بصیر صمدی فیروزآباد

After being sprayed, nano-particles easily enter the leaves through the plant's stomatal system due to their small dimensions. Moreover, the significant increase in the molecular surface area of nano materials enhances their reactivity, consequently improving the plant's ability to utilize these compounds.

The present study was designed as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) at the research farm of the Central Station of the Agricultural Research and Education Center of Tehran Province. The study aimed to investigate the effects of foliar application in the form of seven treatments on the quantitative and qualitative performance and yield of the Goldasht safflower cultivar. The seven treatments included no spraying (control), spraying with normal and nano zinc, spraying with normal and nano iron, spraying with normal and nano manganese, and seed priming at three levels of non-priming (control), osmo-priming, and hydro-priming.

The results showed that osmo-priming, followed by spraying with nano zinc and then with nano iron, had the most significant effect on increasing all the investigated traits, including yield components, seed yield, and oil percentage in safflower. Additionally, hydro-priming with nano zinc spraying could increase the thousand-seed weight to the highest statistical level.

The study suggests that seed priming of safflower with foliar application of micronutrients, especially nano zinc, and iron, can be recommended as a promising method for enhancing the quantitative and qualitative performance and yield of safflower seed and oil in similar weather conditions.

To study the effect of planting date on seed yield and its compoments of suitable and high yielding mungbean genotypes a field experiment was carried out as factorial arrangement in randomized complete block with three replications in 2007 and 2008 in Varamin Field Station، Varamin، Iran. Experimental treatments included: five planting dates; 04 May، 19 May، 03 June، 17 June and 03 July، and four mungbean genotypes; cv. Parto، cv. Gohar، and 1-6-16 and NM-94 promising lines. Combined analysis of variance revealed that the 19 May planting date (mean temperature 24 ºC) had the highest seed yield (1805 kg ha-1) and 03 July planting date (mean temperatute 30 ºC) produced the lowest seed yield (1350 kg ha-1). NM-94 promising line had the highest seed yield (1809 kg ha-1) and cv. Gohar produced the lowest seed yield (1371 kg ha-1). Genotype × planting date interaction showed that 1-6-16 promising line had the highest seed yield (2089 kg ha-1) in 03 June planting date (mean temperature 25 ºC) and significantly differed from other treatments. The lowest seed yield (1170 kg ha-1) belonged to cv. Parto in 19 May planting date.

To study the effect of sowing data on seed and oil yields of safflower a field experiment was carried out in agricultural research station of Varamin in 2006 and 2007 growing seasons as split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with four replications. Four sowing dates (06 November, 21 November, 06 December and 21 December) were assigned to main plots and four safflower cultivars (Local Isfahan, Goldashat (Il-111), Padideh (L.R.V. 5151) and Sina (PI.53.75.98)) were randomized in sub-plots. Combined analysis of variance showed that interaction effect of cultivar × sowing date was significant (P<0.01) on most of the traits except number of seed head-1. Mean comparisons revealed that Goldasht produced the highest seed yield (3395 kg ha-1), 1000 seed weight (40.6 g) and number of branches plant-1 (16.6). Local Isfahan variety had the highest days to flowering (191 days), oil yield (823.4 kg ha-1), head number plant-1 (39 head) in 21 November sowiong date.

In order to determine the best planting pattern and optimum plant density of rapeseed, an experiment was carried out in two years 2006 and 2007 at Agricultural Research Station of Varamin. The experiment was a split-plot design on randomized complete block basis with four replications. The main plots included four planting methods (one row on furrow with 60 cm width, two rows on furrow with 60 cm width, two rows on furrow with 50 cm width and one row on furrow with 50 cm width) and the sub plots included three seed rates (6, 8 and 10 kg/ha-1). The results of combined analysis showed that effect of planting pattern was significant on characteristic such as day to flowering, number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod, duration of flowering and oil percent and the effect of seed rates was significant on plant height, 1000 seed weight and seed yield. The effect of interaction between planting pattern and seed rates was significant on day to germination, day to maturity, number of pod per plant and 1000 seed weight. The results of mean comparison analysis indicated that planting method of one row on furrow with 60 cm width produced the highest day to flowering terminate, number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod, duration of flowering and oil percent. Application of 6kgha-1 seed rate produced the highest 1000 seed weight and seed yield. Generally, the resulte of this experiment showed that the highest valuse of most characteristic were obtained from application of 6kgha-1 seed rate and planting method of one row on furrow with 60 cm width.