مقالات رزومه علیرضا جمشیدی

The Covid-19 pandemic, the outbreak of which is attributed to Wuhan, China, has had severe effects worldwide on all industries, including the tourism industry. Sample tourism areas are one of the most important spaces that attract tourists and travelers in our country, which are established and managed by the non-governmental sector in order to provide services to tourists. The administrations of 50 exemplary tourism regions, Kermanshah province, as one of the potential provinces, are active in attracting tourists and providing services to them. It is one of the typical tourist areas of Kermanshah province, Sarab Ravansar, which is situated on Mount Shaho due to its beautiful landscape. Also, being in the vicinity of the central communication axis between cities, and a short distance from the border bazaar, this city, welcomes many tourists and travelers throughout the year. During the pandemic, the significant effects of Covid-19 have been accepted by the activists located in the area of this tourist attraction, like other tourist spots. Examining it can, while clarifying the dimensions of the impact of the pandemic on tourism activists, provide the necessary background and platform for future planning in the face of similar crises. Therefore, the central question of the current research is:-What are the most important socio-economic effects of Covid-19 on the active beneficiaries in the sample tourism area of Sarab Ravansar?

In terms of approach, the current research is a quantitative study based on the objective of applied type, and in terms of nature, it is a part of descriptive-analytical studies. In this research, a library method has been exerted in theoretical foundations, and a survey method to collect information related to the studied society. The statistical population of this research includes all households in Ravansar city that engage in service-economic activities in Sarab Ravansar. In this study, to obtain a suitable sample and fit the study's objectives, the available simple random sampling method was used to determine the number of samples of the Cochrane relationship.The tool for collecting information in this research is a questionnaire that is taken from the studies of Rabiei and Tak Roostai (2020), Afzali and Zare Mehrjardi (2020), Askari Sawadjani et al. 2021, Pazukinejad et al. (2021) and in three parts, it includes questions about the personal and social characteristics of the respondents, including age, gender, education, occupation, etc. The second part includes items in the field of anxiety caused by Covid-19. The third part included items on economic effects, and the fourth part was also on the social effects of Covid-19 on tourism in the studied area. Related software such as SPSS and Smart PLS have been used in this study for data analysis.

Based on the results of the t statistic related to the studied indicators, it was observed that the extracted t coefficient was positive and significant for the indicators of concern about financial issues (t = 5.83), concern about closure, or disruption of activity. related things (t = 5.35), stress caused by thinking about Covid-19 (t = 7.9) and fear of being infected with Covid-19 (t = 3.48). This situation shows that the average of the mentioned indicators among the studied people is greater than the theoretical average (3). Also, the positivity of the two upper and lower limits related to the total index indicates the significance of the difference between the mean of the variable in question and the theoretical mean. On the other hand, based on the obtained results, considering the index of concern about the transmission of the virus to others (t = -3.32), the t coefficient was negative and significant. Therefore, it can be said that the theoretical mean (3) of the mean This index has been larger. In other words, as it was said in the first part, the studied people were not worried about the transmission of the virus by themselves to others.Based on the results obtained from the structural equation model, the variable of anxiety caused by Covid-19 has a significant effect on the variables in question, so that it has a significant effect on the economic (with an influence coefficient of 0.383) and social factors (with an influence coefficient of 0.509). have been. Also, the variable of economic factors affected by the Covid-19 has also had a significant effect on social factors with a coefficient of 0.137.

The social factors examined in this study include the three indicators of business, education and family domains. It showed that the initial results of the investigation of indicators related to social factors affected by Covid-19 were positive and significant, the t coefficient extracted for the indicators of the family domain (t = 4.96), the education domain (t = 3.06) and the business domain and work (t = 4.01). Based on this, it can be said that from the point of view of the studied people, Covid-19 had an effect on social indicators, and this was confirmed based on the structural model. So that the results of the model showed that the anxiety of Covid-19 (the effect of Covid-19) had a significant effect on social factors (with an influence coefficient of 0.509). Although the effect of Covid-19 on social spheres such as economic issues is not clear and direct, and even in some studies it is mentioned that these effects are not well known, but the effects of Covid-19, which include the implementation of quarantine, distancing social issues and even anxiety from Covid-19 have caused the closure or partial closure of many jobs and businesses in the studied area, which has affected family and educational relationships and even social interactions due to their jobs. The result obtained in the field of social effects caused by the Covid-19 pandemic is consistent with the results of Imani Jajermi's study (2019), Abbas et al. (2021), Suliko et al. (2021), Sah et al. (2020).

The development of rural entrepreneurship is the key to solving various problems in the country's rural communities, including unemployment, poverty, food insecurity, migration, social anomalies, etc. The study aimed at investigating the focal correlation between entrepreneurship indicators (X variables including success, …) on sustainable rural development (Y variables including social sustainability, economic sustainability…) in rural areas west of Urmia Lake (in 2020-2021) to determine the variability between the two sets of variables. The statistical population of the study includes all households living on the western shore of Urmia Lake (N = 17738), of which 374 sample (households) were selected using Cochran's formula and multi-stage stratified sampling with proportional assignment. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed using face validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient (Between 0.703 and 0.836). In this research, in order to investigate the objectives of the study, Canonical Correlation Analysisand Spearman's correlation coefficient were performed using SPSS software. The results of Canonical Correlation Analysis showed that there is a good linear combination between the set of focal variables of rural entrepreneurship indicators and the components of sustainable rural development in the studied areas. Also, the canonical correlation analysis of two significant sets showed that creativity (0.833) and self-confidence (0.898) have a significant relationship with economic stability (0.835) and physical stability (0.982). In other words, it can be concluded that by improving the situation of factors affecting the development of entrepreneurship in rural areas, we can see sustainable rural development. Therefore, it can be suggested to increase skills such as self-reliance, self-confidence, creativity, responsibility, etc. among the villagers through holding various training classes.

The purpose of this study is to examine the lived experiences of agricultural workers in the Chardavol Township about the new world. The present study is a qualitative research that has been done using an interpretive paradigm and interpretive phenomenological method. The statistical population of the study includes all villagers active in the agricultural sector in Zanjire Sofla village in Chardavol Township in Ilam province. 14 participants were selected by purposive sampling method until theoretical saturation. The semi-structured interview method was used to collect information from participants and Van Mannen's (1990) method was used to analyze the data obtained from the semi-structured interviews. The results showed that a main theme entitled "New World" and 7 sub-themes including new lifestyle, a distinct consumption pattern, the integration and synergy of tensions, understanding the cross-sectional remedial shock, the symmetry of old and new vulnerabilities, socio-protective isolation and low government presence and the tendency to counter-value measures and the experience of the new sin is experienced by the participants.

Futures Studies in Planning the Self-Employed Businesses Continuity for Women-Headed Households will find the key drivers, key variables, and uncertainties in the development of women's economic empowerment, and will shape the desired future management. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the management of women's self-employed business continuity management in Chardavol Township, identifying key variables and developing effective scenarios for its realization. The purpose of this study is practical and it is a descriptive-analytical research conducted with an interpretive structural approach to measure the interactions of variables. In terms of the nature of the data, this research is a combination (quantitative and qualitative) and is based on documentary and survey data collection method. The results showed that out of the developed scenarios, there are 6 scenarios with strong adaptation to the future of self-employed women business continuity management in Chardavol. Of the six scenarios mentioned, three scenarios one, two, and three are perfectly desirable, and scenario 1 is the best-case scenario of managing self-employed business continuity of women-headed households in Chardavol.The results showed that out of the developed scenarios, there are 6 scenarios with strong adaptation to the future of self-employed women business continuity management in Chardavol. Of the six scenarios mentioned, three scenarios one, two, and three are perfectly desirable, and scenario 1 is the best-case scenario of managing self-employed business continuity of women-headed households in Chardavol.The results showed that out of the developed scenarios, there are 6 scenarios with strong adaptation to the future of self-employed women business continuity management in Chardavol. Of the six scenarios mentioned, three scenarios one, two, and three are perfectly desirable, and scenario 1 is the best-case scenario of managing self-employed business continuity of women-headed households in Chardavol.

This study aimed to investigate social capital and its impact on sustainable rural development. The is a descriptive-analytical research, the purpose is of the practical form and it is done in survey method. The statistic sample is all the heads of household lived in rural areas of Miankuh District, Ardal County. A sample of 254 persons was selected by stratified random sampling in the study area, using Sample Power software. The sample was studied under proportional impartation method. The questionnaire was used to collect information. The information was analyzed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis, second stage, and Structural Equation Analysis Modeling. Validity of the research instruments was evaluated and confirmed contently (face validity) and structurally; its reliability was approved by composite reliability. The results of the social capital sub-indices indicate that social trust with a coefficient of 0.85, network quality with 0.72 and social participation with 0.67 have the highest correlation with social capital; common moral values with a coefficient of 0.37 has the lowest correlation. The inclusion of these factors in the structural equation modeling as sub-indices of community capital (hidden variable) as an independent variable shows the direct and the strong impact of social capital on sustainable development. That means, by changing a unit of social capital, a change of 0.84 occurs for the sustainable rural development in the study area. The results emphasize the necessity to pay attention to social capital and strengthen its various dimensions to move towards sustainable development in the Miankuh area

- Participation of citizens in various urban affairs brings many benefits such as enhancement of social capital, satisfaction, and improvement of the civil society.
- A condition for achievement of sustainable development in today’s cities is the participation of citizens in its various affairs.
- The constituent components of citizens’ participation include mental-spiritual participation, participation in provision of human resources, political participation, and financial participation.
- A low level of participation of citizens in urban management can be attributed to various factors, including the weakness of city managers and the rules and regulations concerning their selection, citizens’ lack of concern, etc.

Citizens’ participation in various matters of urban spaces is one of the most important issues in achievement of sustainable urban development, an acceptable level of which is one of the most significant concerns of policy makers and urban planners. For achievement of sustainable development in Ilam, a border city in Iran, it is of particular importance to investigate the status of citizen participation in urban management and identify the factors affecting the level thereof, which makes up the main purpose of this study.

Theoretical Framework:

Living in a democratic society requires people to play an active role in various aspects of their lives (Predescu & Darjan, 2010: 3241). Citizen participation is of great importance in systems claiming democracy (Ginieniewicz, 2007: 328) and is vital for any democratic society, and democracy can be developed only through involved, informed citizens. In addition, it is important to have citizens ready to take responsibility for changing the reality of today’s world (Manganelli et al., 2012: 1476). For this reason, public participation is seen today as a new strategy in development (Khajeh Shahkoohi et al., 2015: 4). An inductive look at the existing patterns of participation in the world indicates that they can be classified according to three different criteria: the type of participation (1- decision-making, 2- financing, and 3- manpower), the field of participation in activities (1- construction, 2- environment, 3- ensuring city safety, 4- monitoring, 5- municipal services, and 6- social welfare), and the type of organization (1- spontaneous, self-motivated organizations and 2- formal, motivated organizations). Of course, it is also possible to classify participation patterns based on the activity to perform which the participation is made (Rezaei and Asyabani, 2018: 146).
In a general conclusion, it can be stated that citizen participation in urban management involves different aspects and a particular position in the issue of sustainable urban development. However, different factors affect the level of citizen participation in urban management, which can vary by urban space.

This is a descriptive-correlational applied quantitative study using the analysis of covariance-variance among correlation methods. The research area is Ilam, and the research population includes 194030 citizens of the city who are over 18 years old. 383 citizens were selected based on Cochran’s formula using stratified random sampling. In addition to documentary studies, the main research tool for data collection was a researcher-made questionnaire. It should be noted that the design of the questionnaire used to measure citizen participation in urban management was based on the works by Amirahmadi et al. (2016) and Meymandi Parizi (2017). The validity of the research tool was evaluated and confirmed through consultation of experts and university teachers (face validity) and also using convergence. Combined reliability coefficients (greater than 0.7) and Cronbach’s alpha (greater than 0.7) were used to measure reliability. The two methods of descriptive statistics (frequency, frequency percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (correlation analysis and structural equation modeling) were used to analyze the data. It should be noted that one  statistical method used in the field of structural equation modeling is partial least squares, calling for the use of relevant software such as SPSS and SmartPLS to analyze the data.

The results of the structural model analysis demonstrated that the variable of satisfaction with the performance of urban managers exhibited a significant effect on other independent variables. Thus, it had the greatest impact on the variables of proper urban governance (with an impact factor of 0.275), job satisfaction (with an impact factor of 0.262), and social capital (with an impact factor of 0.255). On the other hand, the variable of satisfaction with the performance of urban managers exhibited the slightest effect (with an impact factor of 0.05) on the level of citizen participation in urban management, where we can point out the low level of citizen satisfaction with the performance of urban managers (2.37 on average).

The results demonstrated that there were significant relationships between citizen participation in urban management in the study area (the dependent variable of the research) and job satisfaction, satisfaction with the performance of urban managers, social capital, proper urban governance, quality of life (negative correlation), and sense of belonging to the place. Thus, it can be stated that the level of citizen participation decreases and increases as the level of each of these variables is decreased and increased. The results obtained from the structural analysis model (with the partial least squares method) indicated that the independent research variables were capable of explaining 75.8% of the variance in Ilam citizens’ participation in urban management. The values of the coefficients for the impacts of each of those variables on the dependent variable include 0.35 (quality of life), 0.05 (satisfaction with the performance of urban managers), -0.075 (social capital), 0.131 (job satisfaction), 0.372 (proper urban governance), and 0.275 (spatial affiliation).

The purpose of this study is Identifying and prioritizing suitable strategies for the development of science and technology in Ilam province. In this study, three institutions of science, technology and market have been studied. The statistical population of the research was experts, specialists and managers active in universities, technology centers and various economic sectors of the province. In this research, 30 people from the statistical population were purposefully selected and studied. The tools used to collect dozens of questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and discussions in focus groups. The validity of the tool was verified using the triangulation technique in the future research method and in the SWOT model, and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test (0.751 to 0.875). At the end, 15 key variables were identified in the structural analysis stage. These variables were then placed as the main basis of the science and technology development scenario in Ilam province. In the following, a possible, strong and suitable scenario for the development of science and technology in Ilam province was identified. Based on the total final score of each of the internal and external factors using the IEA method, it was determined that the most suitable strategy to achieve the desired scenario for the development of the science and technology sector of Ilam province is an aggressive strategy.

A B S T R A C TThe implementation of quarantine policies and temporary business closures, social distancing, etc., to curb the spread of Covid-19 by governments and citizens has imposed the most significant shock on the world's tourism industry and caused the destruction of various businesses and the livelihood of the beneficiaries of the tourism industry. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effects of the Covid-19 outbreak on the tourism industry from the point of view of the villagers working in the border market of Javanrood. The research's philosophical basis is a combination of a qualitative approach in the discussion stage (Q) and a quantitative approach in the factor analysis stage. The discourse community consists of 23 people who lived in one of the villages near the city of Javanrood and were active in the field of tourism (main or secondary occupation), who were selected using available sampling and snowball sampling. In order to analyze the data of Q matrices, exploratory factor analysis (Stephenson) and KADE v1.1.0 software was exerted. The results of this study showed that five mental patterns had been identified in the field of the impact of Covid-19 on people working in the service sector of the tourism industry such as instability of employment and income, social-environmental issues, reduction of investment, and psychological-health issues, and educational issues.Extended AbstractIntroductionAccording to the principle that the effects of Covid-19 have been greater in areas that have relied more on tourism, the researchers in this study aim to investigate and analyze the effects of the Covid-19 disease on the tourism industry in these peri-urban villages. It should be noted that due to the increasing trend of infectious diseases, investigating the effects of this disease on the tourism industry can provide an accurate and coherent scientific tool to deal with other crises while further explaining the subject under study. The results of this research can be used to deal with similar crises. According to the mentioned materials, the most important question of the research is: What are the most important effects of Covid-19 on the tourism industry in the peri-urban villages located near the city of Javanrood? MethodologyThe purpose of this research is to analyze the effects of the Covid-19 outbreak on the tourism industry from the point of view of the villagers working in the border market of Javanrood. The research's philosophical basis is a combination of a qualitative approach in the discussion stage (Q) and a quantitative approach in the factor analysis stage. The discourse community consists of 23 people who lived in one of the villages near the city of Javanrood and were active in the field of tourism (main or secondary occupation), who were selected using available sampling and snowball sampling.   In order to analyze the data of Q matrices, exploratory factor analysis (Stephenson) and KADE v1.1.0 software was exerted. Results and discussionAccording to the main purpose of the research, which is to identify the mentality of the villagers working in the tourism industry (tourism border market in the city of Javanrood) regarding the effects of Covid-19  on that industry, the findings and results of the study showed that in the context of the impact of Covid-19 on the tourism industry (people who work in the services of this industry are busy), the range of mentality of the participants regarding the effects of Covid-19 on those who are engaged in the tourism industry could be separated into five categories or factors. Therefore, according to the mentality of the participants of the study, the effects of Covid-19 on the tourism industry were divided into five factors: instability of employment and income, social-environmental issues, reduction of investment, psychological-health issues, and educational issues. Based on these extracted factors in the field of the effects of Covid-19 on the tourism industry, the participants do not think in the same way about the nature, causes, how it affects, and the affected parts. Even the examination of the five extractive factors according to the place of residence of the studied people also indicates different views of people, even people who live in the same village, on the effects of this virus. Of course, it should be noted that similarities can be seen among the studied people in terms of perspective so that the majority of people believed that a large number of people who had temporary jobs or retail sales in the border market of Javanrood lost their jobs due to the implementation of social distancing and the decrease in the number of tourists entering this city. Also, they often believed that the implementation of the social distancing law had caused a change in lifestyle, which has ultimately caused individualism due to social distancing and a decrease in hope. ConclusionThe results of the study showed that the first factor (the first mental pattern) had the most significant effect of Covid-19 on the people who worked in the tourism service sector in the border market, Javanrood city with a specific value of 3.94 and a percentage of the variance of 17, which was introduced as a factor of instability of employment and income. With the start of the Covid-19 pandemic, the government implemented some restrictions (from March 2018) to deal with the widespread and cut off its transmission chain. The most important restrictions were applied at that time, which had many harmful effects on tourism areas, including things such as traffic restrictions to cities and villages, closure of schools and educational institutions, closure of some businesses, not leaving the house, there were physical restrictions, social distancing, reduction of people's traffic on the streets and roads, etc. These severely imposed restrictions, in the first place, reduced the number of tourists entering the area. The decrease in the number of tourists is directly related to the decrease in the income of people working in that sector, especially people who were not able to earn money from their jobs in other ways, including selling in a virtual space (retailers, peddlers, coffee shops, butchers, food vendors on the side of the street and roads). Therefore, the unemployment rate has also increased due to the closure of many of the mentioned jobs. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The purpose of the present study, which is of a descriptive-analytical type, is to explain the mechanisms and strategies of agricultural development with an emphasis on agricultural education in the rural areas of Aqra/Aqra city, Dohuk province of Iraqi Kurdistan climate. Data collection tools included document analysis, observation and questionnaire. In this study, content validity was confirmed using a panel of experts and its reliability was also confirmed using the triangulation method. The statistical population of this study included all the experts and specialists working in the Ministry of Agriculture of Kurdistan Region of Iraq (working in the four districts of Bejil, China, Zakurd and Gharcheesin) who are active in the field of agricultural development and are also familiar with the city of Acre. 32 people were selected using the purposeful sampling method and through the snowball method. According to the results of the SWOT analysis, an aggressive strategy (relative weighted average of internal factors = 3.14 and external factors = 3.26) was determined to transition from the current situation to the desired situation. In this regard, strategies such as cultivation of commercial crops according to suitable climate, modification and breeding of seed inputs to increase yield, employment of specialized forces for training for the commercialization of the agricultural sector, use of transgenic livestock to increase productivity and market needs assessment for Production of commercial products was extracted.

The purpose of this applied research is to investigate the role of social capital on the performance of rural cooperatives in Fars province.

The statistical population of the present study consists of members of 173 active rural cooperatives in Fars province (295,367 people). Considering the geographical size of the province and the large size of the statistical population, 384 people were selected as a statistical sample using Cochran's formula. A simple random sampling method was used to distribute the questionnaires among the samples. The main tool for collecting field data was the researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity and reliability have been confirmed by observing the principles of field research methods.

The results of the research showed that the general state of social capital among the members of rural cooperatives in Fars province (including the dimensions of trust, cohesion, awareness and social participation) is at an acceptable level (above average); However, the members' satisfaction with the performance of rural cooperatives in terms of managerial, social, economic, general performance and laws and regulations is at an average level. Based on the results, social capital indicators had a significant effect on the performance of rural cooperatives. Originality: The discussion of the performance of managers in the five sections in question was one of the main cases studied in this research, therefore, the innovation that took place in it was that the performance was examined through the survey of the members of the cooperatives.

Providing and promoting the level of happiness and vitality of citizens is one of the most important pillars of quality of life in urban spaces Which in recent decades, has attracted increasing attention from experts and urban planners and Has been raised as one of the most important goals of governments and the United Nations. The purpose of this quantitative and applied study has been done using a combination of descriptive-analytical and exploratory methods, is a study and analyze the situation of Shad city and identify its determinants in small urban spaces Which has been done as a case study in Ravansar city which is part of Kermanshah province. The statistical population of the study includes 7122 heads of households and among them with Using sample size calculation methods, 364 people were estimated as a statistical sample and the samples were selected completely randomly. The main research tool for collecting field data is a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability have been confirmed. The results showed that among the three indicators of a happy city (Social, physical and economic indicators) The average of social index with the value of 3.124 was significantly higher than the average of base (number 3) and The average of two physical and economic indicators respectively with values of 2.608 and 2.587, Have been significantly lower than the baseline mean. The results of the survey showed the general condition of the city happy the average calculated with the value of 2.788 Has been significantly below average. Regarding the determinants of a happy city, the results showed Due to the four identified key factors, 61.956% of the variance of the dependent variable has been explained. These factors and the percentage of variance of their specific value in order of importance are: Physical stability (21.041), Socio-cultural sustainability (16.4), Economic Stability (13.151) and Environmental sustainability (11.356). The identified factors seem to be a subset of the macro factor "integrated and efficient urban management" and Promoting this factor, as the main source of most policies and planning, can have a significant impact on the realization of a happy city in the study area.

Due to a better understanding of the status of resilience and optimal management of distribution services, it will be essential to analysis of spatial resilience patterns and examine the spatial relationships between resilience and influencing factors, including distributive justice. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptive-analytical study is to investigate distributive justice and its effect on the resilience of villages west of Lake Urmia to drought. The statistical population of the present study was all villages located within 10 km of the shore of Lake Urmia, which were selected 53 villages as a research environment and finally 380 households as the human analysis units using the Cochran's formula and by multi-stage random sampling method. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In this study, the effective factors (distributive justice indices) on the resilience of the studied villages were investigated by geographic weighted regression (GWR). The results of GWR regression showed that the variables entered in the model explain 47.8% of the dependent variable. Also, the results of regression model (OLS) showed that infrastructure, trade-service and economic indicators have the greatest impact on the resilience to drought in the studied villages.

Villages, as the productive heart of agricultural-based communities, are living ecosystems that suffer a lot of damage in times of drought crisis. It is important to pay attention to the strategies of capacity building of local communities (residents of rural areas) in the face of crisis and improve their capacity in restoring their conditions (resilient strategies) to drought and the resulting agricultural recession. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the development of resilience of villagers to climate change (especially to drought) in the west of Lake Urmia using a structural-interpretive model. The statistical population or research Participants of this study consists of local elites, leading farmers and other people living in the studied rural areas who were somehow local informants (they were 30 Participants). Data collection was performed to investigate the factors affecting resilience development in both documentary and survey form (interview). At first, we used an interview as the research tool in the first step to o collect effective variables and then cross-sectional questionnaire was used to investigate the interaction of variables in the structural analysis. The obtained data are analyzed in the MICMAC software. The results of the research and the distribution of the extracted variables on the desired matrix showed that the system is unstable. Also, based on the results of direct and indirect effectiveness, 20 variables were selected as key factors, of which 12 factors were related to economic criteria, 3 to social and 3 to technical criteria, that have a greatest effectiveness on the development of resilience to climate change (drought) of villagers in west of Urmia Lake.

Statement of the Problem:

 Currently, the rural community of Iran It faces many problems such as poverty, unemployment, low income, migration, low access to infrastructure and welfare services and high level of food insecurity. The main root of these problems lies in the weakness of the economic base of the villagers Which is one of the most important solutions to solve the economic and social problems of the villagers, Is the development and promotion of entrepreneurship among them which is referred to as the engine of economic development.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate entrepreneurship indicators among villagers and Identify the factors affecting it.

This quantitative and applied research has been done in a survey and in terms of methodology It has been done with a combination of analytical and descriptive methods of structural analysis was performed using the model. The main research tool for data collection was a researcher-made questionnaire That Has been reviewed and approved Its Validity Using the formal method and Its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The statistical population of the present study included all heads of rural households living in Owramanat region (N = 23344), That Were selected to complete the research process 209 of them.

The research results showed It is located on the lower level the Status of entrepreneurship indicators among villagers with an average of 2.453. The results of the structural analysis model about a Determinants of entrepreneurship in rural areas shows Two factors of economic protection policies and Environmental-regional factors respectively with a total effect of 0.613 and 0.461, Are key factors affecting the development of entrepreneurship in rural areas.Innovation: Localization of entrepreneurship indicators provided by Global Institute for Entrepreneurship Development in the study area, Is the innovation of the present study.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and explain the effects of population aging on Iran's national security. Research Method This descriptive-analytical study is an applied research and field data collection method. The statistical population of the present study included all individuals (faculty members of the university) who are somehow engaged in the field of study. Were selected due to various constraints, 50 randomly available for study. In this study, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to survey the field data, its face validity and reliability were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.809). In this study we used exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis model and related software such as SPSS and Amos for data analysis. According to the results of exploratory factor analysis, five economic, social, defense, security, political and demographic components can affect the national security of the country. Also, the results of confirmatory model showed that overall economic factor (0.49), social factor (0.38), defense-security factor (0.42), political factor (0.44) and demographic factor (0.23) Able to explain 80% of the variance in the impact of population aging on national security.

Today, the phenomenon of population aging and its relationship with fertility indices requires appropriate policies and planning to reduce this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between fertility indices and population aging in Iran based on structural modeling. Using descriptive-analytical method, this applied research has followed the documentary approach for collecting data. To collect data, Iran’s statistical yearbook and the general censuses of population and housing during the years 1335 to 1395 have been used. Findings indicate that during the years 1335-1395, the variables of natural population movements (population patterns) of the whole country had a downward trend and the aging indicators had an upward trend. Also, the results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between the variable of population patterns and aging in the whole country at -0.881 and with a value of 5.114 t. In general, the factors related to the demographic patterns of the whole country explain 73.9% of the variance of the dependent variable of the aging rate. Considering the aging situation of Iran’s population, the implementation of efficient and effective interventions in fertility indices is necessary to improve the status of aging indices.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the understanding the meaning of local communities of the consequences of allocating dam water to rural settlements in Kurdistan province. This case study was conducted in two villages of Legzi (with dam water) and Gol Tappeh (deprived of dam water) located in Saqez Township. For collecting field data, the main reliance of researchers was on individual and group interviews and thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data. In this way, in Legzi village were conducted 6 in-depth interviews and three panel sessions and in Gol Tappeh village, 7 in-depth interviews and three panel sessions. It should be noted that the sampling method was purposeful and the basis for completing the interviews was theoretical saturation. The results showed that the allocation of dam water to the residents of Legzi village evokes positive themes such as “sustainability of local economy”, “sustainability of local community”, “flourishing motivation for success”, and “increasing environmental compatibility”, which has ultimately formd the macro theme of “sustainable rural development”. On the contrary, the perception of the inhabitants of Gol Tappeh village of no allocation of dam water to them has been associated with negative themes and sometimes creating functional changes in the village, such as "feeling of relative deprivation", "fragility of the local economy", "instability of the local community" and "serviceability of rural jobs", which have led to the formation of the"rural instability" macro theme. The results show that adoption and implementation of dual policies of allocation/non-allocation of dam water to rural communities can be effective in functional-structural changes in villages by associating macro concepts of sustainability/instability of rural development. Therefore, it seems that the revision of water allocation policies in the country is an undeniable necessity.

Since the main purpose of development is to make an environment where all people can develop their capabilities. And this is only possible with sustainable educational and economic development. It is essential to recognize the influential educational factors in entrepreneurship as one of the flourishing areas of the ability of community members to achieve this goal. The purpose of this study was to investigate the fundamental educational factors in rural tourism entrepreneurship development, which was of, applied type, nature and method was descriptive- survey. The population of the study is Ardel County residents over 20 years. By using Sample power SPSS software, 254 cases were selected according to the purpose of the study and cases study were selected by stratified random sampling. Research tool was a researcher made questionnaire containing 2 components and 45 items and its content and face validity were approved by experts and its reliability was determined 0/84 and 0/87 by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The fs / QCA fuzzy set comparative analysis used for the analysis. The results showed that access to entrepreneurship training centers along with risk-taking training, existence of a working group in training, existence of training on how to start a business and investment, and access to entrepreneurship training centers and resources in this field can lead to tourism entrepreneurship development. So that, Risk education variable is more effective than other variables and plays an important role in all the combinations and paths that affect tourism entrepreneurship development.

Problem Statement: 

It is necessary to evaluate different elements of the Arbaeen Pilgrimage event (with a religious tourism perspective) in its different directions because this evaluation will lead to the proper allocation of resources. This event can be one of the main forces influencing the economic improvement and development of Ilam province. On the other hand, today, value chain management is considered as one of the infrastructure foundations of business implementation in the world.

This study aimed to investigate and identify value chain business opportunities of the Arbaeen Imam Hussein (AS) Pilgrimage event in Ilam province. Research

The present research was an applied study and its method was descriptive-analytical. The method of collecting information was field data collection method. The statistical population of this study included all people who were somehow working on Arbaeen route (Mehran-Kermanshah) in Ilam province. Using Cochran's formula, 385 individuals were selected and surveyed by stratified random sampling. In this study, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to survey the field data. The face validity of the questionnaire and its reliability were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.854). In this study, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis models and related software such as SPSS and Amos were used for data analysis.

The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that there were five general business opportunities for investment in the development of the supply chain of the Arba'een Pilgrimage in Ilam province. Also, the results of the confirmatory model showed that, in general, economic-commercial reconstruction opportunity (0.39), regional functionality opportunity (0.225), transportation opportunity (0.362), cultural-religious opportunity (0.552), and location brand opportunity (0.44) were able to explain 82% of the variance of the dependent variable of the study.

Innovation:

 Analyzing the business opportunities of the value chain of the Arba'een Pilgrimage is the innovation of this study.

The purpose of this study is spatial analysis the stability of rural areas of settlements in Ilam is done with the use of Geographic Information System (GIS). This study, according to its purpose, application type, and according to the method of data collection, descriptive and causal comparison is that the survey has been done. In this study, we needed information on the subject was collected. Then the based on a system, and with the use of computers to analyze and summarize the data was performed. Integration and composition of the layers was done, then, is spatial analysis the factors affecting the spatial settlement patterns of rural settlement of Ilam. The results showed that 28.42% of Ilam (5583 square kilometers), the zone is favorable. This zone is located 486 rural settlements. Zone is relatively favorable or moderate, due to the establishment of sustainable rural settlements, with an area of 8902 square kilometers, which is equivalent to 423 rural settlements, equal to 39.49% of all rural habitations Ilam Province, takes over. Also, a inappropriate zone, in terms of sustainable rural residence, 5154 square kilometers, or 26.24% of the total land area in the province, which is comprised of 162 rural settlements. Thus can be seen that residents of rural settlements in the experimental and the factors affecting the stability of the high percentage of indigenous settlements have enough attention.

Given the importance of nomad women's employment in improving their household economy, the aim of this qualitative study is to explore the challenges of employment and income for women nomads Chardavol township of Ilam. One of the main purposes of this study is to introduce the Grounded theory to the researches of rural geography. Data have been gathered through documents, semi-structured interviews and focus-group discussions. This study has been used to code techniques including open, axial and selective for analyzing the data. Zrdlan tribal region in the district of Holeilan in the Chardavol Township located in Ilam is the region of the study. The population of this study was all nomad women that were active in producing dairy products and Handicraft. Sample size 28 was purposefully selected on the basis of theoretical saturation sampling. Data collected in the form of 49 concept, 7 major categories and a core category then were analyzed. 7 major categories are: The conditions of production to the market. Production problems and reduce the production of women, heavy duty of tribal women, geographic isolation of tribal areas. Lifestyle of nomads changes because of lack of support from the government and the authorities and and tends to work in industries. The results showed that the mean age of women was 58.32 that 85 percent work in dairy products and 15% in crafts. Furthermore, the results showed that production problems and reduce the output level of tribal women are interactive and responsive to governing conditions in tribal areas that led to declining economic status of tribal women that has negative consequences.

The aim of the current study is, which uses a descriptive-analytical tool, is to investigate the factors hindering the usage of sprinkler Irrigation systems among farmers in Ravansar and propose practical ways to reinforce these systems. The sample included those farmers who used sprinkler Irrigation in Ravansar (N = 190). Factor analysis was performed for analyzing the collected data. The results indicated that use of these systems among farmers in Ravansar is more due to the physical issues rather those theoretical issues. Physical variables of performance system issues (26/612), the agricultural characteristics (22/868), behavioral issues (19/997), and environmental factors (16/492) were found to account for the 82/969 percent of the variance. Additionally, theoretician factors of performance system issues (31/874), personal (19/980), technical (15/236), and technical incongruence (7/921) accounted for 72/711 percent of the shared variance. The findings also indicated that providing financial (bank) facilities in form of loans was the best way to implement these sprinklers Irrigation systems. Most of the participants (77/9 %) found the practical solutions proposed by this study to be satisfactory.