مقالات رزومه علی توکلان

The development of tourism in rural areas is an essential element and one of the ways to save villages from poverty, migration and social and economic problems. With the decline of traditional industries as sources of income for rural communities, these communities should find alternative means to strengthen economic resources for the development of their communities. Currently, among the types of rural tourism, food tourism has become very important. The author's problem is to identify the set of factors and structures affecting the role of food tourism in the sustainable development of rural settlements in Mazandaran province. The main goal of this research is to identify the structures and determine the relationships between the components of food tourism and the sustainable development of rural settlements in Mazandaran province. The method of collecting information is in the form of library studies. The data of this research were classified into two parts, qualitative and quantitative. Data collection tools are interviews and questionnaires. The community investigated in this research, experts include managers and senior experts of the General Department of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of Mazandaran Province. In order to create a model of the role of food tourism on the sustainable development of rural settlements in Mazandaran province, the interpretive-structural modeling method was used, the structures of which were identified through qualitative methods and content analysis methods. In the following, using MICMAC software, the degree of influence and effectiveness of the variables on each other has been determined. The results of the research show that at the tenth level of the model, the "government support" structure is placed, which is the foundation of the model, and the sustainable development of villages starts from this policy and spreads to other structures. Finally, in the first level of the model, there is the "social structure" structure, which is the result of the relationships between the structures of our previous levels and results in the sustainable development of the village.

The process of regeneration of Derelict Fabric is done to revitalize, modernize, and enhance the quality of the environment to achieve a desirable future and to address future issues of urbanization and urban life in order to have a viable city and neighborhood. Sustainable city, in a simple definition, is a city that has the components of security, dynamism and vitality and also provides safe and attractive housing, education, health and culture for citizens. Among the different qualities expressed by different theorists in terms of spaces responsive to user needs can be security, dynamics and vitality. The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of security, safety and vitality components on the regeneration process of worn-out neighborhoods in the White Soil neighborhood of Chahar-e-Tehran. The data were collected using a questionnaire which was used to assess its validity by Cronbach's alpha method, whose reliability was confirmed by 0.831. To determine the sample size, Cochran formula was used and 321 questionnaires were calculated and distributed among the residents of 69458 white soil neighborhoods. Then, data were extracted and categorized. In the Findings section, according to the tables, the variables related to the indicators of effective safety and vitality have the highest to moderate acceptance. In spite of the exhaustion of neighborhood texture, security and vitality can be seen in the neighborhood. In other words, it can be concluded that security, dynamism and vitality will advance the goals of regeneration and enhance the process of regeneration of worn-out neighborhoods.  

 The feeling of belonging to a place in ancient tissues has always been the most important factor for its durability and stability, both physically and functionally, and semantically and memory-wise. Spatial affiliation refers to a cognitive relationship with a particular environment or space, and in fact attachment to a place is a symbolic relationship created by individuals to a place that gives common emotional, emotional and cultural meanings to a particular space. (Altman & Low, 1992) A spatial place is an identity-building, relative, and historical that never completely disappears. Residential neighborhoods are one of the oldest urban heritage that the sense of belonging of residents makes it sustainable. Users are stated, we can refer to the quality components of the urban environment (sense of belonging to a place, security, dynamism and vitality). Among the different definitions of these environmental qualities, it is emphasized that these components indicate the dynamism and vibrancy of the space, and as a result, that space will be suitable for the presence and activity of users. Therefore, these environmental qualities seem to increase the sense of environmental belonging, and through this, among the diverse range of qualities of urban spaces, the mentioned components are undoubtedly one of the influential qualities in creating space (Lynch. 1997.307) )Today, urban and citizenship issues have become the most important issues affecting the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of human life. Before this period, the city was important in its general sense, but in the contemporary period, this importance has been perceived by a wider range of people. Therefore, addressing the new theories of the city, each with the aim of solving urban problems, improving the quality and quantity of life of citizens in cities, improving the quality of the city environment, city management, advancing the city to become more desirable, etc. It is more important than ever. Viability, which ensures sense of belonging to a place, security, dynamism and vitality, is divided into three interrelated dimensions: the economy, society and the environment. If the function of any of these three dimensions is disrupted, human settlements can quickly deteriorate, resulting in declining population, poverty, social conflict, and rising health and environmental issues. (Khorasani, 2011:35) In general, a livable city includes a diverse set of characteristics: sense of belonging to a place, security, dynamism, vitality and participation. If urban areas do not have viability factors, the only motivation for new residents is to have a shelter, and despite many cultural differences, they live in this part of the city due to low housing prices. Therefore, due to the feeling of separation and alienation from neighbors and residents, it suffers from confusion and confusion, and consequently, social, economic and cultural instability occurs in these neighborhoods.

The research method of this article is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Its purpose is to evaluate the Sense of belonging to a place, security, dynamism and vitality situation in Khak-e-Sefid neighborhood of Tehran's Chahar district based on the explained indicators. The statistical population studied in this study are residents of Khak-e-Sefid neighborhood, located in the sixth district of Tehran's four municipalities. According to the latest census in 2016, Khak-e-Sefid or Golshan neighborhood has a population of 69,458 people. Thus, the Sense of belonging to a place of the neighborhood is assessed using field data collection (distribution of a questionnaire among the residents of the studied neighborhood). Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size. 321 questionnaires were calculated for the population of 69458 people in Khak-e-Sefid neighborhood and distributed among the residents. To evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, the views of experts, experts and city managers were used. In this study, Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure the reliability of the measurement tool. Cronbach's alpha obtained in this study was 0.831, which indicates that the reliability coefficient is at an acceptable level. Finally, after analyzing the information through SPSS method, finally based on the obtained results, recommendations to improve the performance of neighborhood spaces in order to improve its vitality and sense of belonging to a place and the effect of security, dynamism and vitality on the regeneration of Khak-e-Sefid neighborhood with emphasis on using The model of sustainable neighborhood development will be presented.

To achieve the purpose of the research and answer the main question of the research on whether the components of sense of belonging to a place, security, dynamism and compatibility affect the regeneration of problematic tissues, the variables and indicators that were in the form of a questionnaire were provided to the statistical community. The respondents are residents of Khak-e-Sefid neighborhood of Chahar city of Tehran. Due to the high population of the neighborhood, the sampling method and determining the sample size were used to study the area through the Cochran's formula and 321 questionnaires were distributed among residents. Considering that the components of sense of belonging to a place, security, dynamism and adaptation in each city, region and neighborhood are affected by the three dimensions of social, economic and environmental cities that constitute the indicators of urban livability, the response of neighborhood residents to each of the variables The trivia of livability is given in tables in the text of the article. 

In answer to the research question, ie the components of sense of belonging to a place security, dynamism and compatibility affect the regeneration of problematic tissues, it should be said that what is effective in the sense of belonging to a place, security, dynamism and vitality of an urban neighborhood are things that can result in referring to urban space as a destination. In other words, coming to space and staying in it can make the space safe and lively and lead to the accumulation of memory. According to the results obtained from the tables and analysis of the percentage of frequency variables of livability dimensions, each of which has a high impact on creating sense of belonging to a place, security, dynamism and vitality of the neighborhood environment. It is observed that the variables related to the indicators affecting safety and well-being, especially the variables related to the indicators of "recreation and leisure", "cohesion and belonging", "individual and social security" and "participation and solidarity" have the highest to moderate acceptance. It can be concluded that the more livable the neighborhoods and residential areas of cities and of course have the components of sense of belonging to a place, security, dynamism and vitality, the goals and results of urban regeneration and regeneration projects are achieved more quickly and the neighborhoods and residential areas of their past originality are comfortable They will gain more principles.

In the past decades, due to the rapid increase in urbanization, special attention has been paid to urban land use changes so that human activities strongly influence the ecosystem in urban areas, and the life of half of the world's population is closely dependent on human activities in urban areas. Urban land use planning in Iran is done through Master and Detailed plans. The experience of more than half a century of land use planning in this country, which has been evaluated in numerous studies, shows its failure and what we are witnessing today is the crisis caused by the lack of implementation and realization of land use planning in the master and detailed projects. The proposed uses of future urban plans are not implemented in Iran for various reasons or they are changed. In the planning and management of cities, the plans that are prepared must be in line with the approved plans and have the least differences, with their proposals, criteria and zoning, unless with the agreement of the employer and decision-making bodies، the said plans do not comply with the above plans
 

In terms of type, this research is part of applied research and in terms of method, it is part of descriptive-analytical research. In this research، the amount and manner of non-compliance of the detailed plan with the third master plan were extracted. Then the impact of the non-compliance of the detailed plan with the master plan in each of the sub-areas will be investigated and then by considering the criteria of each of the sub-areas of the master and detailed plan and the changes that have occurred، the increase in population capacity (residential and not service provision) has been investigated.
 

Region 4 has the highest discrepancy with 2052 hectares، followed by Tehran's 22nd region with 1277 hectares, while Region 13 has the lowest amount of discrepancies with 159.8 hectares and Region 9 with 208.9 hectares. In total, about 33% of the areas defined in the master plan have been changed in the detailed plan. In total, out of 2052 hectares changed, the mixed zone had the largest share and about 996 hectares of it were changed to green zone (80 hectares), residential zone (713 hectares) and activity zone (202 hectares). Among the transformed (changed from the comprehensive zone), the residential zone had the largest share with 842 hectares so that 58.97 hectares of it were changed from the green zone, 713.25 hectares from the mixed zone and 70.4 hectares from the activity zone. The average growth of the population of the district 4 of Tehran is nearly 4 times the average (3.78 times) of the growth of the population in the city of Tehran. This can be due to various factors. Naturally there must be residential capacity in this area for the population to settle in this area. However part of the current residential capacity of the district 4 of Tehran where the population currently resides and has been approved as residential in the detailed plan. has been in the form of a mixed zone, green zone or activity zone in the master plan. In the changed mixed zone in the district 4 of Tehran according to the considered population loading criteria, about 133 thousand people could live. However, with the implementation of these changes in the detailed plan. the population load of these zones has greatly increased and increased to about 430 thousand people, which is more than 3 times the loading capacity determined in the master plan (without considering sub-zone R231). The highest amount of changes in the green zone is related to the R122 subzone. where 51.24 hectares have been converted from the green zone to a residential zone. About 35438 people have been added to the population of district 4.
 

Among the regions of Tehran the most significant amount of changes with a volume of 2052 hectares has been related to the District 4 of Tehran. In other words about 33% of the zoning of the master plan has changed in this region. Investigations have shown that the largest volume of changes was related to the mixed zone which has changed nearly 996 hectares of which 713 hectares have been changed to a residential zone. But the important issue in this change of zones is changing the criteria and increasing the living capacity in the region and finally the increase in population and the need of this population for services per capita. Surveys have shown that with the change of zones nearly 430 thousand people have been added to the population capacity of the city (only the residential capacity and not the provision of services).

The city as a geographical, economic, political and sociological reality in each period of its development has been influenced by each of these factors and has influenced each of them. The complexity of each of these factors has created the complexity of the city as their spatial crystallization. Certainly, organizing and regulating the city and how it grows and evolves requires the thematics of the city and urban issues and then planning for it. In general, the belief in improving the environment is one of the sources of the idea of ​​urban planning and perhaps its most important ideology. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the detailed plan of Tehran Region 1 with emphasis on livability. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical methodology. In order to evaluate the content validity of the assessment tool, the questionnaires were provided to experts and specialists in the field. Findings show that the structural variable was the only variable that could only directly affect the efficiency and effectiveness of the detailed design. According to the results of regression analysis, the legal and executive variables have both directly and indirectly affected the efficiency and effectiveness of the detailed plan. The direct and indirect effects for the legal and executive variables are 0.429 and 0.201, respectively.

Performance management is a regular process that helps managers to manage their employees well in the direction of achieving goals, implementing plans, successful and optimal execution of missions and assigned responsibilities.Therefore, in order to properly manage the performance of the evaluation system, it is essential In this regard, the pathology of the performance management system is one of the necessities of effective performance management and as a filter in order to correct the shortcomings of performance management.Organizational pathology is the process of using the concepts and methods of behavioral sciences to define and describe the current state of organizations and find ways to increase their effectiveness . In this regard, in order to guide the executive managers of Tehran municipalities, in order to implement development programs and urban services in Tehran, according to the schedule and with the desired quality, it seems necessary to develop a management system and evaluate the performance of Tehran municipalities. The first step in achieving this goal is to focus on explaining an effective framework for addressing the challenges and limitations associated with performance appraisal systems; and also provide operational strategies to compensate for the shortcomings of performance appraisal in order to achieve organizational goals. In fact, despite the fact that several units in Tehran Municipality have been involved in creating and promoting performance appraisal procedures; There are weaknesses and challenges that are especially related to organizational maturity in understanding the importance of the issue of efficient performance appraisal system. Undoubtedly, in all the presented models, the performance evaluation of Tehran Municipality has shortcomings that need to be considered, reviewed and corrected and their pathology can lead to continuous growth and improvement. Therefore, in this paper, the pathology of Tehran urban management performance evaluation model has been studied. In other words, the purpose of this pathology study is institutional, legal, managerial-executive, contextual, cultural and social, and based on this, to determine the effective indicators and components to improve the system, which results in complication, self-correction, cohesion and there is more integration between the performance of different levels throughout the system.

Urbanization, as the second revolution in human culture, has caused a change in the interaction between humans and the environment. This transformation has caused changes in the living environment. In the new era, smartening factors in cities have led to a significant growth of all major variables of citizenship life. Based on this, the purpose of the present study is an analysis of urban intelligence in promoting urban livability in District 2 of Tehran Municipality. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in nature. The collection of field data is based on a questionnaire. Research findings based on the Vickover model show that the level of livability of neighborhoods is very different. Saadatabad, the most livable neighborhood, is located in front of Farahzad neighborhood in unfavorable conditions. The results of correlation coefficient show a direct relationship between smart city and city livability with a correlation coefficient of 0.666. Also, the results of t-test show that among the studied components, the intelligent citizen component with a beta coefficient of 0.563 had the greatest impact on viability.

Since in recent decades in Iran, rural development and improving the welfare of villagers has been one of the main goals of implementing development programs and development is closely related to entrepreneurship Therefore, by creating new employment and income opportunities, an effective role can be created in improving the economic and living conditions of the villages. Business development is one of the effective factors in rural development. Due to the fact that many tourist attractions are located in rural areas , therefore, paying attention to rural tourism can play an important role in the development of rural economy. This research is applied in terms of purpose and the results of research in other areas can be used and in terms of method of work, it is descriptive-analytical. Based on a survey of experts and specialists, 10 tourist villages were selected and In terms of 5 indicators related to entrepreneurship and rural economy developments such as: the role of tourism in economic development , inhibitory factors, promoting factors, the willingness of villagers, measuring the level of entrepreneurial motivation, entrepreneurship policies were studied.Items related to each index were scored on a 5-point Likert scale and questions related to each of the headings were set. In this research, SPSS software has been used to extract the questionnaire data and the T-test method was used to the hypotheses. The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between entrepreneurial development. More entrepreneurial activities take place in the villages that have more tourism.

One of the challenges in the process of urban development of developing countries in the future to achieve the desired and sustainable development is their rapid growth. Today, achieving such future development is important and necessary to solve environmental, economic, social, and physical problems, as well as to address existing gaps and determine future perspectives, and to present different scenarios. The purpose of this article is to present different scenarios of urban development in the southern part of East Azerbaijan province. The research method is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and exploratory in terms of method. In this research, Mickey Mac software, Wizard scenario and cross-effects can be used to analyze quantitative and qualitative information. The results of this study show that in the study area, 5 key factors are the main actors and influences on the development process, whose situation is not suitable at present. Although the possible scenarios show high hopes for the occurrence of favorable conditions in the southern part of the province, the occurrence of critical conditions is not far from expectation. The results of this study also indicate 11 believable scenarios with different combinations of situations, the probability of occurrence in the southern part of the province, which unfortunately the probability of negative events is the highest probability of occurrence. Although fewer of these scenarios are desirable and most of the 11 scenarios show unfavorable conditions, but the probability of realizing critical conditions in the southern part of the province is much higher than the probability of realizing favorable conditions. Therefore, among the possible scenarios, the first scenario is the most important and probable scenario for the development of the southern part of East Azerbaijan province.

Evaluation of the viability indicators can be used for comparing the status of different geographical areas of the city and prioritizing them in terms of facilities, services, and urban bottlenecks. The purpose of the present study is to prioritize the viability of Shahrekord districts and neighborhoods based on the role of urban management. The present study is descriptive and applied research. The population of the study consisted of 160000 inhabitants of Shahrekord. The research instrument was a questionnaire consisting of three sections: social, economic, and environmental with 85 items. The collected data were analyzed by Friedman test using the  SPSS22 and GIS software. The results indicated that most of the administrative and service centers are located in district 1 of the city and thus it is ranked first in terms of viability, while district 2 is in the second rank. Also, the ranking of different neighborhoods in the city of Shahrekord indicates that the neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city are far from the center and due to their heterogeneous population and suburbs, lack of suitable facilities and services ranks last as far as viability is concerned while downtown areas are in a better condition.

Urban furniture is one of the attractions and welfare facilities that are basically developed to serve the citizens, and the use of these facilities by tourists can help their continuation and provide reasons for the development of tourism in those cities. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of urban furniture in choosing a tourist destination with the case study of Taleghan Township.

The research is of descriptive and analytical type and was done in library and field method. The statistical population is tourists entering the region and according to Cochran's formula,384 people were randomly selected. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire have been confirmed and statistical tests of T-Tech and SPSS software have been used to analyze the data.

The results of the research show that urban furniture and the provision of appropriate and high-quality urban services play a very important role in choosing a tourist destination and creating satisfaction among tourists entering tourist destination cities. In connection with Taleghan Township, this city can increase its attractiveness by reviewing the organization of urban furniture and targeting the placement of urban furniture in order to increase the attraction of tourists, and in order to create an attractive environment, it can improve its tourism status in the region.

The night's identity of the city is an important part of the identity of a modern city. Undoubtedly, Tehran, as the most populous city in Iran, has bright nights, whose residents need the city to be alive for more hours to reach the urban space so that they can be safe and away from the worries of living with friends and Make their families feelOf course, it should be noted that if these needs are to be met in the bright and safe streets of Tehran, it must be done with the full supervision of those in charge and the formulation of laws in urban policies, because in this case there is no guarantee that these places are harmful. is not Therefore, considering the importance of nightlife, it can be acknowledged that the capital of Iran needs to recreate nightlife because in terms of social, economic and cultural structure has a direct impact on the lives of citizens. The main purpose of this study is to pay attention to the role of tourism and leisure in the vitality of urban spaces with a focus on nightlife and social vitality in District 12 of Tehran. This study shows that tourism and leisure play an important role in the vitality of urban spaces in District 12 of the municipality, which can create nightlife spaces in District 12.The research method of this research is based on the nature of the research problem, descriptive-analytical method and the type of applied-developmental research. To collect the data, library and field methods have been used and by identifying the effective variables on the problem that have been obtained through the theoretical foundations of the dissertation and study experiences, first appropriate indicators for component analysis have been set and then data analysis using a questionnaire. In the present study, for collecting information from library methods and based on the information available in the heart of Tehran.

The rapid growth and development of cities in the last century, and especially in recent decades, led to the prevalence of urban plans to balance urban development, and industrialized and developed countries as the first countries began to plan for their cities. In Iran, too, urban growth and development began with a delay, but in practice includes the same problems that Western cities faced. In fact, the urban development developments of the last 200 years of the industrial world and the last 100 years of Iran and the metropolis of Tehran are no different except for the difference in time and place. The main problem of both delays in the perception of necessity is the facts and the rawness of urban planning ideas. The purpose of this study is to analyze and identify the viability of urban areas of Tehran. The research method is descriptive-analytical. Also, in order to identify various dimensions of livability in urban areas of Tehran, using the latest statistics, information and questionnaire tools in the form of 11 components and among 10 districts of Tehran Region 1, it has been studied and its results have been evaluated using factor analysis model. In this paper, first, using factor analysis, the indicators are reduced and a set of factors involved in the viability rate are extracted, and then, using the standardized rating ranking method, the ten areas of region one of Tehran are ranked. The obtained results show that the rankings of the districts of region one of Tehran are: District 1, District 10, District 5, District 4, District 8, District 7, District 6, District 3, District 2, District 9, respectively. In this ranking, zone one has the highest viability rank and zone nine is in an unfavorable position in terms of viability.

Although improving the quality of life in informal settlements and urban areas has long been the focus of experts, but in recent years it has become more common in the country's development programs and policies. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of sustainable urban regeneration programs on improving the quality of life of residents of informal settlements (case study: Rasht). Due to the nature of the subject and the objectives of the research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the information is collected in the form of documents, libraries and surveys using a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consists of two groups: 1) citizens living in the areas; 2) Experts and specialists related to the issue of urban regeneration in Guilan province. The sample size was announced using Cochran's formula for the first group of 400 people and for the second group of 300 people, which has been sampled in an unlikely way. Also, for data analysis, structural equation modeling methods with partial least squares approach and t-test were used. The results showed that sustainable urban regeneration programs have a positive and significant effect on the quality of life of informal settlements. It was also found that the status of the mentioned programs in Soleimandarab neighborhood was successful, Ainak was relatively successful, Paskiab was relatively unsuccessful and in Nokhodchar neighborhood was unsuccessful and the quality of life in Soleimandarab neighborhood was relatively favorable, Ainak was relatively unfavorable and in Paskiab and Nakhodchar neighborhoods was unfavorable.

Construction activities form a major part of the entire economic and productive activities of the country. It is that the results of the factors affecting construction of construction violations in cities in the country, social, economic and legal factors have led to violations and always the continuation of the law of escapes. The conflict with regulations in social institutions of societies is gradually accepted as a general belief. Construction violations also have many consequences in cities, including demolition of city, density, and unauthorized cabaries. District 3 of Tehran Region 16 is always considered as one of the most extensive construction areas of Tehran. The present study with descriptive-analytical and applied method has investigated the factors affecting the offenses of urban construction. The statistical society of all experts The construction area consisted of 30 people according to Cochran formula. The purpose of the questionnaire and the collection of information in this way was to determine the factors affecting urban construction violations. The data analysis tool was carried out through descriptive statistics, SPSS software and regression and average regression model. Gave the most important consequences of construction violations in urban system, building safety and parking conversion to residential and commercial space, and in the most important factors affecting construction violations, the highest amount of violations associated with urban management and economic factors is.

     District 3 of the Municipality of Region 16, including neighborhoods of Besat, Treasury and Ali Abad North, which, according to the Deputy of the Municipality of the Municipality of Region 16, has the most construction violations among all areas of the region 16. (Center for Urban District Studies Region 16, 1399). Equipment and electronic equipment and equipment in most buildings, lack of strength, and the creation of problems in all environmental, physical, social and motion areas, and access, etc.. According to the above, the main question of the present research This is what the most important factors affecting the increase in construction violations in the area of ​​the 3 municipality of the region 16 include what factors and construction violations in the area of ​​the 3 municipality of the region 16, especially in recent years, have the consequences on the physical and residential and social space of the 16 region. Is?

     The present study in terms of nature and method is descriptive-analytical research and in terms of objective use (practical).In the present study, the statistical population of all experts, experts, employees and urban managers of the municipality of the region of 16 of Tehran are among them, 30 of them as sample size and 30 questionnaires were estimated by Cochran formula. Depending on the statistical population, various methods for sampling can be used, which in the present study was used by snowball sampling.In order to analyze the indicators and based on the results obtained from the questionnaire, field observations and official documents, the findings were analyzed using SPSS software.

     In the most important factors affecting the increase in construction violations, economic factors with 4.21 equivalent to 84% of the impact and performance of urban management in construction violations with 4.14 equivalent to 83% of the impact, the most important role in the most important factors affecting the increase in construction violations in the area 3 The Tehran region is played. In the context of assessing the most important consequences of construction violations in the region 3 region of 16, this seems to be the most important construction of construction in the 3rd area with 4.81 and equivalent to 96.2 and then on the safety of buildings and transforming parking to residential and commercial parking with 4.28 is equivalent to 85.6.

     Based on the statistics and results of the results, the results show that in general construction violations from the years 1394 to 1398 in the region 3, total 2117 violations have been recorded and among the 995 cases in the treasury neighborhood, 43 cases in Besat's settlement and 1079 cases were recorded in the neighborhood of Ali Abad North. In the most important factors affecting the increase in construction violations, the results showed that in total, the highest amount of violations associated with urban management and economic factors and factors are also factors such as the income of the municipality from the place of crimes of construction violations, the motivation to meet family needs Through the construction or development of illegal building, the lack of observance of technical principles in order to save the financial and profitability of owners and manufacturers of construction violations were determined as the main factors affecting construction violations in the region of the 3 district of Tehran. In the context of measuring the most important consequences of construction violations in the 3rd region of Tehran, the results also showed that most of the most important consequences of construction violations were more on urban communication, building safety and parking transformation into residential and commercial space

Despite the special importance of the metropolis of Tehran as the capital of the country, inappropriate management and governance practices in this metropolis has always been criticized by researchers. Despite the evolution of the management and planning systems of the world's metropolitan areas, even in developing countries; In the absence of a participatory democratic system based on powerful governance, the metropolis of Tehran that is overwhelmed by multiple activists and actors, has become a strategic, large and populated city with intertwined and disruptive barriers such as unplanned creep of activities and constructions, destruction and threatening of natural resources and the environment in the metropolitan area and its suburb, which has a growing trend. Bases on these mentioned issues, the aim of this study is answering these questions that what is the status of desirable urban governance indicators in Tehran from the residents and experts’ perspectives? Which of the following components has the greatest impact on the optimal urban governance of the study area?

The purpose of the present research is practical and its method is descriptive-analytical.  Data and information of the study collected using the library and field methods. The first statistical population of the study consists of citizens living in Tehran and experts and specialists. According to the last census conducted in 2016, the statistical population of Tehran citizens is equal to 8,679,936 people. The size of statistical sample of citizens estimated to be 384 people and for specialists estimated to be 60 people, using Cochran's formula. In this study, both descriptive analysis and inferential analysis methods were used for Statistical analysis and SPSS software was used to analyze the data.

The findings of this study showed that all the average values obtained for all components of urban governances were less than the theoretical average of 3. Among the components, the component of responsibility with an average of 2.71 had lowest average and the consensus component with an average of 2.76 had the highest average. The obtained average of general variable of urban governance was equal to 2.754. This average is less than the theoretical average of the research (number 3) and the difference between them is negative 0.246. The obtained level of significance was less than 0.05, so difference is significant at the 95% confidence level. The total average value of urban governance indicators, from the experts' point of view is equal to 2.23 and from the people's point of view is equal to 2.22, and the calculated significance level is equal to 0.974, so there is no significant difference between the perspective of these two groups.Based on other findings of this study, among the components of urban governance, the participation component with a path coefficient of 0.263 has the greatest impact on the implementation of urban governance and is first component of the ranking. The components of efficiency and effectiveness, the governance of rule and accountability with a path coefficient of 0.182, 0.175 and 0.172, respectively, are the second to fourth components of the ranking, and responsiveness with a path coefficient of 0.084 has the lowest level in the ranking list (eighth).

The findings of the study showed that the status of urban governance in the metropolis of Tehran is undesirable. The average value obtained was equal to 2.754, which is less than the average limit and indicates the undesirable urban governance in Tehran. According to the views of the two groups of urban management, the results show that the implementation of urban governance is facing serious challenges. Other results of this study show the views of citizens and experts on the status of urban governance and indicate that there is no significant difference between the views of experts and the people. Awareness of the importance of participation, accountability, efficiency and effectiveness, Law-abiding, transparency of information, justice, rule of law and central consensus indicators and consensus on this can be a turning point to start moving towards the implementation of urban governance. Achieving low scores for these indicators from the perspective of two statistical groups indicates the existence of serious weaknesses in these components of urban management of Tehran metropolis. The summary of the final results of this research is that the desirable urban governance implementation in Tehran and other cities of Iran requires a serious political determination and strong will at the highest levels of government and belief in such a management model. Unless this necessity and concern becomes an internal issue for all political and executive officials, the implementation of the model of urban governance is far from Realization.

Liveability is a subset of sustainability that directly affects the physical, socio-economic, and psychological dimensions of people's lives. This concept includes a set of environmental features that make it a desirable, convenient, and attractive place for all people to live, work and visit. However, the concept of liveability is a forgotten aspect of Iran's urban planning system; because of problems such as the consequences of population growth and migration, the diversity of migrant groups, the mismatch of urban infrastructure with the volume of the urban population, the polarization of urban contexts into traditional and modern has overshadowed the lack of attention to social justice in the decisions of city managers, the imbalance in the fair distribution of services at the neighbourhood level and the rate of liveability and consequently the quality of life in Iranian cities. In this regard, Bandar Mahshahr has been in a similar situation as other cities in Iran. Because, according to Harvey, the dual spatial structure (as one of the important factors in the distribution of facilities and resources) of this city indicates injustice in facilities, and quality of urban life. On the other hand, its oil function has increased the existing inequalities in the city and has doubled the urban ecology. Due to attracting immigrants through oil and petrochemical-related industries, centralized urban management, duality in urban texture and structure, unbalanced distribution of services and urban infrastructure, this city is placed in a special position in terms of providing liveability indicators.

The research method is descriptive-analytical using documentary studies and questionnaire data. Data collection was done by library and field methods through a questionnaire. The collection was a regular questionnaire with a LIKERT scale. According to the time, facilities and possibilities of the research, the cluster sampling method and finally, the simple random method have been used. Cochran's formula has also been exerted to estimate the sample size. Based on this, the number of samples studied in the whole city of Mahshahr, taking into account 0.05 errors, is 383 cases. Considering the population of each neighbourhood, out of 36 neighbourhoods, 32 ones have a population, and a questionnaire has been distributed among these 32 neighbourhoods. According to this, the number of samples in each neighbourhood is proportional to the share of the population of each one. The questionnaires of this research were distributed among 386 citizens of Bandar Mahshahr neighbourhoods to measure the liveability variables.  Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and stepwise multiple regression were used to examine the relationship between variables in neighbourhoods. ArcGIS107.1 software has been exploited for spatial analysis of this information in Bandar Mahshahr neighbourhoods.

The reliability of the research questionnaire is based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.83, which indicates the suitability of this tool. The validity of the questionnaire was 0.79. Therefore, the present questionnaire has the necessary validity in measuring the dimensions and variables of the research. As shown in table (4), in three steps, the dimensions of liveability (leisure and recreation infrastructure, employment and economy, security, facilities and services, environment, housing characteristics, transportation facilities, health household characteristics, governance and civic characteristics, facilities and equipment) have been able to predict housing efficiency.  Based on what is presented in table (5), during the first step, only leisure and recreation infrastructure, employment and economy, security, facilities and services, environment with standard beta coefficient of 0.446, 20% of quality variance explained life in the city of Mahshahr. In the second step, the characteristics of housing, transportation facilities, health and hygiene with a standard beta coefficient of 0.2, to the infrastructure of leisure and recreation, employment and economy, security, facilities and services, environment (with standard beta coefficient 0.446) has been added and the ability to explain the quality of life has been increased to 0.23%, of which 0.036% has been exclusively and added related to housing, transportation facilities, health and hygiene. In the third step, household characteristics, governance and civil characteristics, facilities and equipment with a standard beta coefficient of 0.134, have been added to the mentioned dimensions and the ability to explain efficiency has been increased to 0.25%, of which 0.016 percent was exclusively and additionally related to household characteristics, governance and civil characteristics, facilities and equipment. It should be noted that none of the biodegradability dimensions have been excluded from the analysis.

The results show that neighbourhoods No. 12 (phase 4), 2, 1 (new Mahshahr) and 14 (phase 3) have the highest level of liveability, while neighbourhoods No. 32 (phase 7), 17 (old Mahshahr), 3 (Nopag), and 24 (Taleghani town) have the lowest liveability. The more liveable areas correspond mainly to the new Mahshahr (corporate neighbourhoods) and the less liveable ones to the old Mahshahr (old neighbourhoods) and the migrant working-class suburbs. On the other hand, the southwest and south neighbourhoods are more liveable and the east ones of the city are less liveable.

In recent decades, the issue of resilience has become a specialized and public issue in society. Concepts of resilience in urban communities, which is in fact an action against development at the national level and purely physical development on an urban scale, and an attempt to achieve qualitative standards in the field of urban planning. In the meantime, the issue of resilience in urban communities means that society is able to withstand severe natural disasters without major damage, injury, production stoppage and reduced quality of life, and also at the superficial level, the goal of resilience as an ideal. The world is at the individual, organizational and community level. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of urban governance on urban resilience. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of the study consisted of citizens living in Tehran and experts in the field of research. The sample size was estimated for the statistical group of citizens using Cochran's formula 384 people and for specialists 60 people. In order to analyze the information and achieve the research objectives, structural equation modeling in LISREL software environment was used. Findings of this study showed that urban governance has a direct effect on urban resilience so that 0.42% of the variance of urban resilience variable can be explained by urban governance.

Analysis of livability indicators with respect of the human right to the city approach can play a key role in solving a lot of urban issues and increase citizen's satisfaction. The aim of this study is to investigate the livability indicators of the human right to city approach between 32 residential neighborhoods of Mahshahr. We want to determine the spatial differences of human rights of the city in neighborhoods. Thus, we used a questionnaire to measure the 12 dimensions and the demographic information of the Statistics Organization. This research is a descriptive-analytical study. Analysis of variance and spatial analysis tests were used to measure the difference between the human right to the city in neighborhoods. The resultss also indicate that the amount of the human right to the city satisfaction is higher, in neighborhoods 2, 29, 35, which have lower population density and better facilities. satisfication level is lower in neighborhoods 8, 10, 17, 24 that they have higher population density and more unfavorable conditions. Thus the spatial inequality in Mahshahr port can be due to the presence of migrants residents working in the city's industries and predominance of neoliberal views among the urban and provincial managers in strategic decisions and implementation of urban development plans. Therefore, paying attention to the human right to city approach in social, economic and physical development planning of this city based on the right oriented policy perspective can play a key role in reducing inequalities and improving the quality of life and citizen satisfaction.

Proper urban management based on the right methods has always been a serious challenge for urban professionals and has been the subject of various discussions and studies over time. Each city, due to its specific characteristics, experiences special issues that are specific to the city and its surroundings, and in the meantime, creating a single model is not acceptable. Good urban governance is an important principle in urban management, which unfortunately In our country, it faces many obstacles. The present article has been done in terms of purpose, application-development and quantitative-analytical method, which first identifies the most important obstacles to the actual implementation of urban governance in the country and then examines these cases in the study area of ​​Garmadreh. The results show that the factor of lack of integration between different sectors of urban management with an average of 3.8 has the greatest impact on the lack of governance in the country. From the results of the first part, 4 basic effective indicators in the implementation of urban governance in the study area have been studied. In the executive level of Garmadreh city, in the field of accountability index of weakness factor in continuous and public supervision with an average rank of 5.38, in the index of rule of law rule, there are multiple, parallel, interpretable and sometimes contradictory laws with an average rank of 3.73, in the transparency index of factor of lack of access to information 4.56 And in the participation index, the factor of intense centralism and top-down management with an average rank of 4.48 have the greatest impact on the lack of proper implementation of urban governance in the city of Garmadreh.

Today, urban issues and citizenship have become the most important issues affecting quantitative and qualitative dimensions of human life. In the pre-era period, the city was also important in the general sense of the word, but in contemporary times this significance was perceived by a wider range of people and a spectrum of perceived professionals. Therefore, addressing the new theories of the city, each of which is aimed at solving urban problems, improving the quality of life of citizens in cities, improving the quality of the city environment, managing the city, advancing the city to the desirability, etc., is more important than ever. Based on this, habitability is one of the recent debates and theories in urban planning, which, like other modern theories such as the mighty city, the creative city, the sustainable city, the resilient city, leads us to a more desirable city for sustainable living and development. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the Livability of Shahrekord, with emphasis on urban management. The purpose of this study, in terms of purpose (type of use), is an applied research.

The method used in this research is a descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of this research includes residents of Shahrekord city, and the statistical area of the whole area is located in Shahrekord. The number of statistical societies (160,000) is considered. The sample size was 383 people based on the Cochran formula, and were randomly available. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS regression.

The results indicate that urban management in general has not done a decent job in the city of urban habitat, in the city of Kurdistan. On the other hand, in the context of the Livability, this is such that urban management has had an impact on the economic index, which is relatively good, indicating management action in improving the status and economic variables, and, on the other hand, management Urban social indicators have also been affected by low significance, indicating that Shahrekord urban management is not very impressive in improving the social status of the city, which, of course, should be taken further. The cultural and social, economic, and environmental patterns existing in the cities of the country are very different to achieving the pattern of sustainable development and Livability. Without considering the social issues, the passivity of the institutions and social organizations of the country in confronting the cultural outcry of foreigners, the lack of comprehensive cultural, social, economic, and environmental planning, the fundamental difference between the views of different generations of the country as well as the difference between the views Government and parts of society and in the transition of the culture of society is one of the most important reasons for this issue. It also seems that in order to achieve sustainable development in the field of habitability and the role of urban management in this regard, a new and important focus on public management and policy in the city of Shahrekord in the cultural, social, economic and Environmental issues and try to better understand the future outcomes of current cultural and social behaviors in order to improve the status of the cultural, social, economic and environmental environment and to achieve a developed and sustainable cultural and social model. Determine the future of the cities of the country. Failure to pay attention to this will not only not result in sustainable cultural, social, economic and environmental development, but will further change the standard of cultural, social, economic and environmental life in the cities of the country.

Generally, urban management has no effect on urban Livability, indicating that urban management generally has not done a decent job in urban housing Livability. On the other hand, according to the dimensions of the habitability, this is such that urban management has an impact on the economic index, which is relatively good and shows the management's action in improving the status and economic variables, and also urban management on the social index with a significant low It has been impressive and shows that Shahr-e-Kord's urban management is notorious for improving the city's social situation, but more action is needed in this area. On the other hand, urban management has not had an impact on the environmental index, which indicates that urban management has not done the appropriate measures to improve the environmental status of the city. Also, based on Pearson's test, 95% confidence level was observed. In general, there is no relation between city management and city life-sustainability. On the other hand, there is a significant relationship between urban management and socio-economic index, and we have a relation between urban management and environmental index The results are not meaningful in accordance with regression

Generally, urban management has no effect on urban Livability, indicating that urban management generally has not done a decent job in urban housing Livability. On the other hand, according to the dimensions of the habitability, this is such that urban management has an impact on the economic index, which is relatively good and shows the management's action in improving the status and economic variables, and also urban management on the social index with a significant low It has been impressive and shows that Shahr-e-Kord's urban management is notorious for improving the city's social situation, but more action is needed in this area. On the other hand, urban management has not had an impact on the environmental index, which indicates that urban management has not done the appropriate measures to improve the environmental status of the city. Also, based on Pearson's test, 95% confidence level was observed. In general, there is no relation between city management and city life-sustainability. On the other hand, there is a significant relationship between urban management and socio-economic index, and we have a relation between urban management and environmental index The results are not meaningful in accordance with regression results.

Today, the major source of income for Iranian municipalities is the unstable resources such as construction fines and charges and Such an approach has led them to the financial crisis, the challenge of urban management and ultimately to citizens' dissatisfaction. So, in the developed cities of the world, tourism is used as one of the main and influential drivers in analyzing the urban economy in order to sustain and monetize the economy of municipalities. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to present a comprehensive model of municipalities' sustainable income generation based on tourism. For the research method, interpretive and systematic meta-synthesis approach has been used and the statistical population is based on the findings of qualitative studies of other researchers in the field of sustainable income of the municipalityS based on tourism in the period of 1370-1388 solar years and systematic sampling method has selected 26 articles from 315 articles, based on the title, abstract, content analysis of articles with dimensions and components related to the capability of innovation based on sustainable income of municipalities from the tourism industry. Data were coded using Maxqda software based on content analysis strategy and based on the "double coding" index to evaluate the reliability and quality control of the findings, with 0.92 excellent agreement was reached between the two evaluators.  The findings of the present study show that 131 initial codes, 15 codes with concepts and with 6 main categories and effective in creating sustainable income of municipalities based on tourism are effective in holding festivals, special ceremonies and communication, leisure planning, development of urban transportation infrastructure, Using the hidden capacity of urban tourism attractions, constructing tourist spaces and environments, reinforcement the multiple roles of tourism and tourism They can be considered as a strategy, finally, the result of the research is the presentation of a practical concept model for stabilizing the income of municipalities based on tourism.

Because of the change in demographic structure of cities, it is no longer possible to meet the needs of individuals in the simple ways of the past. During the last decade the growing population of the elderly people in Tehran has led us to meet new needs for services in different areas of the urban environment, especially the adaptation of the urban space with indicators such as security, safety, accessibility, vitality, communication, social participation and ultimately transportation for the elderly. Therefore, measures should be taken by city planners and managers. In this research, survey method was used to collect information on variables and then SPSSwin20 and LISREL8.5 softwares were used for data analysis. The statistical population is the elderly citizens of District three of Tehran that is 71199 people, which makes up about 22% of the residents of this district. In this article, we seek to answer the question of whether elderly people will be provided with urban space justice. In this regard, the results show that the correlations are greater than 0.6 and equal to 1.00. As a result, we end up that the relation of the two variables is direct. In other words, the more urban spatial justice is promoted through the discovery and analysis of appropriate urban strategies for the elderly, the welfare of the elderly will increase rapidly and strongly, and vice versa.