مقالات رزومه علی اصغری

Black rust is one of the important fungal diseases that widely affects the quantity and quality of wheat in many regions of the world. The damages caused by black rust disease can be more than other pathogens in wheat and its importance is such that millions of hectares of healthy fields with high production potential can be destroyed in less time. Destroy it completely in one month. Resistance is one of the genetic characteristics of the host that plant breeders use to produce cultivars. Lines that are recognized as resistant in a survey can be used as a source of resistance in another breeding program. Genetic resistance reduces or eliminates the consumption of chemical poisons, and as a result, it is considered as the most economical and healthiest method of combating plant diseases. Accordingly, in order to statistically investigate some physiological markers related to resistance to black rust disease, 24 bread wheat genotypes including 8 cultivars and 16 promising lines were studied. In this study, two varieties MV-17 (disease-resistant variety) and Morocco (disease-susceptible variety) were selected as controls in this study due to their different behavior in resistance to wheat black rust.

Material and Methods: 

This experiment was carried out in 2019 in the greenhouse of the Research Institute of Plant Breeding and Seed Preparation under the conditions of infection and non- infection with the native race TKTTF of wheat black rust disease and in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications. Physiological traits including relative leaf water content (RWC), cell membrane stability (MP), electrical conductivity (EC), chlorophyll content (SPAD) and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured and recorded.

At the probability level of 1%, a significant difference between genotypes was observed and the interaction effect of disease x genotype was significant for all traits, which indicates the non-homogeneous difference of genotypes for the studied traits in two conditions of infection and non- infection. Also, for all measured traits, there was a significant difference between two different levels of disease infection, which shows the effect of the black rust pathogen on the relative content of leaves, membrane permeability, electrical conductivity, chlorophyll concentration, primary fluorescence, fluorescence It has maximum, variable fluorescence and photochemical efficiency of photosystem II. The results showed that pathogen contamination increases the relative water content, chlorophyll concentration, membrane permeability, initial fluorescence, maximum fluorescence, variable fluorescence, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II and decrease in electrical conductivity. Based on all studied physiological traits of genotypes MV-17, C-98-17, C-98-11, C-98-5, C-98-12, C-98-18, C-98- 16, C-98-3 and CD-94-9 were identified as the genotypes that showed more resistance to the disease agent. There was a high correlation between initial fluorescence, maximum fluorescence, variable fluorescence, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, membrane permeability and electrical conductivity in response to stem rust. Based on Ward's cluster analysis and detection function analysis, the genotypes were divided into four separate groups in the conditions of infection and non-infection with black rust. They were placed in a group. While, in the condition of no disease contamination, 6, 9, 4 and 5 genotypes were clustered in four separate groups, respectively.

This study showed the effect of East Azerbaijan stem rust TKTTF race on the physiological traits of winter cultivars and lines of wheat. This race caused changes in the studied physiological traits in both experimental conditions, from this output it can be concluded that the resistant lines are more resistant to the disease than the commercial variety and are recommended as selected lines in breeding programs should be used. It is worth mentioning that according to the results of the grouping of genotypes and also the placement of valuable genotypes in terms of relative water content traits, membrane permeability index, chlorophyll content, initial fluorescence, maximum fluorescence, variable fluorescence, and photochemical efficiency. Photosystem II and electrical conductivity in the first and second groups in the conditions of disease infection and non- infection, it was concluded that the results of cluster analysis had a good relationship with the results of variance analysis and comparing the average of the studied traits. The results showed that the physiological traits measured in response to black rust disease have diversity. Therefore, possible genotypes with resistance to this pathogen can be identified by using the changes of these traits. Also, considering the relationship between the results obtained from the evaluation of physiological and pathological traits, the possibility of using physiological traits as indicators related to resistance to wheat black rust disease was benefited. In other words, the physiological indicators used were able to detect the existence of diversity and response to resistance to black rust disease and they can be used as physiological indicators related to resistance to black rust disease of wheat. Examining different traits in different environmental conditions has shown that the way the genotypes act and respond to the pathogen changes with the change of environmental conditions. For this purpose, these studies should be carried out in several years and in different environments. It is also recommended to carry out the above test using agricultural traits at the stage of the sorghum plant as well as biochemical traits related to the disease.

Corn is an important crop that is cultivated in many parts of the world. One of the major factors limiting the plant growth is lack of water, which reduces plant growth and survival in arid and semi-arid areas. For this purpose, evaluation of the effect of drought stress on plant cultivars and identification of the tolerant genotype is of particular importance.

In this research, nine corn hybrids (including three promising hybrids H1 (SC01; TS01×MS02), H2 (KLM77021/4-1-2-1-2-4-1× K47/3), and H3 (K47/2-2-1-4-2-1-1-1× MO17) and six commercial H4 (NS640), H5 (SC703), H6 (SC704), H7 (SC720), and H9 (SC715) grain corn hybrids as late and medium maturity groups) were planted in split plots in the form of a complete random block design in three replicates at Research Unit of Moghan Agro-Industry and Livestock Company, Ardabil in spring and summer 2022. The main plots include two levels of normal irrigation (10 times of atmospheric and stack irrigation according to the region's custom) and drought stress (interruption of irrigation during the flowering and seed filling stages: eight times of atmospheric and stack irrigation so that the interruption of irrigation at the end of flowering continued to grain filling for 18 days) and the sub-plots included six varieties and three hybrids of corn. In both irrigation conditions, yield and seed yield components were evaluated. To identify the tolerant genotype based on grain yield under stress and normal conditions, stress tolerance indices (STI), stress sensitivity (SSI), tolerance (TOL), mean productivity index (MP) and geometric mean yield (GMP) were calculated. Correlation and grouping was performed based on tolerance indices of drought stress in different corn hybrids.

Dehydration stress significantly reduced the yield and yield components of corn cultivars. The H7 (SC703) and H6 (SC704) hybrids were the ones with the highest plant height, hundred seed weight, number of seed rows in cob, and number of seeds in each cob row. Further, the hybrid H1 (SC01), H6 (SC704), H7 (SC703) and H3 (K47/2-2-1-4-2-1-1-1× MO17) have the highest seed yield in both conditions of normal stress and dehydration. The correlation between grain yield and grain yield components was significant and positive. The data obtained from the evaluation of drought tolerance indices showed that there was a significant difference between different corn hybrids. As the hybrid H6 (SC704) and promising hybrid H1 (SC01) allocated the highest MP, GMP and STI, and the promising hybrid H3 (K47/2-2-1-4-2-1-1-1× MO17) showed the highest SSI value. Correlation analysis between drought tolerance indices also showed a significant positive relationship between STI, SSI, TOL, MP and GMP. The cluster analysis of the studied corn hybrids based on drought tolerance indices divided the corn hybrids into three separate groups, such that the hybrids H1 (SC01), H3 (K47/2-2-1-4-2-1-1-1× MO17), H6 (SC704) and H7 (SC703) were classified as drought tolerant hybrids within the same group.

It seems that by simultaneous trait evaluation of the grain yield and grain yield components along with drought tolerance indices, it is possible to identify the genotype with high grain yield under water deficit stress. The information acquired by the study might be applied in the future remedial programs.

Species belonging to the Aegilops genus are one of the most important genetic resources of wheat. This germplasm due to its breeding potential usually is served in wheat breeding programs. In the present study, genetic diversity among 60 accessions belonging to Ae. crassa and Ae. cylindrica were investigated using start codon targeted polymorphism (SCoT) markers. The obtained banding pattern showed that in total 171 fragments were amplified across all investigated accessions, out of which 156 were polymorphic. The average values for polymorphism information content (PIC), resolving power (Rp), and marker index (MI) indices were estimated as 0.30, 16.27, and 3.18, respectively. The results of molecular analysis of variance (AMOVA) indicated that the most portion of genetic variation was belonged to within species than between them (79% vs. 21%). Based on the genetic variation parameters, Ae. crassa species showed greater levels of genetic variation compared with Ae. cylindrica species. The results of cluster analysis based on Jaccard’s similarity matrix grouped all investigated accessions into two main groups, so that the grouping pattern was in accordance with their genomic constitution. Moreover, the results of principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) confirmed the grouping pattern obtained by cluster analysis. In conclusion, our results revealed considerable efficiency of SCoT markers in grouping the studied germplasm; hence the use of this marker system could be recommended in other genetic studies.

Chickpea is one of the most important plants of the legume family and is very important in the diet. In order to investigate the genetic diversity of chickpea, an experiment was conducted with 18 chickpea genotypes in the form of a completely to investigate the genetic diversity of chickpea, an experiment was conducted with 18 chickpea genotypes in the form of a completely randomized block design. After acclimatization of plants to cold, freezing treatment was applied at temperatures of -6, -8 and -10 and their 50% lethality temperature (LT50) was determined by probit transformation. Before and after the habituation stage, a leaf sample was taken and the relative content of leaf water, photosynthetic pigments, proline, soluble sugar, protein percentage, catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and greenness index were measured. Genotype number 5 with the lowest LT50 (-8.86) and the highest survival percentage (80%) was the most resistant genotype and genotype 10 with the highest LT50 (-3.57) and the lowest survival percentage along with genotype 15 were recognized as the most sensitive genotypes. In order to evaluate genetic diversity, DNA extraction was utilized and 21 different ISSR primers were used in the investigation. The results showed the presence of polymorphism among the cultivars studied. A total of 101 clear bands were produced, of which 94 were polymorphic bands. Polymorphic information content (PIC) was in the range of 0.332 (initiator 7) to 0.049 (initiator 16). The amount of gene diversity was between 0.126 and 0.977 changes. Cluster analysis of genotypes was done using Jaccard similarity coefficient and UPGMA method

Considering the importance of maize production and the impact of water deficit stress on reducing the yield of maize, estimating the genetic components and heritability of traits for determine the breeding method under water deficit stress is essential in breeding programs. The generations drived from a cross between two inbred lines of maize including B73 (maternal line) and MO17 (paternal line), SC704 (F1) as well as F2, BC1, BC2 and F3 generations in order to estimate the genetic effects and heritability of yield, yield components and morphological traits were studied. Seven maize generations using the generations mean analysis under the full irrigation, mild and severe water deficit conditions were evaluated. The experiment was conducted in the form of randomized complete block design with 20 replications per experimental unit during two cropping seasons (2018-2019) at the Agricultural Research Station of University of Tabriz. The results of two-year combined analysis of variance and mean comparisons under three different irrigation regimes showed that water deficit stress significantly reduced all of the studied traits (except root/shoot ratio). The generations mean analysis showed the high contribution of non-additive gene effects for the genetic control of grain yield, ear diameter, number of kernel row, ear weight (in full irrigation conditions), 100 grain weight, plant height, fresh shoot weight and biological yield traits. According to these results, selection in the advanced generations and the breeding method based on hybridization can be effective to improve these traits. Also, the significant contribution of additive gene effects in controlling the inheritance of ear length, ear weight (in both stress conditions) and root/shoot ratio traits indicated that selection in early segregating generations and inbred parents can be effective for breeding of these traits and taking advantage of additive variance. Hybrid SC704 and inbred MO17 compared with the inbred B73 showed the lowest variation percentage under the water deficit stress conditions, which indicated their high yield potential and stability in the stress conditions.

To evaluate the effect of Fusarium verticillioides on fresh weight, chlorophyll index, the activity of superoxide dismutase isoforms, and leaf proteins using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in two corn lines, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with five replications was performed with two corn lines B73 and MO17, infected with and without F. verticillioides under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that the effect of F. verticillioides on fresh weight was not significant, but it was significant on chlorophyll index in both corn lines. Electrophoretic analyses were carried out using 8% slab polyacrylamide gels. Superoxide dismutase was observed in three isoforms into polyacrylamide gels, and also these isoform activates were increased in plants infected by F. verticillioides. Leaf tissue proteome analysis of two corn lines showed that eight reproducible protein spots had significant alterations under F. verticillioides. These eight differentially expressed proteins were involved in the defense system and regulation processes. Isoform 2 of Mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 and Peroxiredoxin-2E, chloroplastic proteins involved in the defense system had overexpression under F. verticillioides in both corn lines. It seems that increased superoxide dismutase isoforms and proteins involved in the defense system can reduce F. verticillioides damage in the corn seedlings.

Barley is one of the most important crops after wheat, corn, and rice. Barley is an excellent source of food for humans and is also used to feed livestock. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and select superior genotypes with high grain yield and desirable agronomic characteristics and also to investigate the application of MGIDI in selecting superior genotypes based on morpho-phenological different traits in the warm and dry region of southern Fars.

To select the best barley genotypes in the southern regions of Fars using the MGIDI index, 108 pure lines in the non-repeating Augment design with four controls (Nowruz, Auxin, Nobahar, and WB-97-11) in the Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (Darab station) were evaluated during the cropping year 2020-2021. MGIDI index was calculated to select superior genotypes using 13 morpho-phenological traits. These traits include grain yield, number of spikes per square meter, number of grain per spike, weight of spikes, 1000-grain weight, spike density, filling period length, peduncle length, awning length and spike length, plant height, days to flowering and days until the maturity.

According to the results of variance analysis, a significant difference was observed between the studied lines for all traits (except awning length and 1000-grain weight) at the probability levels of 5 and 1%. Also, the results showed that there was a significant difference between the lines and experimental controls in all traits (except peduncle length). The results of factor analysis for the 13 studied traits identified five hidden factors that explained 80.2% of the total variance of the data. Based on the MGIDI index, L110, L99, L88, L51, L56, L108, L63, L33, L50, L112, L52, L36, L20, L69, L68, L94 and L35 genotypes, respectively, with the lowest value of this index were superior genotypes. The highest and lowest values ​​of differential selection percentage of MGIDI index were related to grain yield (11.5%) and 1000-grain weight (-3.62%), respectively. The results showed that low values ​​of the number of grain per spike and weight of spikes and high values of the number of spikes per square meter were effective factors in selecting superior genotypes using the first factor. Based on this factor, L20, L94, L110 and L88 were superior. In the second factor, high values of the number of days to maturity, grain yield, and grain filling period were the main factors in selecting genotypes, and based on this factor, L112 genotype was top. Third factor selected genotypes based on high values ​​of both trait plant height and peduncle length. L88 and L94 genotypes were ideal based on the third factor. Fourth factor selected genotypes based on high awning length and spike length (L33 genotype was superior), and fifth factor selected genotypes with low values ​​of spike emergence length and 1000-grain weight and based on this factor L50, L35 and L51 genotypes were ideal.

Overall, the results showed that none of the factors could classify the superior genotypes based on the ideal value of all their internal traits. Therefore, genotypes are selected that have the lowest MGIDI value, and also their grain yield is higher than the average grain yield of unselected genotypes. So the results showed that among the selected genotypes using the MGIDI index, L99, L88, L51, L56, L108, L63, L20, L69 and L94 genotypes ​​were the top genotypes in this study. On the other hand, proving the efficiency and development of a new index such as MGIDI requires more research in other plants.

Cotton is one of the world’s most important industrial products, grown for fiber and oilseeds. The evaluation of agronomic traits, especially early maturity and yield in cotton, is valuable and can be used to select better varieties. The purpose of this research is to obtain early and high-yielding varieties in Ardebil province.

In this study, 35 cotton cultivars and genotypes were evaluated for early maturity and yield in two consecutive years (2018-2019) in a three replicate randomized complete block design at the Moghan Agricultural Research Station.

The results showed that percentage of earliness and seed cotton traits were significantly affected by plots and varieties over two years. Among the varieties, the highest seed cotton of the first crop seed cotton and total seed cotton was 3454 kg/ha and 5431 kg/ha observed in the variety Shayan, while the highest second crop seed cotton and the earliness percentage were 2323 kg/ha and 74%. in the avant-garde variety. Based on the cluster analysis according to the Ward method, cotton varieties were divided into three different clusters. In cluster 1 were the varieties K8801, Sahel, Bakhtegan, Khorshid, Mehr, K8802, BC244, SKSH249, Avangard, Opal, N2G80, SKT133, Khordad, Sajedi, GKTB113, Latif, NSKB23, NSK847 and Varamin, in cluster 2 were Sk- G (A-4), Shirpan 603, O10, Tabladila, Belizovar, Shirpan 533, Tashkent, Olatn and 4-s4 varieties, and in Cluster 3 were Nazili, No. 228, No. 200, B557, Armaghan, Golestan and Shayan varieties. Cluster 2 cultivars were the best in terms of earliness and cluster 1 cultivars were the best in terms of first-pick seed-cotton, second-pick seed-cotton and total seed-cotton. Third cluster cultivars excelled in seedcotton.

Evaluation of the results showed a wide range of variability in terms of early maturity and seedcotton in the studied cultivars. Among the cultivars studied, Avangarde genotype was better in terms of early maturity, Shayan cultivar in terms of first harvesting and total seedcotton. Therefore, Avangarde genotype and Shayan cultivar can be recommended for Moghan region.

Given the growing rate of population and its consequences, such as hungrier people and more demand for food, the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) has introduced potato (Solanum tubersum L.) as a food security plant. Thus, the need for expanding potato production is globally felt to manage the increase in food demands and food security (4, 10). The interaction between the genotype and the environment creates complexity in yield prediction and is a challenge for plant production and breeding programs. This study was conducted to achieve a stable high-yielding genotype that is adaptive to climatic conditions of potato-producing regions in Iran.

A total of 20 potato hybrides along with five commercial varieties (Savalan, Agria, Caesar, Luta and Satina) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replicates in the agricultural research stations of five locations (Ardabil, Hamadan, Isfahan, Karaj, and Razavi Khorasan) in Iran, for two years (2016 and 2017). Each of the hybrids and control cultivars were planted in two rows with six meters long. The rows with inter row spacing of 75 cm and plant spacing of 25 cm was taken. The genotype yields were measured after the harvest. Combined analysis of variances was done and comparison of means was done by LSD at one percent probability level. The principal coordinate analysis was used to analyze yield stability.

The results of combined analysis of variance indicated that the effect of genotype, year, location and year – location, location – genotype, year – genotype and year - location – genotype interactions were significant at 1% level of probability. Therefore, the analysis of genotype - environment interaction was performed using multivariate analysis of principal coordinates. Compared to the grand mean, 10 environments under study were divided into two groups including three environments with higher performance than the total average and seven environments with lower performance than the total average. The most stable genotypes based on the MST (Minimum Spanning Tree) and distance from the center of plots were hybrids 1, 8 and Savalan cultivar in low cycles and hybrid 5 was identified in high cycles.

The hybrids 1 (35.57 ton/ha), 8 (35.05 ton/ha) and Savalan cultivar (33.52 ton/ha) which could be recommended for environments with the yield lower than the average mean of all studied environments. Also, hybrid 5 (41.21 ton/ha) was identified for environments with higher performance than the total average.

Rapeseed is one of the most important oilseeds in the world. Rapeseed with the scientific name of Brassica napus L. is ranked third in the world in terms of grain production after soybean and in terms of oil production after soybean and oil palm. Plants are always exposed to a wide range of environmental stresses, both biological and non-biological, that strongly affect their growth and production. Cold stress and frost are one of the environmental factors that affect crop production and other important agronomic traits in many plant species. Frost in the early stages of germination causes the destruction of the whole plant. The amount of frost damage depends on many important factors such as the duration and severity of frost stress, different stages of plant growth period and the amount of air humidity. Rapeseed is sensitive to frost stress and shows a yield reduction of up to 70%.Identifying cultivars that tolerate low temperatures can help researchers improve new cultivars and increase the flexibility of choosing the right planting date for farmers. Various studies have been performed to evaluate canola genotypes against cold stress in terms of morphological or physiological traits, but few studies have been conducted to study the combined traits. This study was designed to identify frost stress resistant genotypes, evaluate the effects of frost stress on yield and yield components as well as physiological traits to identify and modify the traits affected by the stress.

In this experiment, 24 autumn Rapeseed genotypes were obtained from the oilseeds section of Karaj Seed and Plant Breeding Research Institute. Selected genotypes included a number of promising lines and free pollen and rapeseed hybrid cultivars, including: SLM046, Opera, L963, Okapi, L62, Nima, KH4, Talayeh, L957, Ahmadi, KR18, L1009, Zarfam, Nafis, HW101, Licord, KS7, L14, SW101, L1008, L83, L120, Natali and Hydromel. Experiment with two different planting dates as normal sowing on 10/6/1397 and delayed sowing on 6/25/1397 in the form of split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications in 1397-98 crop year It was implemented in the agricultural lands of Tikmeh Dash city of East Azerbaijan province. Morphological traits including number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight, yield per hectare and physiological traits including leaf chlorophill, proline, malondialdehyde, soluble sugars, electrolyte leakage percentage and superoxide dismutase were measured.

The effects of frost stress were significant for three traits: number of pods per plant, 1000-seed weight and yield at 1% probability level, and this indicates that delay in planting all cultivars tested caused a decrease in yield and its components. The mean squares of genotypes were significant for two traits: number of seeds per pod and yield at 1% probability level. Mean stress squares were significant in terms of chlorophill b, proline, soluble sugars, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase at the level of 1% probability. There was also a significant difference between the genotypes in terms of the above traits as well as chlorophill a and total chlorophill at the level of one percent probability. The results of comparing the mean of genotypes together for stress-free and frost stress conditions showed that KS7 line with 1699.9 kg ha-1 had the highest average yield and the lowest was related to L62 line with 107 kg ha-1. According to this study, the decrease in yield is due to the decrease in the number of pods per plant as components of grain yield. Both under stress and non-stress conditions, the total yield showed a positive and significant correlation with the number of pods per plant and the number of seeds per pod. In non-stress conditions, no correlation was observed between yield and physiological traits, while in frost stress conditions, there was a positive and significant correlation between yield with proline, soluble sugars, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase, so this can be Introduced traits as positive traits for selecting frost-resistant cultivars. Based on the results of factor analysis, 4 factors were identified for each of the conditions without stress and frost stress, which in the non-stress state was 77.52% of the total variance and in the frost stress state was 81.06% of the total variance.

According to the results of the correlation between the studied traits, it was found that in non-stress conditions, the number of pods per plant and the number of seeds per pod can be used to improve grain yield. In terms of frost stress, in addition to the number of pods per plant and the number of seeds per pod, the amount of proline, soluble sugars, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase had the greatest contribution in justifying the diversity of studied genotypes. Due to the low heritability of the yield, it is usually difficult to improve. As a result, other aspects of frost stress resistance, such as physiological parameters, should be considered. In general, physiological traits provide more complete information and are a good alternative to functional traits.

This study was conducted to investigate the phenotypic diversity of 108 pure barley lines in Augment design with four controls in six blocks in the farm of Darab Agricultural Research Station (2020-2021). In order to select the best lines in terms of yield and other traits, SIIG index was used. The results of restricted maximum likelihood (REML) analysis showed that the lowest and highest levels of broad-sense heritability were related to the number of days to the spike emergence of (0.21) and the number of days to maturity (0.97), respectively. Based on the SIIG index, the studied lines were grouped into five categories. The results of SIIG index showed that L86 and L38 lines with the highest (0.640) and lowest (0.249) values of SIIG were the best and weakest lines, respectively. The results of grouping the lines based on SIIG index showed that group one and two lines and lines L22, L62, L80, L64, L51, L10, L96, L73, L81, L100, L69 and L97 from group three, were the best in this study and can be considered for further investigations. Overall, the results showed that SIIG index was able to classify genotypes based on grain yield, spikes/m2, seeds/spike, spike weight and plant height simultaneously, and also there was a relative compliance between the SIIG index and principal component analysis. Therefore, SIIG index is a suitable method for selecting ideal genotypes based on several traits simultaneously.

In order to investigate different lines of durum wheat for water stress tolerance, an experiment was carried out in the greenhouse in the form of a split plot design in a Randomized complete block design with three replications using 20 lines of durum wheat at two levels of water stress (40% and 70% of the amount of available water was completely drained in 0.4 and 0.7 levels of stress, respectively and re-irrigation was performed) and a control level (complete irrigation). Also, water-soluble and salt-soluble proteins were extracted and SDS-PAGE was done. Measured traits were photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a/b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids), soluble sugar and prolin content. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the studied lines at different levels of stress. The results of comparing the mean of the studied traits showed that in total, lines 16 and 5 have the highest value in most of the traits and lines 10 and 18 have the lowest value in most of the traits. Also, the results obtained from the cluster analysis indicated that due to the higher mean values compared to the other lines both in stress-free and stress conditions, lines 16 and 5 (Mra-1/4/Aus1/3/Scar/GdoVZ579//BitI, TRN//21563/AA/3/BD2080/4/BD2339/5/RASCON_37/TARRO_2//) have a higher performance stability in the different environmental conditions. Furthermore, the results of molecular analysis of the studied proteins showed that in water and salt soluble proteins based on matrix similarity and genetic distance of straw, the lowest genetic distance was between genotypes 18 and 19 (0.32) and the highest genetic distance was between genotypes 16 and 8 (0.98). Finally, it can be concluded that there is a significant genetic diversity between the studied cultivars and this diversity can be used in plant breeding.

In order to evaluate durum wheat lines in terms of frost stress tolerance, 45 promising durum wheat lines resulting from crosses between different parents were assessed using stress tolerance indices. This experiment consisting of greenhouse and laboratory tests was performed in the Faculty of Plant Breeding of MohagheghArdabili University in the 2017-18 crop year. In this experiment, wheat lines at seedling stage were studied. Durum wheat lines were planted in a factorial design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications. Plants up to 3 to 5 leaf stage were kept in greenhouse conditions. The pots were then taken to a cold room at 4°C to prepare for stress. Based on biological performance, tolerance indices (TOL), stress sensitivity (SI), average production (MP), stress tolerance index (STI) Geometric mean of production (GMP), Harmonic mean of production index (HARM), Yield reduction index (Yr) and Root and shoot tolerance index (TI) were calculated. The results of analysis of variance showed that the studied lines had significant differences in terms of MP, GMP and HARM traits and Yr and Ti indices were significant in stress. The interaction of the line in stress was insignificant for all indices. Due to the correlation between performance and indices, the most appropriate indices were MP, GMP, HARM and TOL. Comparison of mean lines and stresses were examined separately. The maximum correlation coefficient was related to the relationship (0.999) between STI index with SI, Yr with SI and Yr with STI. In general, GMP, MP and HARM indices are the most appropriate indices to evaluate the stress tolerance of lines at all levels. The study and TOL index were suitable for higher stress levels. Study of lines by indices using cluster analysis, detection function analysis and factor analysis showed similar results. The results of cluster analysis and factor analysis with the first three factors introduce lines 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 36 and 39 as the most tolerant lines and lines 11, 13, 15, 17, 18 and 19 as the most sensitive. They were identified. In factor analysis, the first three factors explained 97.52% of the available variance and the indices of STI, SI, Yr, Ti aerial parts, MP, GMP and HARM They had the highest value and were the most effective indicators in the distribution of lines. According to the three-dimensional diagram of line distribution, the highest factor coefficients based on the first three factors were related to lines 5, 7, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 36 and 39.

Human activities such as mining and industrials activities have increasingly affected soil contamination through the sedimentation of heavy metals. This issue is concerned as a global problem. All heavy metals are potentially poisonous, which vary based on their biologic available concentrations and the sensitivity of organisms which are exposed to the heavy metal. One of the main heavy metals is Lead. lead is a potential pollutant that readily accumulates in soils and sediments. Pb is considered a major troublesome poison, crop productivity sharply declines in soils contaminated by Pb. The poisonous characteristics of lead on plants are attributed to chlorosis, declined growth, blackening of root system, upsets mineral nutrition and water balance, changes in hormone status, and the effects on the structure and permeability of membrane. In recent years, many plants have been destroyed due to the increased pollution of the earth by heavy metals, and which has led researchers are interested in soil improvement, the production and use of resistan. Most of the important agricultural traits, such as yield, grain quality and resistance, or tolerance of live and non-live stresses in nature, are complex qualitative traits. These traits are usually controlled by multiple quantitative traits (QTLs), which are strongly influenced by the genetic context of the creaturet plants, and the identification of mechanisms and genes associated with heavy metal tolerance. This research was carried to identification of QTL traits related to lead toxicity tolerance in barley.

In this study, we used 94 double haploid from Dom and Rec parents that were planted in a completely randomized design with three replications in twenty-cm diameter pots. Then at 2- to 3-leaves stage, seedlings were treated by 0 (control) and 2000 ppm density lead nitrate. Physiological traits such as sub-stomatal CO2, transpiration rate, photosynthesis rate, stomatal concentration and plant greenness after 24 under stress, were measured at the beginning heading stage. In order to investigate the frequency distribution of data and their variation under stress and normal conditions, Spss program version 23 was used. After observing the continuous and quantitative variation among progenies to studied traits, in order to locate the lead-tolerance genes, Using Mapchart2.32 and MapQTLs Software, chromosomal regions associated physiological traits were identified on seven chromosome of barley.

The phenotypic Analysis of the studied traits showed a quantitative and continuous variation. the studied traits showed normal distribution in both non stress and stress conditions The genetic which is lead tolerance is controlled depending on the physiological indices of different parts in the genome of the barely. In this study No QTL was observed for the studied traits under normal conditions. among the traits sub-stomatal CO2, transpiration rate, plant greenness after 24 under stress, stomatal concentration, photosynthesis rate, QTL was observed Under stress conditions with lead, two QTL discovered for sub-stomatal CO2 on chromosome 6, two QTL for transpiration rate on chromosome 3, four QTL for Stomatal Conduction on chromosomes 1 and 3, four QTL for photosynthesis rate on chromosomes 3 and 2, four QTL for plant greenness after 24 under stress on chromosomes 1 , 4 and 5. Phenotypic variation justified by these QTLs varied 10.5% to 19.10%.

The results of this study showed that the OWB mass mapping can be used as a proper mass mapping and as a model for studying the genetic of lead tolerance in plants. The results of this study also showed that various physiological traits of barely under lead stress conditions are manipulated by different genes. Precisely locating lead resistant QTL is the most important step in cloning and finding the function of the genes involved in lead resistance. In order to use QTL detection methods for understanding the attributes related to lead resistance, it is necessary to divide lead toxicity resistance into smaller traits. This task is achieved through considering the events occurring in lead poisoning and the determining the reason why some plants are tolerate.

This study was conducted to evaluate freezing stress tolerance and identify tolerant genotypes among a number of rapeseed genotypes.

The experiment was carried out in the form of split plots based on randomized complete blocks with three replications in 1397 in a field with an area the 2000 square meters, in the form of autumn cultivation in the agricultural lands of Tikmehdash section of Bostanabad city. The main plot consisted of two dates of common cultivation (September 1) and delayed (September 16) and the sub-plot included 19 rapeseed genotypes. The mentioned genotypes are: SLM046, Opera, L963, Okapi, Nima, KH4, Talaya, L957, Ahmadi, KR18, L1009, Zarfam, Nafis, HW101, Licord, KS7, L14, SW101 and L1008.

The results of analysis of variance of yield per hectare under frost stress conditions showed that the effect of stress on the yield per hectare, it was significant at the level of 1% probability. The effect of genotype on plant height and yield per hectare was significant at the level of 1% probability and for 1000-seed weight at the level of 5% probability and was not significant for other traits. Genotype × planting date interaction was not significant in all traits. Also, the comparison of the mean of traits showed that Opera and HW101 genotypes had the highest value in plant height, 1000-seed weight and KS7 genotype in grain yield. Among the indices, MP, GMP, STI, HM and SNPI showed the highest correlation with grain yield under both stress and non-stress conditions and were introduced as the best indices to achieve high yielding and frost tolerant cultivars. Were. Based on the three-dimensional diagram, Opera, Licord, L1008 and Talaye genotypes were identified as the most ideal genotypes under frost stress conditions with above-average total yield under both stress and stress conditions as well as high SIIG values.

The results showed that Opera genotype with the highest amount of SIIG was one of the most tolerant genotypes and Nima genotype with the lowest amount of SIIG was one of the most sensitive genotypes to frost stress. The results also showed that the highest grain yield (kg.ha-1) in non-stress conditions was observed in KS7 genotype and the lowest grain yield was observed in KR18 genotype. Under frost stress conditions, the highest grain yield belonged to Opera genotype and the lowest grain yield belonged to KR18 genotype.

Water deficit is one of the most important abiotic stresses constraining crop production in rapeseed. Understanding the mechanisms of adaptation to this stress is essential for the development and production of drought tolerant cultivars. In this sense, this research study aims to investigate the importance of genetic diversity in identifying cultivars with a high degree of drought tolerance through assessing effectiveness of Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers on 14 cultivars of rapeseed in a factorial design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Morphological and physiological characteristics were studied after the early stages of culture. In order to evaluate the genetic diversity among cultivars, 18 different ISSR markers were used. A total of 106 clear and scalable loci were amplified, of which 60 bands (56.6%) were polymorphic. Polymorphism information content (PIC) belonged to marker number 9 with the amount of 0.365 (85.7%). Gene variation ranged from 0.081 to 0.365. The rapeseed cultivars were divided into 3 groups by cluster analysis (UPGMA method). The analysis of molecular variance showed that 70% of the total variation was observed within populations and 30% of this variation occurred among populations. Regarding the content of seed oil in the control group, Adriana had the highest amount of oil with 36.47%, whereas Karaj 2 had the lowest amount with 27.28, Cooper had the highest decrease in oil content percentage under stress conditions.

Heavy metal contamination in soil caused by human activities, such as mining and industrial activities. Is a serious problem all over the world. Lead (Pb) is one of the major heavy metals that tend to accumulate in the surface ground layer and its concentration decreases with soil depth. Soils contaminated with Pb cause sharp decreases in crop productivity thereby posing a serious problem for agriculture.Toxic effects of lead on plants can be attributed chlorosis, reduced growth, blackening of root system, upsets mineral nutrition and water balance, changes in hormone status and effects on the structure and permeability of the membrane. This study was conducted to evaluate several morphological and physiological traits of barely genotypes under lead contamination stress.

In this research, morphological effects of three different densities of lead nitrate (1000,1500,2000ppm) and a control sample on two barley genotypes (Rec and Dom) were investigated in a completely randomized design with five replications. Traits of stem length, root length, leaf number and number of yellow leaves shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, stem dry weight, root dry weight and ultimately the dry and fresh biological performances for the control and different treatments were measured. After observing the difference between the two parents in response to lead poisoning, on October 16, 2017, 94 inbred lines from Dom and Rec were planted in a completely randomized design with three replications in towenty-cm diameter pots. Then at 2- to 3-leaf stage, seedlings were treated by 0-2000 ppm density lead nitrate.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between Rec and Dom genotype in 2000ppm density respecting the lead resistance, and Dom showed a higher resistance compared to another parent. Stem length, leaf number, number of yellow leaves, stem dry weight; dry and fresh biological performances were affected by lead more than the other traits. The results of the experiment showed that in all morphological and physiological traits, there was a significant difference between the lines in the probability level of 1%. Based on genotypic correlation, there was a positive and significant correlation between photosynthesis and transpiration traits, stomatal conduction, CO2 Concentration, and plant greenness. In addition, there was a positive and significant correlation between fresh and dry biological performance and stem height, root length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, and the number of green leaves. Based on the studied traits and by using cluster analysis, barley inbred lines were divided into 3 and 4 clusters under normal and stress conditions, respectively. The lines 24, 40, 41, 44, 78, 80 with the highest mean of morphological and physiological traits, were placed in cluster 3 under stress condition. These genotype sareamong the lead resistant genotypes. The lines 1, 7, 8, 15, 21, 25, 50, with the lowest mean of morphological and physiological traits, were put in cluster 2 under stress condition and were considered as the genotypes sensitive to lead.

Since tension with heavy metals causes’ significant disruption to plants, so it is essential to understand the traits that are affected by this tensions and relationships existing between them. In this study, photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, stem length, number of yellow leaves, fresh and dry stem weight, fresh and dry Biological yield, affected by stress than other traits.

This research was carried out using seven generations of MO17 (the paternal line), B73 (the maternal line), F1 (SC704), F2, F3,BC1 and BC2 to study the inheritance of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and relative water content using generation mean analysis. The experiment was conducted in the research station of the University of Tabriz, Iran, with two replications for each generation under normal irrigation and two water deficit conditions. The existence of epistatic gene interaction was observed in controlling of F0, Fm, FV (in the severe stress condition),FV/Fm (in the normal condition), FV/F0 (in the normal and severe stress conditions) and RWC (in the normal and moderate and severe stress conditions). Duplicate epistasis was observed for all studied traits under the normal and water deficit conditions except RWC in the severe stress condition. Therefore, exploiting non-additive gene action and delaying the selection to advanced generations for physiological traits in maize was suggested to adopt in the programs aimed at developing drought-tolerant lines and hybrids.

Oilseed crops with a high relative amount of unsaturated fatty acids content are one of great significance for human health. Canola oil is considered one of the most health-promoting vegetable oils in terms of unsaturated fatty acid. Seed fatty acid composition and oil content of canola are also affected by drought stress. Large parts of the world are increasingly affected by drought. Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic factors which adversely affect growth, metabolism and yield of crops worldwide. In many parts of the Iran, canola is grown under rainfed conditions. Plant response to moisture stress has a negative effect on grain yield, which decreases significantly as a result of drought stress. Drought stress during flowering and seed-fill stages can alter oil contents and fatty acid compositions of canola seed. The present experiment studied the effect of drought stress on oil contents and fatty acid composition in canola genotypes at water stress under end-of-season drought (flowering and siliquing stages).

The experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation regimes were considered as main plots and cultivars as subplots. Six winter canola cultivars including SLM046, Tassilo, Karun, Adriana, Cooper and Lilian were evaluated under irrigated and no irrigated. The irrigation regimes included: well-watered (irrigation during full season), water deficit at flowering stage and water deficit at siliquing stage.

The proportions (%) of fats (monounsaturated: polyunsaturated: saturated) in this study were approximately 68.0:26.0:6.0. The most abundant fatty acids in the current research were the oleic monounsaturated fatty acid (C18:1) and the polyunsaturated fatty acids, Linoleic acid (C18:2) and Linolenic acid (C18:3), in the proportions 67.96:17.21:8.75. The most abundant saturated fatty acid was Palmitic acid (C16:0), Stearic acid (18:0) and Myristic (14:0), in the proportions 3.87: 2.11: 0.044 % in samples. Based on analysis of variance, significant differences were observed between genotypes for oil yield (%), seed yield (kg ha-1), Palmitic acid, Palmitolic acid, Stearic acid, Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid, total saturated fatty acid (TSFA) and ratio of total unsaturated to total saturated fatty acid (TU/TS). The results of analysis of variance indicated that drought stress at flowering and siliquing stages significantly affected the amount of Myristic, Palmitic, Palmitolic, Stearic, Linoleic acids. The results showed that the highest and the lowest Oleic acid and seed oil percentage were found in "Lilian" and "Tassilo" genotypes, respectively. Also, the highest and the lowest palmitic and linoleic acids content belong to "Tassilo" and "Lilian" genotypes, respectively. These results suggest significant associations between Oleic acid with Palmitic and Linoleic acids. Oleic acid had significantly and negatively correlated with Palmitic acid, Linoleic acid and Linolenic acid, but it had a significant and positive correlation with oil content. Strong and negative correlation between oleic and Linoleic acid suggest significant connections among these fatty acids, as expected by their close biochemical association. Under well-watered conditions (non-stress), the values of Palmitic, Myristic, Linoleic acids were significantly higher than drought stress at flowering (excepted for linoleic acid) and siliquing stages. At drought stress at flowering and siliquing stages, reduction in Palmitic acid content was 3.78 and 3.58%, in Myristic acid content was 17.06 and 21.67% and in Linoleic acid content was 2.24 and 3.44%, respectively. Under well-watered conditions (non-stress), the value of TSFA was significantly higher than drought stress at flowering and siliquing stages. Whereas, water stress under end-of-season drought increased TU/TS compared to the non-stress condition.

In this study, the water stress under end-of-season drought (flowering and siliquing stages) in canola crops considering fatty acid composition and seed oil stability has been studied. The changes in fatty acids composition in the present study were probably due to the combined effect of water deficits and high temperatures during the seed-filling period with the end-of-season drought treatment (flowering and siliquing stages). This study showed that drought decreases slightly seed oil percentage, alters fatty acid composition and affects fatty acid composition stability. In addition, development of drought tolerant canola genotypes with stable high oleic and low Linolenic acid genes is critical to maintain the stability of oil production and desirable fatty acid composition. In conclusion, Further work is needed to determine the cause of alters in oleic and in fatty acids concentration, under drought stress in canola. The highest Oleic acid and seed oil percentage in non-stress and water stress under end-of-season drought were found in "Lilian" genotype. Therefore, this genotype would be good parents in a breeding program to develop cultivars for stressed conditions, because their oil content remains unaffected but Oleic acid is increased by drought, thus improving the oil shelf-life and quality.

To verify diversity, relationship between traits, and selection of superior genotypes using the selection index of ideal genotype (SIIG) technique, an experiment was carried out on agricultural land in Tikmeh Dash city, from the province of East Azarbaijan, Iran in 2017-18. In this experiment, 22 autumn canola genotypes were studied in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) for some of agronomy traits. The results showed L963, Okapi and Licord genotypes have the highest yield mean. Also, the traits of the number of pods per plant (NPP), yield and yield of single plant in these genotypes had a high coefficient of phenotypic diversity, which indicates the effect of environment on these traits. Phenotypic and genotypic diversity coefficients the traits of the number of pods per plant (NPP), yield, and single yield (YSP) in all genotypes had high genetic diversity. Heritability was low for the day to flowering (DF), number of pods per main stem (NPMS), and yield traits; however, it was high for the day to pod (DPO) day to ripping index (DRI) and plant height (H) traits. Altogether 65.69% of the total variation was justified through the 5 factors that had been determined by the factor analysis to the principle component. Based on the SIIG technique, the genotypes SW101, L83, HW101 and 963 with the highest SIIG values (0.710, 0.672, 0.6531 and 0.6530 respectively) were the best genotypes. On the other hand, Zarfam, Talayeh, 957 and SLMO16 genotypes with the least amount of SIIG value (0.185, 0.243, 0.271 and 0.272 respectively) were the weakest genotypes for most morphological traits. The genotypes of SW101, L14, L944, Okapi, and L963 both having high SIIG value and high yield, are the best genotype from the point of yield and other morphological traits.

In order to evaluate the drought stress tolerance of durum wheat genotypes, an experiment was conducted at Gachsaran Dryland Research Center, Iran during 2017-18. A total of 18 durum wheat genotypes were studied in a randomized complete block design with four replications under rainfed and supplementary irrigation conditions. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that supplementary irrigation significantly increased grain yield. In supplementary irrigation condition, the genotypes 16, 17 and 18 and in rain fed condition the genotypes 4, 16 and 17 had the highest grain yield per hectare. The stress tolerance indices were calculated based on yield of genotypes in rain fed and supplementary irrigation conditions. With considering of significant positive correlation between grain yield in the rain fed condition (YS) with relative drought index (RDI), mean productivity index (MP), stress tolerance index (STI), yield index (YI), geometric mean productivity index (GMP), new drought resistance index (DI), improved stress tolerance index (MSTI), non-Stress Environmental Stress Index (SNPI) and harmonic Mean Index (HARM), these indices are suitable for identification of stress tolerant lines. Stress susceptibility index (SSI), yield stability index (YSI), abiotic stress tolerance index (ATI) and stress sensitivity percentage index (SSPI) did not play a significant role in the differentiation of genotypes. On the other hand, there was a significant positive correlation between grain yield in supplemental irrigation with TOL, MP, YI, MSTI, SSPI, ATI, SSI and STI. Grouping of genotypes using cluster analysis method showed that the genotypes were classified into four distinct groups and genotypes 4, 16 and 17 were in the fourth group with the highest tolerance indices compared to the other. Genotypes 7, 8 and 10, which had the lowest yield and also the lowest amount for the most indices, were identified as the most susceptible to drought stress. The results of factor analysis confirmed the above results.

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important vegetables (with 2.305 million tons production) in Iran. Onion cultivation area of southern Kerman is 5732 hectares and this region is ranked first for onion production (307 thousand tons of production) in Iran. Onion growth and yield are significantly reduced by weed competition. Among the dominant weeds in onion fields at southern Kerman, Cyperus rotundus is one of the most important and problematic weeds. The slow growth of onion in the early stage, causes a significant yield loss due to the competition. C. rotundus is a perennial weed of the Cyperaceae family spreading quickly throughout the extensive underground system and tuber, with high ability to compete. This weed can decrease the average onions yield by 23 – 84%. Application of herbicides is the most prevalent weed control method in onion fields. Oxyfluorfen, and haloxyfop-r-methyl ester, are the commonly used herbicides for C. rotundus control in onion fields at southern Kerman. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different herbicides on this weed.

This experiment was conducted in Agricultural and Natural Resources research and Education Center, Jiroft, southern Kerman, during 2017-2018 and 2018-19. The experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The experiment treatments included: T1- Metribuzin (Sencor) 80% WP 500 gr.ha-1, T2- Oxyfluorfen(goal) EC24%, 2 lit.ha-1, T3- Oxadiazon (ronstar) EC 12% 3 lit.ha-1 + Oxyfluorfen(goal) EC24%, 2 lit.ha-1, T4- Pendimethalin (stomp) EC33% ,3 lit.ha-1, T5 Oxadiazon (ronstar) EC 12% 3 lit.ha-1, T6- Oxadiazon (ronstar) EC 12% 3 lit.ha-1 + Bentazon (bazageran) SL48% 3 lit.ha-1, T7- Oxyfluorfen(goal) EC24% at 1/5 lit.ha-1 two stages by 0.75 lit.ha-1, (one week after transplanting and three weeks afterwards), T8- Pendimethalin (prowl) CS 45.5% 3 lit.ha-1, T9- hand weeding and T10- control (no control). Other weeds except C. rotundus were hand-removed during the season. The herbicides were applied using a Matabi sprayer with delivering 354 L ha-1 at 2 bar spray pressure. C. rotundus shoot and underground organs dry weight, density, average of bulb weight and onion yield were measured. Statistical analysis was carried out using SAS ver.9.1 software and the comparison of means was undertaken based on the LSD test.

The combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of treatment was significant on shoot and underground organs dry weight and density of C. rotundus, mean onion weight of bulb and yield, and reduced dry weight and density of C. rotundus and increased the onion yield. Among the chemical treatments, the combined application of Oxadiazon (Ronstar) as pre emergence followed by application of Bentazon (Bazageran) as post emergence (Treatment 6), decreased the density, underground and shoot dry weight of C. rotundus by 96.89 and 93% relative to the control, respectively. The highest onion yield was obtained from the mentioned treatment and increased the onion yield by 87% with respect to the control.Indeed, the combined application of these two herbicides in different growth stages of weeds and onion, was able to resolve the limitations of separate application of these herbicides leading to the most effective control of C. rotundus.

The results of this experiment show that the combination of herbicides can be an effective strategy to increase their effectiveness. The combined application of Oxadiazon (Ronstar) EC 12% at 3 lit.ha-1 as pre emergence + Bentazon (Bazageran) SL48% at 3 lit.ha-1  as post emergence was the most effective treatment after hand-weeding on purple nutsedge management and increasing  the onion yield. Therefore, the mentioned treatment is recommended to control of C. rotundus in transplanting cultivation of onion in autumn farming in south of Kerman Provence.