مقالات رزومه دکتر حسن غرایاق زندی

The effectiveness of psychological interventions in improving psychological problems has been noticed for years. In recent years, the use of technology in psychological interventions has been developed. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the Efficacy of a tDCS-Mindfulness Program on cognition inhabitation and emotional self-regulation in professional soccer players. In terms of the purpose, the present research is part of applied research and in terms of method; it is a semi-experimental type of study. The research community included all the athletes of the first division football league of Tehran, who were selected in a purposeful and available manner. The tools of this research included emotion self-regulation questionnaire and go/no-go test. The analysis method of this research was analyzed using covariance analysis and SPSS software. The findings showed that eight sessions of mindfulness training along with transcranial stimulation had an effect on the subjects' cognitive market component and emotional self-regulation (p<0.05). In fact, the use of mindfulness along with indirect brain stimulation is more effective on cognitive components such as inhibition and emotional self-regulation. The results obtained from this research show the importance of technology development and its use in psychological interventions, therefore, the use of interventions based on brain stimulation along with other psychological interventions has been highlighted in this research. It is also suggested to use a combined protocol to improve psychological issues.

The purpose of this research was to explain the effect of a mindfulness intervention course on mental toughness, emotional intelligence and flow among skilled volleyball players. The current study is a semi-experimental type and the statistical population consisted of all skilled volleyball players of Tehran University. The research sample was made up of 30 skilled volleyball players of Tehran University who participated in the university team's training. The pre-test included a demographic questionnaire, a 48-question mental toughness questionnaire by Clough et al., an emotional intelligence questionnaire by Lan et al., and also the state scale of flow-2. Then, the statistical sample was randomly divided into two control and intervention groups, and the intervention group did six weeks of mindfulness training, and after that, the mentioned questionnaires were again distributed among all the statistical sample and information was collected. After checking the normality of the data distribution in two groups using the Shapiro-Wilk test, the dependent t-test and independent t-test were used to compare the differences between the intragroup and intergroup averages. The results showed that the effect of mindfulness intervention on the mean difference of mental toughness variable is not significant, but it is significant on the mean difference of emotional intelligence and flow variables (P≥0.05). The effect of mindfulness intervention on emotional intelligence and flow in athletes was positive. Considering the importance of emotional intelligence and flow of athletes in achieving high levels of competition, it is suggested that coaches use mindfulness intervention in athletes with high skill levels to improve these psychological factors.

Sports injuries are often associated with emotional and psychological challenges. Psychologists and team physicians should examine emotional reactions in addition to assessing physical factors. This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on anxiety, depression, and anger caused by the psychological trauma of injury in injured athletes.

The statistical sample of the research was 32 professional athletes injured due to psychological trauma who were selected conveniently, purposively, and with the approval of the experts from the Sports Medicine Federation. The athletes were randomly assigned into two groups of 16 people consisting of a treatment group and a control group. After applying the treatment, a post-test and a two-month follow-up test were conducted. The measurement tools in this research were Spielberger's State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory–2 (STAXI-2), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Depression Inventory - Second Edition (BDI-II). The data were analyzed using the repeated measures analysis of variance statistical method (P<0.05).

The results showed that the difference between the experimental and control groups in reducing behavioral problems in the post-test and follow-up phase was significant. The follow-up results after two months also showed that there was a difference between the experimental and control groups in the amount of psychological reactions and the effectiveness of the treatment remained after 2 months.

The results indicated that cognitive-behavioral therapy focused on psychological trauma reduces the psychological problems of athletes such as anxiety and depression, but does not affect anger control.

The purpose of the present study is to stimulate transcranial direct current from the visual cortex on the reaction time of skilled soccer players.

The current study is a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population of this study was the skilled male football players of Tehran province in 1401, 36 of them were selected by available sampling and randomly divided into 3 groups: visual cortex stimulation (12), sham stimulation (12) and control (12). became The direct transcranial electrical stimulation intervention was such that the electrodes are placed in the Oz anode and Cz cathode in the stimulation of the visual cortex. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics methods were used to calculate the central and dispersion indices, and the Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of the data. Correlated t-test was used to independently examine the variables in the investigated groups. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 24 statistical software at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that the average reaction time after electrical stimulation of ltdcs in the tDCS group of the visual cortex increased from 343.10 ± 57.56 to 347.50 ± 52.40 thousand seconds and according to the significance level of 0.05 the difference It is not significant in this group (P-Value<0.05).

The results showed that electrical stimulation of the visual cortex is not effective on the reaction time of skilled soccer players. According to the results, it is suggested to perform electrical stimulation from other areas of the cerebral cortex, especially the primary motor cortex, which is emphasized in the research background.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of mindfulness intervention on perceived stress and salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels of elite wrestlers during the competition period.

20 male elite freestyle wrestlers (age: 22.36±2.38) participated in this study and were randomly assigned to experimental (mindfulness-based intervention) and control groups. Two official competitions were used as pre-test and post-test. Perceived stress was measured by the short version of Perceived stress scale. Awakening and competitive levels of salivary immunoglobulin A were evaluated using the ELISA method. The experimental group participated in 8-week mindfulness intervention (two sessions per week). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and independent t-test.

The results showed that after the 8 weeks of intervention, perceived stress was reduced in the experimental group. Hoewer, the awakening and competitive levels of immunoglobulin A did not show a significant difference compared to the control group from pre-test to post-test.

In general, it can be concluded that mindfulness intervention can be a strategy to reduce the perceived stress in elite wrestlers during the competition period. Future studies with larger samples with other disciplines can better demonstrate the comprehensiveness of the results.

In competitive sports, athletes may experience impaired mental and physical function due to experiencing a series of negative emotions. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of "Progressive Muscle Relaxation" on Competitive State Anxiety and salivary cortisol of elite male taekwondo practitioners. 

The present study is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population of this study was 30 elite male taekwondo practitioners in Tehran province who were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into two groups of control (16 people) and intervention (13 people). Data collection instruments included demographic questionnaire, "Competitive State Anxiety Inventory" and 96 test kits of the German company ZellBio with a sensitivity of 1 ng / ml for saliva sampling and cortisol measurement. The validity of the mentioned list was evaluated using concurrent validity method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In the pre-test phase (first race), 25 minutes before the start of the competition, all 30 people of saliva samples were first taken to measure cortisol, and all of them completed the "Competitive Anxiety Inventory". The intervention group then performed 10 sessions of "Progressive Muscle Relaxation” with taekwondo physical training, while the control group performed only taekwondo movements and physical exercises. After completing 10 sessions of post-test training, in the second competition, the athletes completed the "Competitive Anxiety Inventory” for the second time 25 minutes before the competition, and saliva samples were taken from all of them to measure cortisol. Data analysis was used in SPSS. 22.

Cognitive anxiety (F=81.35, P<0.001) and physical anxiety (F=41.52, P<0.001) decreased in the intervention group compared to the control group. Also, the amount of salivary cortisol (F=29.92, P<0.001) in the intervention group was significantly reduced compared to the control group in the post-test.

"Progressive Muscle Relaxation” reduced cognitive anxiety, physical anxiety, and salivary cortisol. It is suggested that sedation be used to reduce Competitive State Anxiety and salivary cortisol.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex on the reaction time and performance of skilled soccer players.

The current study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and a post-test design. The statistical population of this research was the skilled male soccer players of Tehran province in 1401, 36 of whom were selected through convenience sampling and randomly divided into three Primary Motor Cortex Stimulation (N=12), Sham Stimulation (N=12) and Control (N=12) groups. For the primary motor cortex stimulation during transcranial direct current stimulation intervention, the anode electrode was placed at the C3, and the cathode electrode was placed at Fp2. To check and analyze the research hypotheses, the dependent t and the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) tests with Bonferroni posthoc test were used via SPSS version 22 software.

The results showed that in the Motor Cortex tDCS group, the average reaction time after electrical stimulation decreased from 354.25 ± 71.58 to 256.41 ± 63.72 milliseconds, and the average performance increased from 46.00 ± 6.14 to 5.83 ± 68.41. So, according to the significance level of 0.05, a significant difference was observed in reaction time and performance (P <0.05).

The results showed that the electrical stimulation of the primary motor cortex affects the reaction time and the performance of skilled soccer players. Since the current research was conducted on skilled soccer players, it is suggested to be as cautious as possible in generalizing the results of this research to novice soccer players and athletes.

Sports and specially sport competitions cause anxiety in athletes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of mindfulness intervention on competitive anxiety and performance in basketball free throw skill. The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. Among 19 to 23 years old basketball players of Tehran, 24 athletes participated in this study, which were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group practice.MSPE protocol for six sessions And no intervention was performed in the control group. Data were collected through Competitive State Anxiety Inventory, Sport competition Anxiety Test and the three-valued scale of the AAHPERD basketball shoot and were analyzed using Univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that mindfulness intervention reduces competitive anxiety and improves athletic performance in basketball athletes. Based on the research findings, it can be said that mindfulness interventions are one of the effective methods in improving athletes' performance and sport psychologists and coaches can use this method as a simple and low-cost method to reduce anxiety and improve athletes' performance.

Sinclair model to strengthen the presented psychological skills. This model encourages athletes to ‎improve their psychological skills in physical and technical dimensions‏.‏The effect of virtual education of ‎psychological skills (‎Sinclair& Sinclair method‎) on ‎the ‎passing accuracy of semi-professional basketball ‎players‏.‏ The present study was semi-experimental using a pre-test post-test design. Participants ‎included 24 semi-professional basketball players from Zanjan who were selected by convenience and ‎randomly divided into two groups of 12 experimental (mean‏ ‏age: 21.53±1.77) and control (mean age: 22.78 ‎‎± 1/94) were included. Participants performed the passing accuracy test in the pre-test and post-test stages. ‎The experimental group performed psychological skills exercises by Sinclair and Sinclair method for 4 weeks, ‎‎3 sessions per week and 60 minutes per session and the control group did not intervene. Data were analyzed ‎by Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) at a significance level of 0.05. ‎ The results showed that by controlling the pre-test score, there was a significant difference between ‎the pass accuracy test scores of the two experimental and control groups (p = 0.001).‎ Based on the research findings, it can be suggested that due to the ease of performing cognitive ‎skills exercises by Sinclair and Sinclair methods, sports coaches can use it to improve the accuracy of the pass ‎in basketball players. ‎

The aim of the present study was to compare the arousal, self-confidence, and competitive state anxiety among expert and professional archers in separate gender and type of arch (Compound and Recurve).
A total of 64 professional archers and 77 expert archers were selected purposefully in the Compound and Recurve. Arousal and cognitive anxiety of individuals were measured by Revised Sports Grid, and somatic anxiety and self-confidence were measured by competitive state anxiety inventory-2. To analyze the data and to compare the studied variables between two independent groups of two sexes or between two groups of athletes (Compound and Recurve) at two expert and professional levels, Mann-Whitney U non-parametric test was used.
The results showed that the arousal and self-confidence of professional and expert men were significantly higher than women. In Comparison of the psychological variables among archers based on two expert and professional skill levels it was observed that the self-confidence of professional archers was significantly more than experts. Also, in the Recurve field, three other variables were not different between the expert and professional skill archer.
It is concluded that some psychological variables are different in archery sports depending on gender, level, and type of skill.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common in the general and sports population. The prime objective of the current study was to compare the impact of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on the visual sustained attention of ADHD student-athletes.

In this study, among the 79 children diagnosed with ADHD, 45 students were randomly selected and divided into three 15-person Sham, control, and experimental groups. All subjects in the Sham and experimental groups received ten sessions of two different types of anodal and sham stimulations over the F3 area and cathode excitation over the Supraorbital (SO) area with 1 mA current for 15 minutes. After ten sessions, each group was re-examined. After 40 days, a follow-up test was performed according to the post-test using the Continuous Performance Test, Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance, and Paired Sample t-test was used to test statistical hypotheses (p≤0.05).

The results revealed that applying tDCS is effective in improving the visual sustained attention of ADHD student-athletes.

The findings of the study indicated that the protocol of applying 1 mA tDCS can improve the visual sustained attention of ADHD student-athletes.

Introduction & The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise imagery on the perceived exertion and energy consumption. The current study was a quasi-experimental with four experimental groups as well as one control group. The statistical population was included by all students of University of Tehran. Data were collected in accessible form from 50 students. The participants were divided into imagery groups (associative enjoyment imagery, associative energetic imagery, dissociative enjoyment imagery and dissociative energetic imagery) and a control group. Instruments used in this study included demographic questionnaire, the Borg scale of perceived exertion, imagery texts, Treadmill, and heart rate monitors (polar). Data were analyzed using repeated measure of analysis of variance and subsequently by Bonferoni post hoc test. The results showed that the effect of exercise imagery on pressure perception was significant. All the imagery groups were less aware of the perceived exertion than the control group. But the Bonferonri test showed that there was no significant difference between the imagery groups. In addition, it was found that imaging does not have a significant effect on the energy consumption of individuals. In general, the findings emphasize the role of exercise imagery during exercise as a factor in reducing fatigue and enjoying more of physical activity. Therefore, exercise imagery during exercise has an effective role in reducing fatigue and enjoying physical activity as much as possible.

Introduction & One of the main goals of sport psychology is to identify those psychological factors that are relevant for sport performance as well as possibilities of their development. The aim of the study was to determine whether the set of specific motivational characteristics [sport orientation, sport motivation and locus of control] makes the distinction between elite or non-elite teakwando athletes. In this cross-sectional study, 70 elite taekwondo athletes (involved in Asian level or above; Mage and SD: 22.70 ± 6.35) and 70 non-elite taekwondo athletes (involved in the primary league level; Mage and SD = 20.57 ± 3.36) frome Iranian were surveyed and completed scales of sport orientation (Gill and Dieter, 1998), sport motivation (Mallet et al., 2007) and locus of control (Levenson, 1972). According to the results it can be said that elite athletes are characterized by a positive high score inachievement motivation, internal locus of control, internal and external motivation (partial eta square = 0.25). There was no significant difference in external locus of control and amotivation between groups. The results have been discussed in the context of their application in the process of talent selection and development in sport as well as the development of life skills in athletes.

The difference between the performances of Sports Champions more than other times relates to their mental fitness and one of the important factors affecting mental fitness, physical fitness and even performance is Stressor conditions. Given that tDCS provides potential tools for enhancing performance in many areas, there is limited exploration for complex skills.

The aim of this study was evaluate the effect of direct transcranial electrical stimulation (tDCS) in the DLPFC area on performance and visual attention of sitting volleyball players under Stressor.

In this blind randomized control trial with pre-test-post-test research plan and follow-up period of 2, 4 and 6 days, 24 athletes of the Premier League and national sitting volleyball team of the country were selected as a voluntary participation, and they randomly located in 2 groups of TDCS in the DLPFC region and sham stimulation. The task of the current study was the test of the modified Volleyball Service, in which the participants performed 10 attempts in the pre-test, which visual attention were recorded using the eye tracking device. The intervention phase was performed on 6 consecutive days, in which the participants performed 10 volleyball services every day after the desired exercises. Post-test phase was performed immediately after the intervention. 48 hours after the post-test phase, the first retention phase, 48 hours after the first retention phase, the pressure test phase and 48 hours after the pressure test phase, the second retention phase which was performed in which the participants performed 10 attempts in the pre-test, which visual attention were recorded using the eye tracking device.

The results of mixed variance showed that tDCS exercises in DLPFC area have a significant effect on improving service accuracy under normal conditions and pressure test (P<0/01). It also showed that tDCS exercises in DLPFC area have a significant effect on increasing participants' visual attention under normal conditions and pressure testing (P<0/01).

In general, the results of the current study emphasize the importance of tDCS in the DLPFC area in improving performance and visual attention and maintaining performance and visual attention in stressful conditions.

The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of two different methods to enhance free throw shooting among young basketball players. One method is based on mindfulness(MSPE) and the other is based on mental imagery(MI). This is a semi-experimental study and in terms of data collection, the design of the study is experimental with pre-test, post-test and a control group. Statistical population consisted of young basketball players in Tehran from whom 60 players were selected through convenience sampling and put into the following three groups: mindfulness group, mental imagery group and control group. Statistical analyses were presented in two sections: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics included participants’ characteristics, distribution of data and the variables’ mean and standard deviation. Shapiro-Wilk test was also used to determine whether the data were naturally occurring. Then, the data were analyzed through inferential statistics using paired-samples T-Test, ANOVA, Leven’s Test, Games-Howell Test and Bonferroni post hoc Test to test the hypotheses. Significance level of the study was set at 0.05. The results obtained from the pre-test and post-test of both mindfulness and mental imagery groups showed the participants’ performance was significant with mean differences of 4.15 and -2.55 respectively. Also, the final findings of the study indicated that treatment in mindfulness group was more effective than that of mental imagery group, in improving free throw shooting (P=0.2).

Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder in which positive and negative symptoms play an important role in its prognosis. Exercise-based interventions as a non-pharmacological treatment play a crucial role in rehabilitation and treatment management of negative symptoms and cognitive function of these patients due to its positive mental and physical effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different sport and exercise training on improving the negative symptoms and cognitive deficiences of patients with schizophrenia.

To find documents related to the effect of exercise on improving the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, keywords were created and searched in the databases of Google, Yahoo, Science Direct and SID. They were then divided into three areas: "The effect of exercise on schizophrenia," Improving cognitive function through exercise "and treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia with exercise program".

Fidings: 

The results showed that different exercise programs such as aerobic, strength and yoga exercises are effective in improving the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and cognitive function. Also, the results showed that drug treatment has no effect on improving the negative symptoms in schizophrenic patients. Aerobic exercise improves attention, processing speed, memory and performance. Aerobic exercise plays an important role in combating cognitive impairment, memory, hippocampal volume, and nerve flexibility. Yoga, in particular, improves long-term memory.

Exercise can improve clinical signs, global functioning, quality of life and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia. In particular, the greatest effect has been observed with the improvement of negative symptoms, which has promising consequences for the future performance outcomes of these patients.

With the prevalence of Covid-19, competitive athletes are required to continually organize and pursue their goals and performance standards for optimal adaptation to these conditions. In such stressful situations, perfectionist athletes may inevitably face many challenges in organizing and pursuing performance goals; therefore, the present study looking for answersthese two questions. First, what is the state of burnout of perfectionist athletes in the context of the Covid-19 epidemic? Second, how does the coaching style of the coach effect the athlete’s burnout, especially perfectionists? In this cross-sectional study, 259 elite participated and completed scales of perfectionism, burnout and coaching behaviors. Data were analysed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that the control behaviors of coaches and dimensions of perfectionism positively predict athletes' burnout, the results also showed that the interpersonal behaviors of coaches are a mediating factor in the relationship between perfectionism and burnout of athletes. The results indicate that during the covid 19, Athletes who are less able to organize performance standards and expectations of themselves and others, and who are more committed to meeting external demands, are at risk of burnout. In addition, when coaches have controlling behavioral styles in these situations, athletes are more likely to become burnout, especially perfectionist athletes.

The purpose of this research was conducted to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and perfectionism, quality of coach–athlete relationship in elite material arts. Present study research method was descriptive– correlational, The statistical population included all the martial arts (Taekwondo, karate, judo, wushu and wrestling) present in Super league Competitions in 2017 and 300 male (60 Coaches and 240 Athletes) were participated and completed the Questionnaires of emotional intelligence, perfectionism and quality of coach–athlete relationship. The data was analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple regression (Enter method) tests. The results revealed a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and self-oriented perfectionism with quality of coach–athlete relationship (p>0.01), In addition, Data analysis revealed that emotional intelligence and perfectionism predict 58 percent of quality of coach–athlete relationship variance, But this prediction was reversed with dimensions of other-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism. (p>0.001). According to the findings, It seems that character of emotional intelligence and perfectionism in Coaches have an effective role in quality of coach–athlete relationship and the levels of quality of this relationship which elite material arts uses is correlated with these characteristics.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of mental toughness and competitive motivational styles in predicting of Satisfaction with Life in Tehran Martial Artists.

This study was a descriptive-correlational study and its statistical population was all male and female of martial artists in Tehran. Survey data were collected from 190 martial artists with a mean age of 25.02. The instruments used in this study were Mental Toughness in Sport Questionnaire-50 (MTSQ), Competitive Motivational Styles Questionnaire (CMSQ), and Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Exploratory factor analysis was used to validate the questionnaires.

The results Pearson correlation showed that there are the positive and significant relationship between mental toughness and its components, competitive motivational styles and Development-Focused and win-fixated components with life satisfaction. The results of regression analysis indicate that mental toughness and components of tough values, tough skills and tough emotions, competitive motivation styles, and Development-Focused and win-fixated components are the appropriate predictors of life satisfaction.

As a result, to increase the life satisfaction of martial artists, training strategies based on increasing mental toughness and promoting of the positive dimensions of competitive motivational styles can be suggested.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between coping strategies and metamotivation dominance in academic elite athletes based on reversal theory. 124 athletes who were the members of university sport teams participated in this study by convenience sampling method. In this study, Telic Dominance Scale was used to measure and determine metamotivation dominance and the Persian version of coping strategies questionnaire was utilized to assess athletes’ coping strategies. The results of K-S test showed that the data distribution was not normal; so data were analyzed by Spearman correlation coefficient and U Mann-Whitney test. The results of correlation test showed a negative and significant relationship between activity orientation coping strategies and Telic dominance and a positive and significant relationship between emotion orientation strategies and Telic dominance. Also, the results of U Mann-Whitney test showed that those with Telic used more emotion orientation strategies while those with Paratelic used more activity orientation strategies. Consequently, it is recommended that coaches should identify athletes’ metamotivation dominance to use appropriate coping strategies.

Recognition of important psychological factors in coping with difficulty is considered as an important factor in the development of positive interventions to achieve sports self-fulfillment. Self-sufficiency and cognitive regulation of emotion are important factors that are effective in coping with unpleasant events. In a difficult event such as failure in sports is not considered. Therefore The purpose of this study was to model the structural equation of relationship between self -compassion and emotional reactions to failure as mediated by cognitive emotion regulation among martial arts. A total of 286 athlete (191 men and 95 women; age: 20.98±3.30 years) from different disciplines of martial arts (taekwondo, karate, Judo and wushu) engaged in league championship participated in the study. Athlete completed self-report measures of self-compassion (SCS), negative affect (PANAS), and cognitive emotion regulation (CERQ). The proposed model was evaluated using structural equation model. Result revealed that self-compassion has direct and indirect effects on emotional reactions to failure. Furthermore, cognitive emotion regulation a partial negative mediator between the self-compassion and emotional reactions to failure. This study indicates that self-compassion is a relevant construct for understanding athletes’emotional responses to failure problems and cognitive emotion regulation strategies are involved as underlying mechanisms in this process. Therefore, it suggests paying attention to growth of self-compassion in martial arts and emphasizing on improving adaptive emotion regulation and reducing incompatible emotion regulation in order to recover better from failure and reduce its negative effects.

The aim of this study was to examine a model of Coach-athlete relationship quality based on coaches’ perfectionism and verifying mediating role of forgiveness and controlling behavior. in this study A total of 270 coaches completed four scales: Perfectionism, Forgiveness, Controlling Behavior, and Quality of Relationship. The proposed model was evaluated using structural equation model. Result revealed that coaches’ perfectionism negatively predicted quality relationships with their athletes. Results also revealed that coaches’ forgiveness positively predicted quality relationships but coaches’ controlling behaviors negatively predicted quality relationships toward their athletes. The results of path analysis revealed that the relationship between coaches’ perfectionism and the relationship quality toward their athletes were mediated by forgiveness and controlling behaviors, and Perfectionism was inversely (positive) related to relationship quality with the entry of these mediators. its concluded that relationship between perfectionism and quality relationships is not a simple linear one, but other variables such as forgiveness and coaching behaviors play a mediating role in this relationship.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-compassion and fear of failure among successful and less successful adolescent girls Taekwondo athletes.

The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consisted of all taekwondo athletes' participating in League competition (Premier League and super League). One hundred and sixty taekwondo athletes (80 successful and 80 less successful) were selected via Purposive sampling method and completed questionnaires of self-compassion and fear of failure. The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient, Analysis of regression, and Analysis of Variance tests.

The results showed a significant ngative relationship between self-compassion and fear of failure and dementiom of self-compassion negatively predicts fear of failure variance. In addition, The data showed that the successful elite athletes significantly have lesser fear of failure and use more self-compassion strategies than less successful group.

According to results of this study, it seems that self-compassion Strategy have an effective role in reducing fear of failure of taekwondo athletes and improving these characteristic can be very useful to conducting interventions and training programs for reducing fear of failure in taekwondo Athletes.