مقالات رزومه کمال شهبازی

Due to limited water resources in the country, irrigated wheat cultivars in cold and temperate cold regions are faced with lack of irrigation or limited irrigation at the end of the season. In these areas, most farmers who cultivate irrigated wheat due to lack of sufficient water in the spring cannot perform enough irrigation and therefore do not get the desired result from cultivating high-yielding cultivars. Development of new cultivars with high grain yield under terminal drought stress conditions is one of the major goals of wheat breeding program for cold regions of country. Heyran new bread wheat cultivar introduced from International Research Center for Maize and Wheat (CIMMYT) to Iran through an international nursery in 2010 and was evaluated in a primary trial in four research stations (Karaj, Jolge-Rokh, Ardabil and Mashhad), and due to its favorable characteristics was selected for further evaluation in preliminary yield trials in cold regions. This line showed grain yield of 8417 kgha-1 under normal irrigation compared to the check cultivars Orum, Zareh and Mihan (with average yields of 7679, 6828 and 7772 kgha-1, respectively), and under terminal drought conditions with an average seed yield of 4653 kgha-1, compared to the check cultivars Orum, Zareh and Mihan (with average yields of 4375, 3544 and 4358 kgha-1, respectively) and was selected in both conditions. Aforementioned line showed grain yield of 8340 kgha-1 in advanced yield trial of cold regions breeding program under normal conditions compared to check cultivars Orum, Zareh and Mihan (with average yields of 7518, 7613 and 8205 kgha-1, respectively) in five locations, selected for final evaluation in adaptability test. Grain yield of this line which was presented as CD-92-6 at the adaptability test was 4470 kgha-1 against 3711 and 3743 kgha-1 of Zareh and Mihan checks cultivars under water stress conditions, respectively, during two cropping seasons 2013-14 and 2014-15. This line showed overall mean grain yield, of 5143 kgha-1 under terminal drought stress conditions in extensional farmer’s fields. For these conditions checks cultivars Hydari and Mihan showed grain yields of 4808 and 4758 kgha-1, respectively. Grain yield potential of this line was recorded as 6323 kgha-1 in Khorasan Razavi farmers' field. According to the latest evaluations the response of this line to yellow rusts was resistant to semi sensitive under severe artificial infection. Wheat line CD-92-6 has considerable cold tolerance and good bread making quality and based on its good agronomic characteristics in 2019 this line was released as Heyran, for cultivation under terminal drought stress conditions in the cold agro-climatic regions.

Powdery mildew of barley is one of the most important diseases of barley worldwide that occur also in most of the barley cultivation areas in Iran. The use of resistant cultivar is known as the most effective, the most economic and the most environmentally safe method of disease control. Due to the high level of genetic diversity, the fungal pathogen have a big capacity for producing new physiological races and breaking down of effective sources of resistance. This study was carried out to determine the virulence/avirulence spectrum of the pathogen in major powdery mildew conductive regions, to monitor their annual changes in recent years and to evaluate the resistance of some Iranian commercial cultivars irrigated barley to powdery mildew.

 Trap nurseries consisting 77 lines and cultivars including 19 Pallas near-isogenic lines, a supplementary set including 34 cultivars carrying known or unknown resistance gene (s) along with 24 Iranian commercial barley cultivars were planted under natural disease development conditions at six powdery mildew hot spot locations in Mashhad, Gorgan, Ghaemshahr, Pars Abad (Moghan), Dezful and Zarghan during three consecutive cropping seasons (2016-2019). Evaluation of the reaction of studied barley cultivars and lines to powdery mildew was performed in 00-99 scroing scale based on the double digit system at the flowering stage. The virulence/avirulence spectrum of the pathogen in different regions was determined by considering the infection types 1-4 as incompatibile reaction (resistance) or avirulence and the infection types 5-9 as compatibile reaction (susceptibility) or virulence.

The results of this study showed that there is a significant variation in the virulence spectrum of the pathogen in different locations of Iran, occurrence of changes in their virulence/avirulence spectrum, and appearing new virulence factores for some plants carrying resistance genes. Based on the results, Mlk and Mlk(1) resistance genes were ineffective in all locations during all three years, and Mlh, Mla22 and Mla23 resistance genes were also ineffective in all three years at least in two locations. The results also showed that the mlo resistance gene was effective in all locations, and Mla3, Mla6, Mla9, Mla13, Ml(Ru3), Mla12 and Mla14  genes were effective at least in three locations during all three years. Based on the results, new virulence factors for MlLa, Mlg and MlCP genes appeared in some regions. Evaluation of the supplementary set in different regions of Iran showed that all cultivars/lines carrying one of the alleles of the mlo resistance gene including Viskosa, Wren, Alexis, Brenda and Chalice were effective in all locations/years. Also, the majority of commercial cultivars showed a range of reaction from moderately resistant to susceptible in different locations.

Based on the high level of variation in the virulence spectrum of the pathogen in different locations and appearing new virulence factores for some effective resistance genes, as well as the susceptible or semi-susceptible reaction of most commercial cultivars, continuous research to monitor the virulence spectrum of the pathogen population and identify new genetic sources of disease resistance is necessary. Also, genetic resources with the effective resistance genes including Mla3, Mla6, Mla9, Mla13, Ml(Ru3), Mla12 and Mla14 can be used as resistant parents to develop new resistant cultivars in breeding programs.

In this research, resistance response of 44 commercial Iranian wheat cultivars was determined to Septoria tritici blotch (STB) of wheat caused by Zymoseptoria tritici in adult plant stage in the Moghan station of Ardabil agricultural and natural resources research and education center during two consecutive years of 2020 and 2021 as percentage of the parameters relative height of disease progress on plants and disease severity using double digit scale of 00-99. Seedling resistance was evaluated to Z. tritici isolates collected from Moghan as percentages of necrotic leaf area as well as necrotic area bearing pycnidia under greenhouse conditions. Results of this study showed that virulence patterns of Z. tritici isolates on STB differential cultivars differs in different cropping seasons. Analysis of variance indicated a significant difference in reaction of wheat cultivars to the pathogen isolates at probability level of 1%. Cluster analysis of wheat genotypes based on the resistance components suggested three main groups of resistant, moderately resistant to moderately susceptible, and susceptible. About 20% of commercial wheat cultivars including Aran, Behrang, Shabrang, Torabi, Hana, Dena, Araz, Rakhshan and Sana displayed acceptable levels of resistance reaction in both seedling and adult plant stages. Reaction of Ehsan varied from moderately resistant to moderately susceptible depending on growth stage and experimental season, whereas rest of the studied cultivars showed a susceptible reaction in both evaluated stages. Sources of resistance identified in this research could be used in wheat breeding programs to pyramid resistance genes for creating effective resistance to septoria leaf blotch.

Septoria tritici blotch (STB) is one of the major diseases on wheat in most regions of the world where there is moderate temperature and high relative humidity. In this study, the virulence pattern of STB isolates collected from the Moghan region was identified on differential genotypes during two consecutive years of 2020 and 2021. To identify new sources of resistance, adult plant reaction of 53 elite wheat lines to the pathogen populations was studied in research station fields of Ardabil agricultural and natural resources research and education center (Moghan) using the parameters of percentages of the relative height of disease progress on plant as well as disease severity, where the seedling response of the genotypes was evaluated as percentages of necrotic leaf area as well as necrotic area bearing pycnidia under greenhouse conditions in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Based on the results, high virulence could be observed on the resistance genes Stb3, Stb4, Stb7, Stb8, and Stb9, whereas avirulence was recognized on Stb11 and Stb18 in both years. Cluster analysis of wheat genotypes for resistance components against Moghan populations of Z. tritici has led to three main groups of resistant, moderately resistant to moderately susceptible, and susceptible. About 19% of elite wheat lines including DM-95-6, D-96-16, DM-95-16, D-96-5, D-96-19, N-94-12, N-95- 10, N-96-15, CD-96-9 and N-95-7 showed acceptable levels of resistance in different growth stages during two years.

Salinity stress is a major constrain of plant growth and limiting factor of crop production in arid and semi-arid regions in the world. Wheat cultivar Barzegar is derived from the cross between an Iranian highly adapted wheat, Pishtaz cultivar and Karchia cultivar (salt tolerant cultivar from India) as female and male parents, respectively, at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Cereal Research Department in Karaj. Subsequent selection among segregating populations of this hybrid was done at experimental field of Yazd station. Results of yield trials and on-farm evaluations in the temperate zone showed that under salinity stress conditions (EcSoil =8-12 dsm-1 & EcWater =8-13 dsm-1), Barzegar exhibited a superior performance compared to the check cultivars Bam and Arg, and its average grain yield was 659 kg (16.5%) higher than average grain yield of check cultivars. Based on ranking method Barzegar had high stability and adaptability under saline conditions compared to the check cultivars. Under farmer's conditions trials its average grain yield was 4381 kgha-1, nearly 20% higher than average grain yield of check cultivars (3648 kgha-1). Barzegar exhibits lodging resistance and has non-shattering spikes, but has moderately resistant susceptible infection responses to rusts. However, under dry conditions of saline areas of Iran no susceptibility to these diseases is observed. Based on good agronomic performance consist of resistance to lodging and shattering, and high adaptability and stability and good quality in saline condition compared to checks (Bam, Arg and Ofogh), Barzegar released for cultivation in the saline areas (with saline water/soil) farms of temperate zone, in Iran.

The new durum wheat cultivar, Sana (line DM-93-8) was initially introduced as a breeding line through 43rd International Durum Screening Nursery (IDSN) received from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CYMMIT) and was evaluated in Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII) in Karaj. Sana was selected for further evaluations based on its high grain yield (7750 kgha-1) at the subsequent years. This line had average grain yield of 9675 kgha-1 in the regional preliminary yield trial in 2012-2013 cropping season. Line DM-93-8 had average grain yield of 6827 kgha-1 in the advanced yield trial, with no considerable difference with Dena check cultivar having grain yield of 6973 kgha-1 in 2013-2014, therefore this line was selected for the further evaluations. The regional elite yield trials were conducted in four stations of Isfahan, Karaj, Kermanshah and Neishabour in 2014-15 and 2015-16.  This line with 9025 kgha-1 had 16% higher grain yield than Dena check cultivar, with grain yield of 7779 kgha-1, and therefore was selected as superior line based on its grain yield and yield stability. Sana also has high quality of semolina, high protein content (12.2%) and high percentage of wet gluten (27%). The results of on-farm trials showed that this cultivar exhibited a 6% higher grain yield than newly released variety, Hana, as a local check in Kermanshah. Therefore, based on its high grain yield, yield stability, quality of semolina and its good level of resistance to yellow and leaf rusts, line DM-93-8 was released as a new durum wheat cultivar with the name of Sana for moderate agro-climate zone of Iran.

Rusts have always been considered as important diseases of wheat, have significant economic losses worldwide and cultivation of resistant cultivars is the most effective way to control the disease. This research project was conducted in order to evaluate reaction of 101 advanced and commercial wheat genotypes of Iran to wheat leaf rust at seedling and adult plant stages with artificial inoculation. These genotypes were evaluated in two cropping years of 2020 and 2021 in Dezful, Gorgan, Ardabil and Moghan under field conditions. In Karaj, resistance of genotypes was evaluated at seedling stage and under greenhouse conditions using four wheat leaf rust pathotypes with a specific virulence/avirulence formula. According the results of the present study, 63 percent of the genotypes of the South warm and dry zone, 96 percent of the genotypes of the North warm and humid zone, 26 percent of the genotypes of the cold zone, 57 percent of the genotypes of the moderate zone, 10 percent of the genotypes of the salinity program, and all durum wheat genotypes responded acceptable level of resistance. Under seedling conditions, 33 percent of the genotypes were resistant to four wheat leaf rust pathotypes. In this study, five cultivars Aflak, Shoush, Sirvan, Zarrineh and Ehsan were resistant in field conditions but reacted susceptibility to four leaf rust pathotypes at the seedling stage. It seems that these cultivars probably have adult plant resistance gene or genes.

This study was conducted to investigate the yield stability and determine the portion of some Morpho-phonological traits in the GEI effect in barley. For this purpose, a total of 20 barley genotypes were investigated at five tropical research stations of Iran during the 2018-2020 cropping seasons. In all trials, a RCBD with three replications was used. Stability analysis was performed using two set of stability models including parametric statistics and REML/BLUP-based statistics. The results of parametric were pooled in genotype SIIG as a unique stability index. Morpho-phonological data were analyzed using the path analysis. The days-to heading (X1) and days-to maturity (X2), plant height (X3), and 1000-kernels weight (X4) were considered to be sequential traits for the development of grain yield productivity (Y). Based on results, genotypes G6, G2, G3, G5, G13, G17, G11, G12 and G14 with greater grain yield than average grain yields and high values of stability statistics were identified as desirable genotypes in terms of yield performance and stability. Furthermore, three BLUP-based statistics, HMGV, RPGV and HMRPGV, were recognized genotypes G20, G6, G2, G3, G11, G12 and G17 as the high-yielding and stable genotypes. In total, lines G6, G3 and G11, which were superior in both methods, were selected. The results of path analysis revealed that DHE has a positive relationship with grain yield; hence more emphasis should be placed on selection based on spike emergence later to improve the yield potential of barley in warm regions of Iran.

A bread wheat breeding line that led to release of Tallaei cultivar introduced from International Research Center for Maize and Wheat (CIMMYT) to Iran through an international nursery in 2009 and was evaluated in a primary trial in Islam Abad-Gharb research station and due to its favorable characteristics was selected for further evaluation. This line showed grain yield of 6967 and 5370 kgha-1 under normal irrigation and terminal drought conditions, respectively, while mean grain yields of four check cultivars: Parsi, Sivand, Bahar and Pishtaz for those two conditions were 6857 and 3850 kgha-1, respectively, Aforementioned line showed grain yield of 4851 kgha-1 in advanced yield trial of temperate regions breeding program under water deficit conditions compared to 4631 khha-1 of drought tolerant check cultivar "Sirvan" in three locations, hence selected for final evaluation in adaptation trial. Grain yield of this line which was presented as M-91-18 at the adaptation trial was 7563 and 6385 kgha-1 against 8022 and 6200 kgha-1 of Parsi check cultivar under normal and water stress conditions, respectively, during two cropping seasons 2012-13 and 2013-14. This line showed overall mean grain yield, of 9583 and 8042 kgha-1 in normal irrigation and water deficit conditions under extensional farmer fields, respectively. For these two conditions check cultivar Parsi showed 7875 and 6828 kgha-1 records. Grain yield potential of this line was recorded as 10070 and 10670 kgha-1 in Alborz and Kermanshah farmers' fields, respectively. According to the latest evaluations the response of this line to yellow and leaf rusts was moderately resistant under severe artificial infection. Wheat line M-91-18 has considerable earliness and good bread making quality and based on its good agronomic characteristics in 2017 this line was released as Tallaei, for cultivation under normal and terminal moisture stress conditions in temperate agro-climatic regions.

There are different methods for study the genotype × environment interactions and determining stable genotypes such as parametric, non-parametric and multivariate methods. In this research, 19 selective genotypes from advanced trials of durum wheat at 2011-2012 agronomic year, have been cultivated with Dehdasht check cultivar for three growing years (2012-2015) in five locations (including Gachsaran, Gonbad, Khorramabad, Moghan and Ilam) in a randomized complete block design with four replications in each location. Combined analysis of variance indicated significant effects of genotype, environment and interactions of genotype × environment. In parametric uni-variate methods, genotypes 7, 12, 18 and 20 were determined as stable genotypes. In non-parametric uni-variate methods, genotypes 2, 7, 12, 13, 18, 19 and 20 had the lowest genotype × environment interaction and they were determined as stable genotypes. In AMMI method, genotypes 2, 7, 12, 19 and 20 had the lowest rank in different environments and highest grain yield, and these genotypes seems more stable genotypes. It can be concluded that genotypes 7, 12, 18 and 20 could be considered as promising genotypes and candidate for introducing new durum cultivar.

Torabi wheat cultivar introduced to iranian wheat breeding program through an international nursery from CIMMIT (28th SAWSN) in 2010 and was evaluated under terminal drought stress implemented from the flowering stage in 2010-2011 cropping season. Then in 2011-2012 cropping season it was tested in the preliminary regional wheat yield trial under terminal drought stress in Karaj and was selected based on its average grain yield of (4878 kgha-1) compared to the average grain yield of (3939 kgha-1) Parsi check cultivar. This cultivar was further studied in the advanced regional wheat yield trial in the temperate regions of the country during 2012-2013 and with average grain yield of 6634 kgha-1 under drought stress condition compared to 6073 and 6768 kgha-1 yields of check cultivars Parsi and Sirvan, respectively, was selected for evaluation in the adaptability and yield stability. The average grain yield of Torabi (line M-92-20) in adaptability experiment during the years 2013-2015 under drought stress conditions was 6516 kgha-1 compared to 6110 kgha-1 of Sirvan check cultivar and 5697 kgha-1 of Parsi check cultivar and also its total grain yield mean was 3% higher than the average grain yields of all genotypes. Due to the resistant reaction of the line M-92-20 to stripe and leaf rust diseases, as well as the early maturity and very good bread making quality, this line was selected for evaluation in the on-farm trials in farmer’s fields. Overall in farmer’s fields, this line had grain yield mean of 8637 kgha-1 under normal irrigation, and 5672 kgha-1 under water deficit conditions compared to the average yield of check cultivars with 6150 kgha-1 under optimal conditions and 5104 kgha-1 under water deficit conditions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of yield stability analysis models and to assess genotype × environment interaction effect on grain yield of 20 durum wheat genotypes for identifying high yielding and adapted genotypes by BLU and AMMI models using experimental data of four cropping cycles (2009-2013) in five filed stations in warm rainfed regions of Iran. The results of Likelihood ratio test (LRT) showed that the effect of genotype and genotype × environment interaction on grain yield was significant. Therefore, the best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) analysis was considered appropriate for these data. According to AMMI stability value (ASV) index, genotypes 11, 8, 14, 19 and 16 had more yield stability. Simultaneous selection index (ssiASV) based on ASV identified genotypes 8, 11, 4 and 10 in terms of grain yield and yield stability as superior genotypes. Given that by using these simultaneous selection indices, genotypes with different patterns for multivariate trials can be considered similar, the results can be misleading. Based on the first two main components, AMMI2 biplot diagram identified genotypes 19, 3, 14 and 11 as genotypes with yield stability. The results of the mosaic diagram showed that the contribution of genotype and genotype × environment interaction were 14.94% and 85.06% of the total variation, respectively. Based on weighted average of absolute scores (WAASBY) index using BLUP analysis, genotypes 4, 8, 11, 10 and 7 were identified as high yielding with yield stability. In general, usin mixed model as well as all the components in calculating the WAASBY index, it can be concluded that this index is superior to other indices.

Several methods have been proposed to analyze the interaction of genotype in the environment. In this research 16 selected durum wheat lines with two check cultivars (Dehdasht, Seimareh) were evaluated in randomized complete block design experiment with three replications in four regions of Iran including Gachsaran, Gonbad, Khoramabad and Moghan during three cropping seasons 2013-2016. Combined ANOVA indicated significant effect of year, location, genotype, year×location and genotype×year×location interactions at 1% probability level on durum wheat grain yield. Screet test indicated the first four principal components had high contribution of GEI, so that the PC1 and PC2 was explained 26.60% and 15.33% of GEI variation. Mosaic plot revealed that 20.76% of total sum of squares is illustrated by genotype sum of squares and 79.24% by genotype×environment interaction sum of squares. Heat-map plot was also indicated G1, G3, G6, G15 and G16 had high grain yield in many of environments. The polygon view of biplot indicated G10,G5,G6,G7 and G4 were as stable genotypes to the tested environments according to the closest distance to biplot origin, while G8 and G12 was not adaptable to any environments. The simultaneous studying of the effect of genotype and GE interaction by average tester coordinate view of biplot illustrated that G15, G13 and G6, in addition to high grain yield, were also more stable than other genotypes. Ideal genotype view of biplot indicated G15, G13, G16, G2 and G6 were as most desirable genotypes. In conclusion, G15, G13, G3 and G6 with high mean yield and stability performance can be used in selection/ recommendation process of cultivar.

Nineteen durum wheat lines selected from preliminary yield trial along with Dehdasht as a control cultivar, were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications at five regions in Iran including Gachsaran, Gonbad, Khoramabad, Moghan and Ilam during three cropping seasons of 2012-2015. Combined analysis of variance indicated significant effects of year, location, genotype and year × location, year × genptype and year × location × genotype interactions on durum wheat grain yield. Screet test indicated the first foure principal components had high contribution of geenotype × environmentinteractions (GEI), so that the PC1 and PC2 was explained 22.0% and 18.71% of GEI variation. Mosaic plot revealed that 11.54% of total variation is illustrated by genotype and 88.46% by GEI effects. Heatmap plot was also indicated G16, G19 and G20 had high grain yield in many of environments. The polygon view of biplot indicated G8, G7, G20 and G13 were as stable genotypes to the tested environments according to the closest distance to biplot origin, while  G18, G15 and G11 was not adaptable to any of environments. The simultaneous studying of the effects of genotype (G) and genotype-environment interactions (G×E) by average tester coordinate (ATC) view of biplot illustrated that G2, G7, G1 and G20, in addition to high grain yield, are also more stable to the tested environments than the other genotypes, and can be proposed as stable genotypes. G1 and G2 are placed close to the ideal genotype, are most desirable than the other genotypes. The vector view of GGE biplot indicated discriminating and representative environments (E5 and E3) are good environments for selecting generally adapted genotypes. Consequently, G7, G8, G20 and G13 with strong stability and high grain yield can be used in selection/ recommendation process of cultivar.

Knowlege of genotype × environment interactions helps breeders to select the best genotypes for different regions.The main objective of this research was to obtain high yielding durum wheat genotypes selected from several elite lines so that can be compatible to climatic conditions of the tropical and subtropical rainfed regions and superior to check varieties. In this research, 16 durum wheat genotypes selected from advanced yield trials along with two check cultivars, Dehdasht and Seimareh, were studied in a randomized complete block design with four replications for three cropping seosons (2013-2016) in four locations (Gachsaran, Gonbad, Khoramabad and Moghan). Combined analysis of variance indicated that main effects of genotype, year and location and interactions of year × location and genotype × year × location were significant at 1% probability level. AMMI analysis of variance also showed that the first four principal components were significant and explained about 81% of the total variance of genotype × environment interaction. The highest grain yield was observed in genotype 6 (3592 kg.ha-1) and the lowest in genotype 18 (3229 kg.ha-1). Environments 10, 8, 11 and 12 with long vectors had high resolution ability. The results of this study based on AMMI indices showed that genotypes 3, 5, 6, 13 and 15 with higher grain yield than the total mean in most environment were stable and superior genotypes in this experiments. Among them, genotype 13 with suitable general adaptability can be a promising genotype and a candidate to introduce a new cultivar for tropical and subtropical rainfed areas.

Durum wheat (Triticum durum desf.) is one of the most important cereal crops used to make pasta, macaroni and other foods. Understanding the complexity of the genotype × environment interaction (GEI) and its impact on determining the most stable genotypes, mega environments and other adaptation goals has been a special concern for the plant breeders. Various methods exist for the stability analysis of grain yields based on different sustainability concepts that can be grouped into parametric, nonparametric and multivariate methods. In this research, 20 genotypes of durum wheat (19 advanced genotypes and Dehdasht commercial variety) were evaluated in five regions during four years (2009-2013). Experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design with four replications in each environment (year × location). Based on the results of grain yield stability assessment using 13 nonparametric methods in the methods of mean rank, standard deviation and adaptability percentage, genotypes 9, 10 and 12, in the methods of Nassar and Huhn and sum rank of Kang, genotypes 4, 5, 10, 11 and 17 and in the Thennarasu and Fox methods, genotypes 6, 9, 10, 12, 13 and 17 were selected as the most stable genotypes. Finally, based on summarizing the results of all methods genotypes 10 and 12 were selected as the most stable genotypes. According to the previous studies of the authors, it is suggested that in the next researches, in order to better evaluate the stability of genotypes, one of the sustainability methods such as AMMI, spatial regression or mixed models, along with nonparametric methods, must be considered.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), which is caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum, is one of the most important diseases of wheat in Iran which reduces wheat yield and quality especially in northern parts of the country. For the purpose of identifying and selecting FHB-resistant genotypes, the reactions of 20 lines of the Elite Regional Wheat Yield Trials from the North warm and humid zone in 1392 (ERWYT-N-1392) were determined to FHB under field conditions in two locations for two years. Results of combined analysis of variance of several datasets including disease incidence, severity, and index and Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK) from two locations (Gorgan and Moghan) in two years (1393 and 1394) showed significant differences among the genotypes for all datasets. Results of the present investigation showed that five genotypes of N-92-3, N-92-1 (cv. Morvarid), N-92-19, N-92-4, and N-92-9 having the lowest disease incidence, severity and disease index and FDK, and the best means of ranks from these traits were the most resistant lines under field conditions. Low disease incidence and FDK in these genotypes may indicate the presence of type I and type IV resistances, respectively. Based on the results of this research, the experimental lines N-92-3, N-92-19, N-92-4, and N-92-9 may be proposed as candidate lines to replace the older cultivars in this region, if their high yeild and resistance to other diseases is confirmed as well.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum, is one of the most important diseases of wheat in the North warm and humid zone of Iran. The disease has also been reported from the South warm and dry zone of Iran, and in some cases there has been considerable damage from the disease in this zone. For the purpose of identifying FHB-resistant wheat genotypes, the reactions of 32 genotypes of the Elite Regional Wheat Yield Trial of the South warm and dry zone in 1392 (ERWYT-S-1392) to FHB were determined under field conditions in two locations (Gorgan and Moghan) for two successive growing years (2013-14 and 2014-15). The genotypes were also tested for FHB resistance under greenhouse conditions. Results of combined analysis of variance for several datasets including disease incidence, severity, index and Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK) from field experiments showed significant differences among the genotypes for all traits. Significant differences were also observed among the genotypes tested under greenhouse conditions. Among the 32 genotypes examined, S-92-6 and S-92-7 were the most resistant genotypes to FHB under field and greenhouse conditions. They seemed to have three types of resistance including type I, type II and type IV. These genotypes may be recommended as candidates to replace the older cultivars in the South wam and dry zone in the term of resistance to FHB. In the second priority, three genotypes of S-92-2, S-92-3 and S-92-4 with an optimal level of resistance to FHB may also be recommended.

Breeding of adapted and variation germplasm can be a main element for strength of research political in stable agricultture system. This is achived by targeting variety selection onto different growing environments under natural heat and drought stresses. To realize this, breeding programs usually undertake a rigorous genotypes performance evaluation across locations and years mostly at the final stage of variety development process. More accurate selection of wheat genotypes requires reducing environmental effects for explaining of their genetic potential with appropriate analysis of genotype × environment. In this research, 18 improved bread wheat genotypes were planted in randomized compelet block design with 4 replications in Gachsaran, Khoramabad, Gonbad, Moghan and Ilam stations during three years (2011-2014). Simple and combined analysis variance were done on grain yield data. Due to significant interaction effects for Year × locatin and genotype × year × locatin, yield stability of considered genotypes were analysed using some parameteric and nonparametric methods. Obtained results showed genotypes no. 10 and 17 with 3107 and 3028 kg/ha had the highest grain yield. Based on parametric statistics: CVi, , , ¡, MSY/L and MSPI and non-paramertric statistics: , , , Top, Mid, Low¡, R-Sum, and SDR, G10 had more yield stability. More over, G12 and G17 showed suitable yiled stability among high production genotypes. Earliness Genotypes 10 and 17 lines had optimum plant height and partially high thousand kernel weight.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by various species of Fusarium particularly Fusarium graminearum, is one of the destructive diseases of wheat in Iran especially in northern parts of the country. In addition to reducing wheat yield and quality, the disease is important due to potent mycotoxin production by the pathogens. The present study was carried out to evaluate the responses of 117 accessions of wheat landraces from the collection of Cereal Research Department (CRD), Seed & Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), Karaj, Iran to FHB under field and greenhouse conditions. Based on the results of spray-inoculated field experiments, 31 out of 117 genotypes were detected to be resistant to FHB with mean disease index ≤10%. It seems that at least 21 genotypes have a genetic basis, possessing Type I resistance. Results of greenhouse experiments using point inoculations showed that all genotypes were susceptible which may refer to lack of Type II resistance among the genotypes tested. Considering the presence of Type I resistance among the considerable number of accessions tested, which can largely keep the product clean of the disease under field conditions, these genotypes may be used as FHB-resistant parents in wheat breeding programs in order to transfer disease resistance into commercial cultivars.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a destructive disease of wheat in northern parts of Iran. In addition to yield loss, FHB may be a threat for human and animal health due to mycotoxin production by the pathogen causing the disease. The present study was conducted to examine SSR markers associated with resistance to FHB in selecting for resistance among twenty promising lines of wheat. The reactions of these genotypes to FHB were also determined under field and greenhouse conditions to confirm the effectiveness of the markers tested. In the present study, four out of 43 SSR markers including Xbarc117, Xgwm304, Xgwm261 and Xgwm282 were associated to FHB resistance genes/QTLs, in some of the promising lines. Phenotypic data also supported the effectiveness of these SSR markers for marker-assisted selection. The results of this study can be used for selection of resistant genotypes and providing cultivars/lines identification information in releasing new wheat cultivars.

In this experiment 16 advanced lines and genotypes of bread wheat were evaluated for drought resistance in Moghan agricultural center. The drought treatments consisted of four levels of: control (no drought stress)، early season stress (no irrigation before heading) and complete stress (dry farming). All agronomic and physiologic traits were recorded during the growing season and accordingly، the drought resistance indices were calculated for each genotype. The simple and compound analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes and their interaction with drought stress for most of the measured parameters. The analysis of variance for drought tolerance index (TOL) indicated that genotypes showed different reaction to drought stress. All genotypes were classified to four groups of A، B، C and D according to STI criteria. In this classification، the Chamran genotype along with N- 81- 16 line were recommended for cultivation in normal as well as stressed (early، late and complete drought stress) conditions. Kohdasht genotype and lines N- 79- 10 and N- 79- 7 produced a reasonable yield at early and complete drought conditions and were classified at C group.

Cold is one of the most important abiotic stresses in some regions of Iran. To Investigate of some tolerance related traits to cold condition, 22 bread wheat genotypes planted in Ardabil region in 1980. After plants passed winter cold condition (135 freezing days), cell membrane stability, chlorophyll content of leaf and crown depth and grain yield of genotypes were measured. ANOVA analysis showed significant differences between genotypes for grain yield, cell membrane stability and chlorophyll content of leaf at 5%. While there was none significant differences between genotypes for crown depth. Mean comparison showed that, Aug//gt/…, Navid, C-73-8, sardari and C-70-3 genotypes with 3.52, 3.41, 3.34, 3.26 and 3.24 ton/ha respectively had the highest and 4213 genotype with 1.59 tn/ha had the least grain yield in experiment condition. Correlation coefficients showed negative significant correlation between grain yield and cell membrane Stability, and positive correlation between grain yield and chlorophyll content of leaf. Overall it seems these methods can be used as simple and quick tools for evaluating and screening wheat genotypes in winter cold condition.

Study of climate and eco-physiological needs of crop plants can be of from important factors in crop production. With study of، humidity، water and climate potential in different areas، researchers can distinguish production potentials for each crop in each region. For these purpose، in this case study، long term climate data of 7 meteorological stations collected and analyzed in Moghan and Ardabil regions. The considered parameters were: monthly mean temperature، monthly minimum and maximum temperature، growing degree days (GDD)، annual precipitation، aridity index، potential evapotranspiration (ETP). Also، to classification climatically parameters and appointing their special distribution، digital elevation model (DEM) created by use of GIS software (ILWIS)، then correlation between altitude and climatically parameters determined. In other step water balance diagrams with use of climatically parameters drew for each station. In the end assessment maps for studying moisture parameters had created for studied areas.