, Rudsar, Neka and the Gulf of Gorgan will provide valuable information on the structure of the Caspian Sea historical ships and shipping. In this paper, which is based on field research and library study, Introducing historic ships that have emerged due to sea-level changes, the lack of older prototypes in this closed sea-due to the absence of monsoon winds, irregular wave movements, the absence of neighboring civilizations, And, consequently, the absence of maritime business routes, the progressive and sequential return of seawater and other factors will be studied. This wood is an imported product and now it comes from Russia to Iran. The oil found in the wood chips seems to have the stability of wood in the presence of water. The drilling of the lower parts of the ship showed that the body of the ship was saturated with water and its texture was sponge-shaped. The enclosure of the Neka coastal shores is made from wood-framed wood of the needle leaf trees, and puts outer-wall nails to vertical beams and internal walls.

The sixth chapter of the archaeological excavations of the Patapeh Site (Gonespan Hill), was the last effort to save this hill, before the full dive of the dam was completed. Patapeh contains works from the Bronze Age (Yanigh) to the Safavid period. During the sixth season, in addition to exploring the remnants of the architecture of the Islamic period and the Parthian period left behind by previous excavations, Remains of a huge architecture also appeared.
This architecture belongs to the remnants of a castle from the Iron III or Median period, parts of which were explored in the fourth and fifth chapters. The most important reasons for assigning this castle to the Medes are the similarities in the architectural style and the cultural foundations in it with other structures related to Median such as Noshijan, Babajan and Godin. The works of this period include wavy walls that have created rectangular halls. From the Parthian period, there were also works of brick and stone walls. The walls and floor of some of the spaces related to this period were plastered. The works of the Islamic period also included remains of stone walls and wells of water and sewage.
The history of the archeological activities of the Patapeh Hill dates back to 1381; When during the Malayer archaeological surveys, the hill was identified and introduced and The beginning of the construction of the Kalan Dam has brought a new season for Patapeh's archeological activities. For the first time in 2002, Ali Khaksar supervised the first chapter of the archaeological excavations of Patapeh, The excavation that led to the identification of the establishment of the Safavid period and the effects of an earlier settlement that probably belonged to the Seljuk period. The second chapter of the Patapeh archaeological excavations continued under the supervision of Hasan Rezvani in 2007; Exploring the layers of the Islamic era and finding remnants of a Parthian fortress with stone walls and buried bricks under the Islamic layer was the achievement of this chapter of exploration.
In the direction of the excavations of the previous seasons, signs of the presence of older cultures, especially the Iron Age, became apparent, the most important goal of the third chapter of the archaeological excavation of this hill. In this chapter, the exploration of Patapeh under the supervision of Mehrdad Malekzadeh in 2008 revealed evidence of an architectural structure that dates back to the Iron Age III. The fourth and fifth chapters of the archaeological exploration of Patapeh were conducted by Reza Naseri in 2009 to liberate the remains of median architecture.
The exploration results of these two seasons led to the liberation of several architectural spaces from the median fortress. Identifying part of an architecture of the Iron Age III era in the fourth and fifth seasons of patapeh exploration and its similarity to the well-known buildings of the Iron Age III, known as median fortresses, increased the importance of continuing to explore the site.
Hence the search for rescue on a large scale, in order to remove the remains of the architecture, especially the structure, before the waterfall of the dam and the burial ground in the lake water, was the first and most important target of this chapter.

Some researchers believe that because of the severe earthquake and tsunami in the fourth century H.، a large part of Siraf submerged by the Persian Gulf water fluctuations. Based on the available evidence and also by the archaeological survey of the Siraf coastal surrounding areas، the author argues that despite the devastating earthquake occurred to destroy much of the coastal architectural structures of the city the main destruction has been made by the steady sea water waves striking the coastal wall through time. The earthquake، however، has caused erosion in the historic port but the gentle slopes and shallow beach of city shows that there has been no possible reversal of the port structures into the deep water. This result is obtained by the observation made by the study of intact pottery kiln and the beach wall found through the excavations and by the underwater archaeology carried out in the sea sides of the ancient Siraf city.

Following the report of the local fishermen to the Boushehr Cultural Heritage Organization on existence of pot-sherds discovered from the seabed; in winter 2001 and 2003 the Underwater Archaeology Research Group of the Iranian center archaeological for Research attempted to have scientific diving aiming to study and identify the remains. The underwater operation was an square kilometer in area and the archaeological survey was conducted by survey divers. The area is located some thirty miles south of Bandar-e Rig and three kilometers into the coastline at a depth of five to eight meters. The underwater archaeological studies of Bandar-e Rig shore (Ganaveh) of Persian Gulf، lead us to identify some cultural material including Turpedo jars، small and large water storage pottery، weapons such as helmets، armor and elbow-protectors and scattered pot-sherds. Among the cultural finds، a few complete Turpedo jars and more sherds was discovered. This type of pottery which is dated to the Parthian and Late Sassanid periods till the end of the first two centuries of Islamic period Persian Gulf maritime trade have been used for valuable liquids such as olive oil، fish، salt، wine، and sometimes carrying grain from Iranian on the Persian Gulf coasts، Arabic، Indian Subcontinent، East Asia and East Africa while had a tiny interior mortar of natural bitumen being waterproof. The main motivations for diving operations was to determine the true nature of the historical and archaeological dating which Led to discover the ship’s shipment dated back to the Sassanid period. Turpedo pottery from the Bandar-e Rig has a dark buff past and many of its fragments have identified via the stratigraphy of Bandar-e Mahrouyan which is the same with greenish buff or grayish green fabric and at the outer edge of the shoulder with decorative grooves. According to C14 dating، Turpedo jars of the Mahrouyan are related to the Late Sassanid period. Except Turpedo pottery، some fragments of turquoise pottery were also recorded. Bandar-e Hezarmardan and Shaghab cemetery locating in the Boushehr Peninsula have attested some of these sherds. In the Sassanid cemetery of Shaghab along with different types of Sassanid burials، this pottery has also been used as a burial Jar. At the Sassanid port of Boushehr peninsula called Reyshahr، the Turpedo pottery were also occurred. At a port around Boushehr، the place locally called Jalali، there are some sherds and complete vessels of Turpedo have identified by local fishermen and researchers. Turpedo pottery of Jalali coast are comparable with Bandar-e Rig samples. At Siraf and in the lowest layer of the Sassanid remains the torpedo pottery with buff and brown fabric is identified. In the deep water of Siraf the Turpedo pottery is discovered in a sunk ship. Bandar-e Nay band along the coastline of Siraf eastward the dispersion of Turpedo pottery is also attested. Other places، such as Mianab plain، Susa and Gelalak، there are good examples of Turpedo pottery; all belong to the Parthian period. This pottery is in the southern coast of the Persian Gulf، East Africa and India has also been reported.