دکتر فاطمه درخشان

Consumption and cultural consumption are among the important phenomena of contemporary society that affect different aspects of people's lives. Many experts consider cultural consumption and consumption to be influenced by and representative of social class. Some studies, especially in the modern world, in addition to class, have considered individual characteristics and individuality to be important determinants of consumption and cultural consumption. The purpose of this research is to examine the amount and type of cultural consumption of citizens of Tehran and the factors affecting it, emphasizing the two above approaches.

The method of this study was a survey, and the data collection instrument was a questionnaire.

The results show that individual characteristics, individuality, and class of people are related to the amount and type of cultural consumption; however, their relationship is different in various cultural goods. In general, these factors have multiple correlations with cultural consumption (R = 0.688) and can explain (R2 = 0.461) the changes in cultural consumption. Most of the weight belongs to cultural tendencies, modern-traditional, and then class variables.

The regression equation confirms the theoretical insight of the paper, which claims that cultural consumption is simultaneously influenced by individual characteristics, individuality, and class of individuals.

Cultural policy means cultural policies, measures and solutions to support and develop cultural activities and various factors influence it. One of the most important factors is globalization and its consequences, which affects all dimensions of societies under the influence of changes in their global environment. One of the important aspects of globalization is the cultural dimension, which, with the joint production of products and following that, joint cultural consumption, on the one hand, presents many choices to consumers, and on the other hand, this continuous convergence of cultures. It leads to the wear and tear of national and local cultures. Therefore, countries show different reactions in the form of cultural policies, which in one category can include prevention, resistance and development discourse. For a country like Iran, which is in a situation of taking a stand with the capitalist system and power, it is very important to show the type of reaction it has in front of the dominant global culture that emerges in cultural politics. Therefore, in this study, we seek to investigate the impact of globalization challenges on cultural policy and its governing model with the method of qualitative content analysis of upstream documents. The results show that despite paying attention to Iranian-Islamic culture and identity and the need to revive them (preventive approach) and also the issues of endogeneity and externalization of the production and consumption of cultural products (resistance approach) in upstream documents, politics Development types are more than other types.

Focusing on the production, distribution, and consumption of cultural industries with high added value as one of the most central paths of progress is the reason for attention to the economy of culture in developed countries. Today, the developed economy of culture is recognized as an alternative power in the political economies of countries. The development of the economy of culture requires the use of efficient and appropriate strategies and the creation of coordination in the various sectors of production, distribution, and consumption of cultural goods and services in a continuous and balanced manner. In order to achieve such a goal, it is necessary to identify the weaknesses and obstacles faced by different sectors of the economy and culture and provide solutions to overcome them to the country's policymakers and administrators.Therefore, in this study, with a policy-research approach and a qualitative research method, 30 experts and activists in the field of cultural industries were identified through targeted sampling, interviews, and issues in the development of the cultural economy, and finally, policy solutions were presented. The analysis of the data obtained from the interview was done using the qualitative content analysis method and the MAXQDA software.The results include two parts: problems and obstacles related to policy making and implementation in different sectors of the economy and culture, and policy solutions to remove obstacles and develop them. These issues have been classified in the field of policy making and the three important parts of the cultural economy, i.e., production, distribution, and consumption, some of the most important main categories of which are: lack of institutional alignment; lack of a realistic approach in policy making; presence of government in cultural production; issues related to education and research; manpower; associations and guilds; cultural businesses; the private sector; intellectual property law; market and domestic and foreign recovery; welfare; demand; and cultural socialization. At the end, policy solutions to remove these obstacles in various fields, including how the government should play a role, policy making, human resource management, education, research, the cultural market, and other sectors, have been presented.

According to the prevailing approach to development, the path of growth, at various micro and macro levels, is through production and focus on high value-added industries such as cultural industries.Planning and management in the process of production,distribution and consumption of cultural products is one of the most well-known and important tasks of governments in the world, which is considered as the main axis in the development of Economics of culture(DOEC).Government role-playing in EC needs characteristics to facilitate the development process. One of the most important of these indicators, which is based on the existence of institutional infrastructure, is the combined indicators of good governance(GG).The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between GG indicators and the DOEC of countries.Using the method of comparative-quantitative analysis among 20 developed and developed countries in EC and Iran, the DOEC and GG has been studied. The results show that Iran's DOEC and GG indicators are far from developed and developed countries and this indicates the underdevelopment of Iran's EC. Also, the results of correlation analysis and multiple regression show that there is a direct relationship between the index of GG and the DOEC of these countries with an acceptable intensity(R2 = 0.50).

According to the prevailing approach to development, the path of growth at its various micro and macro levels has been made through the production of and focus on high value-added industries like cultural industries in recent decades.According to UNESCO, cultural economics is a very strategic industry in the national economy in most developed countries in the world and governments have played an important role in it. Policy-making in the process of production, distribution, and consumption of cultural products is one of the most well-known and important tasks of governments throughout the world, which is considered as the main axis for the development of socio-cultural economics. Despite having rich cultural resources, Iran is far behind the developed countries and even the similar countries earning their incomes from the most important cultural industries according to the available evidence and statistics. Planning in the form of policies, laws, programs, and rituals in the cultural industry has an important role in the growth and development of this sector and thus the present policies need to be reviewed. Based on the theories, models, and policy discourses in the field of cultural industries and cultural economics, there are several components in policy-making that can be classified according to varied criteria, including level, section, type, and reaction to globalization. Based on the criterion of level, policies are made at the three local, regional, and national levels. Based on the criterion of sector, they are made in the sector of cultural economy, including production, distribution, and consumption concerning the required infrastructure. A type-based policy-making has two interrelated classifications, which include direct and indirect policies and regulations (distributional, regulatory, redistributive, and stakeholder policies). Finally, policies are categorized according to their types of response to globalization, which include prevention, resistance, and development policies. In this study, the upstream documents and their gaps were examined based on the different types of policy models in the field of cultural economics.

To analyze the policies of cultural economy in Iran the method of qualitative content analysis of documents was used with a descriptive-analytical approach in this research. The research population included the texts of upstream documents and laws, in which culture and cultural industries were discussed. Also, a summary content analysis was utilized. The analysis of the hidden contents in the concepts was done by identifying and quantifying the keywords or themes extracted from the researcher's texts of interest or research literature. To assess the validity of the research process, the raw data related to those themes were also referred to in addition to the researcher’s long-term engagement and continuous observation of the texts. The theoretical validity was increased by reviewing the theoretical foundations of the research at each stage of coding and referring to the extracted primary themes. In the next step, to ensure that the coding was suitably done and the content was properly extracted, the experts were provided with the categorized categories in the mentioned field under the title of "Peer Review".

The study and analysis of the upstream documents showed that the majority of policies in the field of cultural economics were related to the production sector based on the theoretical models presented. The lowest policies were related to the consumption sector. Although the production sector was very important in the cultural economy, other sectors were not significant and the development of the cultural economy depended on the balanced attention and growth of all its sectors, including production, distribution, and consumption since the produced goods and services required the existence of distributional platforms, i.e., market and marketing, for supply on the one hand and the consumer market with the consumers, who received the expected cultural goods and services in proportion to their needs and demands on the other hand. The difference of the natures and values of the cultural goods (cultural and financial values) with those of other goods doubled the need to pay attention to the consumer sector because these goods could be developed by promoting cultural capital, i.e., knowledge and understanding of the consumers. Cultural and social assistance in a society occurs along with economic development. In the studied documents and policies, the issue of Iranian-Islamic culture and identity and the need to revive them through cultural industries were considered, which indicated a preventive approach in policy-making. In this investigation, the issues of endogenous production, as well as extroversion and consumption of cultural products, were raised in the form of resistant culture economics. Also, strengthening and facilitating our presence in the international cultural forums, becoming part of a cultural hub in the region, and reinforcing international scientific centers for research communications were mentioned by referring to the documents and plans related to the subject of international relations in the field of cultural industries. However, in terms of the level of policy-making, most of the programs and policies were related to the national level. In general, it can be said that although proper policy-making, regulation, and provision of policy infrastructure in any field, especially in the field of cultural economics, which are the responsibilities of governments, are essential, this policy can be further developed when suitably implemented by governmental and non-governmental organizations and institutions with the help of people.

Social Cleavage is divisions between individuals, institutions, and social groups rooted in their interests, values, and positions. This rupture can lead to the formation of conflicting groups and social forces that give their members a collective identity. empirical evidence and some reports indicate the emergence of various social cleavages in our society. This article examines and recognizes the social cleavage, its dimensions, and its factors. The research method was a survey and the data collection tool was a questionnaire. The respondents were 527 citizens aged 15 to 75 years in 22 districts of Tehran who were randomly selected by stratified sampling and interviewed.The results show that in the first level, the highest variance was related to cultural values (0.616), religious values (0.551), and political values (0.436) and in general, the average political cleavage (2.22) was cultural cleavage (2.16) and generation cleavage (2.15) are more than other types. Groups with a reformist political identity, a strong religious identity, and a secular cultural identity are more likely to be confronted than other groups. Also, among the theoretical factors studied, the value priority factor (traditional-religious) has the most relationship with social cleavages.

Iran is facing a problem of underdevelopment with regards to the Economics of Culture (EC) and is far from developing, developed, and even similar countries in this regard. EC develops with maintained order on the components of the economic, cultural, social and political subsystems and their relations with each other and as a result of quantitative and qualitative growth and diversity in the process of production, distribution and consumption of goods and cultural services. In the present article, development of EC and its relations with order in society have been studied through a comparative method between the top 10 advanced countries and the top 10 developed countries in EC and Iran. The results indicate that the more order in society, the more the increase of in said society. The correlation between order in society and the development of EC was r = 0.72, and 0.52 of the changes of EC is explained by order in society. In simultaneous explanation, changes of EC, and economic and cultural capital have the greatest potential for explanation. The Probability Interval Method showed that if Iran reaches a growth rate of 1.84 in economic capital, 4 in cultural capital, 1.6 in social capital and 1.64 in political capital,  it will reach an  EC in 2030 similar to that of advanced countries.

Imprisonment, despite the negative consequences for individuals,society and government, has a high share in the judgments issued by courtsand at the same time has little effect on preventing the repeat of offenses.Alternative sentences are considered as the most prominent attempt toovercome this impediment. In determining alternative punishments, asystem of punishment based on the social conditions of crime can beconsidered, which in this research is called the social punishment system.Social punishment is a system, in which the sentences are issued, takinginto account the circumstances of the occurrence and type of crime, thecircumstances of the offender, and the extent of his enjoyment ofeconomic, social, cultural and political capital and the circumstances of thevictim. This article examines the capability of preventing the crime ofalternative sentences of imprisonment and social penalties compared toprison sentences. In this research, which is a qualitative study, 65 judgesand lawyers were interviewed with purposeful selection method. The datawere collected by semi-structured interviews and analyzed using asystematic content analysis and thematic analysis. Findings of the researchshow that, the majority of respondents consider social punishment to beeffective in reducing the crime, provided that it is implemented correctly,and that this type of punishment does not have any negative consequencesof the imprisonment.