مقالات رزومه مهرزاد مقدسی

Leptin and adiponectin are two peptide hormones that regulate energy balance. Physical activity can improve plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aerobic training on plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin in overweight and obese children and adolescents. 

The search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SID, and Magiran databases until January 2024. The present meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of aerobic training on plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Mean difference and %95 confidence interval (CI) were calculated using random effect model. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 test and publication bias was evaluated by visual analysis of the funnel plot and Egger's test. 

A total of 21 studies with (28 interventions) 816 overweight or obese children and adolescents were meta-analyzed. The results showed that aerobic exercise caused a significant decrease in serum leptin [P=0.001, (-0.57 to -0.19) SMD=-0.387] and a significant increase in serum adiponectin [P=0.001, (0.25 to 0.60) WMD=0.430] became overweight and obese compared to the control group. 

In general, the results of this meta-analysis demonstrate that aerobic exercise is an effective and beneficial exercise method for reducing leptin blood circulation and increasing adiponectin in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Therefore, it seems that types of aerobic exercise may be a non-pharmacological and practical intervention to regulate adipokines and reduce disorders related to overweight and obesity in children and adolescents.

Parkinson's disease is characterized by an increase in alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) and a decrease in cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) levels in the brain. This study aimed at investigating the effects of a period of high-intensity interval training in swimming on α-Syn and CREB gene expression in rats with Parkinson's disease.

In this experimental study, 21 male Wistar rats aged 8 to 10 weeks were selected. Fourteen rats were induced with Parkinson's disease through intraperitoneal injection of reserpine and randomly divided into patient and training groups. Additionally, seven healthy rats served as the control group. Rats in the training group underwent 20 sets of 30-second swims with 30-second rest intervals over a period of 6 weeks. α-Syn and CREB gene expression levels were measured using Real-Time PCR in blood samples collected 48 hours after the final training session in all groups.

The patient group exhibited significantly higher α-Syn gene expression compared to both the control group and the training group (P=0.001 and P=0.002, respectively). However, no significant difference was observed between the training and control groups (P=0.2). Additionally, CREB gene expression was significantly lower in the patient group compared to both the control group and the training group (P=0.006 and P=0.003, respectively), with no significant difference between the training and control groups (P=0.6).

High-intensity interval training in swimming may reduce α-Syn expression and increase CREB levels, potentially contributing to the survival of dopamine neurons and improvement in Parkinson's disease symptoms. Further research in this area is warranted to validate these findings.

Parkinson’s disease characterized by loss of the dopaminergic neurons, accompanied by neuroinflammation. The effect of high intensity interval training on dopaminergic neurons survival is not well known. The aim of present study was to examine the effect of high intensity interval swimming on DJ-1 and mir-874 gene expression of hippocampal cells in rats with Parkinson’s disease. In this experimental study, twenty-one 8 to 10-week-old male Wistar rats (weight 200 ± 10.2 grams) were divided into three groups (7 rats in each group), including: healthy control, PD and training. PD induced by injection of 1 mg/kg reserpine during 5 days. The rats in the training group performed high intensity interval swimming, including 20 times of 30 seconds of swimming with 30 seconds of rest between each time for 6 weeks. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc test were run using SPSS-22 at the P <0.05. The study results indicated that DJ-1 gene expression were lower in the PD group compare to the healthy group and training group (p=0.02 and p=0.04 respectively); while, mir-874 gene expression was higher in the PD group compare to the healthy group and training group (p=0.001 and p=0.02 respectively). No significant difference was observed between training group and healthy group for these proteins' gene expression (p=0.6 and p=0.08 respectively). In general, it seems that high intensity swimming interval training is effective for improving PD by enhancing the mechanisms of dopaminergic neurons survival.

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects peripheral organs as well as the central nervous system (CNS). The present study was done to examine the effect of high intensity swimming interval training on gene expression of some hippocampal inflammatory markers in rats with PD. In this experimental study, 21 male Wistar rats (aged 8-10 weeks; weight 200 ± 10.2 grams) were divided into three groups including: healthy control, PD and training. PD was induced by injection of 1 mg/kg of reserpine during 5 days. The rats in the training group performed 6 weeks of HIIT including 20 times of 30 seconds of swimming with 30 seconds of rest between each time. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc test were run using SPSS-22 at the P <0.05. Data revealed that TNF-α gene expression was reduced after 6 weeks of swimming interval training (p=0.01) compared to the PD group. We observed non-significant decrease in IL-1β after the intervention as compared to the PD group (p=0.6). According the results of this study, high intensity swimming interval training is effective in reducing the gene expression of some hippocampal inflammatory markers in rats with PD and it is suggested as the effective strategy to improve PD.

Dietary supplementation with inorganic nitrate (NO3‒) may enhance exercise performance by improving skeletal muscle contractility and metabolism. CrossFit also, is recognized as a new method improves exercise performance but the interaction effects of nitrate supplements and CrossFitt on exercise performance are not well known. The present study was done to examine the interaction effects CrossFit training and beetroot juice on exercise performances in middle age inactive men. In this quasi study, twenty inactive men (aged 21-30 years old), were randomly divided into beetroot juice + CrossFitt group (n = 10) or placebo + CrossFitt group (n = 10). All participants were performed CrossFit training 3 days a week for 8 weeks. At the end week of the intervention, supplement group received 140 mL beetroot juice containing about 800 mg of NO3‒ per day. Exercise performances were evaluated before and after the intervention. The results demonstrated that sprint, anaerobic power and vertical jump test were improved in the both groups (P<0.05), however no significant differences were observed between two groups. Peak aerobic power was increased in the both groups (P<0.05), while the increase of peak aerobic power was higher in the supplement group compare to the placebo group (P<0.05). Generally, we can conclude that CrossFit training caused improves exercise performance but the interaction of beetroot juice and CrossFit cannot enhance these performances.

One of the new training methods to increase the performance of athletes is ischemic preconditioning (IPC). the aim of the present study was the effect of ischemic preconditioning and beetroot supplementation on anaerobic performance of male cyclists.

12 male cyclists participated in a randomized study with a crossover design. The tests of maximum power output and one kilometer cycling time trial were evaluated in the same laboratory conditions. All subjects consumed 60 grams of beetroot supplement and placebo for one week. There was a 7-day washout period between the two supplement and placebo periods.maximum power output and one kilometer time trial tests were performed along with the ischemic preconditioning method. Ischemic preconditioning for all subjects, including 4 periods of 5 minutes of occlusion and reperfusion using a cuff with a width of 15 cm and a pressure of 220 mmHg applied to the uppermost part of the legs. Shapiro-wilk test and repeated measurement were used to check the data.

Ischemic preconditioning significantly increased maximum power compared to control (P=0.027). Although after taking red beet supplement and ischemic preconditioning, the maximum power output was higher than the control condition, but no statistically difference was observed (P=0.09). The time trial of one kilometer after ischemic preconditioning (P=0.014) and also after consumption of beetroot supplement along with ischemic preconditioning was significantly lower than the control condition (P=0.008).

ischemic preconditioning and beetroot supplementation can improve anaerobic performance in adult male cyclists

Rest period between sets is one of most important training factors that effects on effectiveness of resistance training; however, there is a little information about the effect of rest period length on muscular hypertrophy. The purpose of present study was to comparison the effect of very short vs. short rest period between the sets in resistance training on hormonal adaptations and thigh muscles hypertrophy.Twenty healthy young women (20-35 years of old) volunteered to participate in this study as the subject. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a very short (30 second; P30) or short (120 second; P120) rest period group. During the first 2 weeks of training, 3 sets of 10-12 repetition maximum (RM) with 120 second rest intervals between sets and exercises (hamstring with machine, squat, dead lift and leg press) were performed by both groups. During the next 6 weeks of training, the P120 group trained using 120 second between sets and exercises (4 sets of 8-10RM), and the P30 group trained using 30 second between sets and exercises as the 6 weeks of training progressed (4 sets of 8-10RM). 2 × 3 repeated measures ANOVA was used to evaluate time-course change in variables. Post hoc analyses (Bonferroni) were then performed when warranted and the level of significance in all statistical analyses was set at P≤0.05. The results indicated that quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSA), hamstring CSA and total thigh muscle CSA increased after both of resistance training (P<0.05) but no significant differences were observed between these training. For testosterone (Ts) no significant change was observed and growth hormone (GH) level was increased in P30 and P120 groups and decreased to baseline level 30 min after the training. Cortisol (Cor) concentration decreased (P<0.05) and insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and Ts/Cor ratio increased (P<0.05) only in P120 group and these changes were continued 30 min after the training.Attention to our results, it suggests that 120 second rest between sets for thigh muscle hypertrophy and more anabolic hormones secretion in women.

The purpose of present study was to examine the effect of eight weeks endurance training with crocin consumption on MAP-Tau and NFG gene expression in rats treated with trimethytin (TMT) as a model of Alzheimer’s disease. In this experiment, forty mature Sprague-dawley male rats were subjected to Alzheimer’s disease through intraperitoneally injection of 8 mg/kg Trimethytin (TMT) and then were divided into 1) Alzheimer-infected control group, 2) endurance training, 3) endurance training + crocin, 4) crocin, and 5) sham to study the impact of the disease on the variables. Eight healthy rats were assigned to the control group. The rats in the second and the third groups ran on a rat treadmill with the speed of 15 to 20 meters per minute for 15 to 30 minutes in each session, 3 times a week for 8 weeks. The rats in the third and the fourth groups received daily IP injections of 25 mg/kg body weight of crocin for 8 weeks. MAP-Tau and NFG gene expression in hippocampi were measured through Real-time PCR. To analyze the results of the tests, one-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test, and two-way ANOVA were run using SPSS-22.The results indicated that TMT injection increases the MAP-Tau gene expression in the Alzheimer-infected control group compare to the healthy control group (P=0.001). After eight weeks intervention, MAP-Tau gene expression was decreased in endurance training (P=0.03), endurance training + crocin (P=0.02) and crocin groups (P=0.001) and the decrease of MAP-Tau gene expression was greater in the training + crocin group. Results also demonstrated that NGF gene expression was increased in endurance training (P=0.02), endurance training + crocin (P=0.03) and crocin (P=0.01) groups and the increase of NGF gene expression was greater in the saffron intake group.Generally, it seems that endurance training improves Alzheimer’s disease in rats and crocin consumption enhances these effects.

Lemongrass (Melissa officinalis) has an effect on the nervous system, causing relaxation and an important role in modulating the inflammatory condition. The aim of present study was to examine the effect of Melissa Officinalis L. extract supplementation on eccentric training induced muscle damage response and perceived pain.Materials: In this experimental study, sixteen healthy middle-age men (20 – 35 years of old) were divided into placebo (Plc) or supplement (S) group randomly according their muscle strength. Subjects in the S group consume 1.5 mg/kg of Melissa Officinalis L. extract for 14 days while subjects in the Plc group consume same dosage of dextrose. Then, all the subjects performed eccentric biceps curls with 120% of their 1RM on two occasions. Blood sample were taken before and after the supplementation and immediately after the eccentric training. Data were analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test. The study results indicated that LDH increased in Plc group after the eccentric training (p=0.01). Blood CK had not significant change after the intervention in both groups and perceived pain was increased in both groups (p=0.01). In summary, it seems that Melissa Officinalis L. extract supplementation can be considered as an effective way to reduce intense exercise induced-muscle damage, but more research is needed to draw definitive conclusions.

Exercise is recommended for the management of type 2 diabetes, but its effects on renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes are not well known. The aim of present study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks resistance training on glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and CD5 antigen-like (CD5L) of male patients with type 2 diabetes. Twenty-two men (age: 51.5 ± 3.3 years and body mass index: 27.1 ± 3.2 kg/m2 mean ± SD) with type 2 diabetes participated as the subject. The subjects were randomly assigned to control or training group based on their eGFR. The subjects in the training group performed 3 sets with 8 to 15 repetitions of resistance training with 50-80% 1RM, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. The subjects in the control group were instructed to maintain their normal physical activity throughout the study. Fasting blood sugar, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, eGFR and CD5L were measured at baseline and 48h after the intervention. The results indicated that fasting blood sugar, insulin resistance index and CD5L decrease in the training group compare to the control group (P<0.05); however, fasting insulin has no significant change after the intervention. Although eGFR has no significant change in the training group; but it was decreased significantly in the control group (P<0.05). In summary, it seems that resistance training utilized in this study improves blood glycemic and renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Galectin-3 is a member of the galectin family and galectin-3 used as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker for certain types of heart disease, kidney disease and cancer. Intensive exercise increases the levels of this protein, but the effect of regular exercise to ameliorate galectin-3 responses to high-intensity exercise is not well known. The present study was done to examine the effect of regular resistance training on galectin-3 responses to a bout of heavy resistance training. Eleven young men (age: 26.6±1.5 years old) volunteered to participate in this quasi study. One reparation maximum (1-RM) was measured and the subjects performed a heavy resistance exercise trial consisted of eight exercises (chest press, triceps extension, latissimus pull down, shoulder press, arm curls, leg extension, leg curls, and squat) of 8 repetitions with 3 sets at 80% of 1RM. Thereafter, all the subjects performed 3 sets of the same resistance training with 65-80% 1RM, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. 48h after the last session of training, a bout of heavy resistance exercise was done again. Blood samples were taken at baseline and immediately after the heavy resistance exercise trials. The results demonstrated that galectin-3 increases after the first bout of heavy resistance exercise (P<0.05), while galectin-3 concentration reduce after the 8 weeks of regular resistance training and it remain low after the second bout of heavy resistance exercise. Generally, we can conclude that regular resistance exercise is effective to ameliorate galectin-3 responses to a bout of heavy resistance training in young men.

Background & One of the main problems of Down syndrome is cognitive impairment with problems in the nervous system. These problems partly are due to oxidative stress increases and reduce of brain-derived neurotrophic hormone (BDNF) in these people. Regular exercise with moderate intensity is effective in reduces of oxidative stress and improves BDNF levels; however, the effect of exercise on oxidative stress indexes and BDNF in people with Down syndrome is not well known. The present study was done to examine the effect of eight weeks spark training on malondialdehyde (MDA) and BDNF in boys with Down syndrome. In this quasi study, twenty boys with Down syndrome (aged 9-14 years old) and IQs 50 to 70, were randomly divided into control group (n = 10) or training group (n = 10). Participants in the training group were performed a selected SPARK program 3 sessions of 45 minutes per week for 8 weeks. Fasting blood Sample was taken before the intervention and 48h after last session of training. The results demonstrated that MDA concentration reduced significantly in the training group compare to the control group (P=0.002). Moreover, BDNF level was increased after eight weeks of SPARK program compare to the control group (P=0.02). No significant relationship was observed between changes of BDNF and MDA after the intervention (r= ‒ 0.18, P= 0.9). Generally, we can conclude that SPARK program caused an increase BDNF level and reduce MDA in boys with Down syndrome. Thus, performing of this program is introduced to improve oxidative stress in adolescents with Down syndrome.

The apoptosis process as a common status in heart injuries could be imposed significantly by hyperglycemia chronically. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of concurrent training and antioxidant supplementation individually and in combination on biogenesis and function of mitochondrial in the heart tissue of diabetic rats with STZ.

In this experimental study, fifty male Sprague Dawley rats were classified into five groups (n=10 each group): healthy rats as control, diabetic rats, diabetic combined resistance/endurance training, diabetic rats which consumed supplementation vitamin E and C, and the combined supplementation and training. Here, we calculated changes in genes expression based on artificial intelligence methods and evaluated genes expression in apoptotic influencing combined training and antioxidants vitamins consumption in heart injured models by streptozotocin via Real-Time PCR. Combination training including, respectively, resistance training, 5 days a week with increasing intensity of 5-45% of rat weight and endurance training on treadmill increasingly from 10-30 minutes and intensity of 40-75% of maximum speed during 8 weeks. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (P<0.05).

the relative expression of PGC1α and Tfam were significantly decreased between healthy control and diabetes controls group. The results indicated that significantly increased of PGC1α and Tfam in the training(P<0.05), supplement(P<0.05) and combination groups(p<0.05). In addition, in this study, it was observed that supplementation and exercise had an increasing effect on the expression of PGC1α and Tfam genes. On the other hand, glucose concentration and weight of rats treated with supplementation and exercise were significantly reduced compared to other groups (P<0.05).

Based on the results, interaction between antioxidant supplements and exercise reduced the glucose concentration and improved the mitochondrial biogenesis of heart tissue, while the combination of these two interventions compared to the effect of each alone, the effect has more.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the factors affecting nervous system efficiency and enhancing mental processes, which is significantly increased by environmental enrichment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a SPARK program on BDNF in children with Down’s Syndrome (DS) and those with intellectual disability (ID).

Twenty male students with DS and twenty male students with ID, aged 7 to 9 years, in Shiraz voluntarily participated in this quasi-experimental study. The participants in each group were randomly divided into two experimental and control subgroups. Experimental subgroups performed a selected SPARK program 3 sessions of 45 minutes per week for 12 weeks. Control subgroups did not participate in this intervention program.  Blood sample were taken from all groups before and after SPARK program. After separation of serum from plasma by ELISA, BDNF levels were measured with a precision of 0.01 ng / ml using a Chinese Eastbiopharm Kit for human samples .

Analysis of variance (NOVA) with repeated measures showed a significant phase * group interaction. Further analysis showed no significant differences in BDNF level between the four groups in pretest. However, in post-test, both experimental subgroups (DS & ID) had significantly higher BDNF than control subgroups.

According to the results, it can be argued that the selected SPARK program increases the level of BDNF in children with developmental disorders. However, the program has equally affected children with Down’s Syndrome and those with intellectual disabilities.

Environment conditions such as altitude affected on urinary system, however the effect of exercise intensity in hypoxia condition on urinary system is not well known. Thus the aim of present study was to examine the urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and urea in response to different intensities of aerobic exercise in hypoxia and normoxia conditions in young soccer players. 

 Ten young soccer players (age: 18.2 ± 0.5; Height 174.2 ± 4.1 cm; Weight: 64.4 ± 3.6 kg; BMI: 21.2 ± 2.1 kg/m2 mean ± SD) were participated in this study as the subject. They performed 30 min aerobic training with 55, 70 and 85% of their maximum heart rate on treadmill in normoxia condition. After 48h, the same exercises were performed in hypoxia (2500 meters higher than the sea level) condition. Before and 20 min after the each exercise, urinary sample was collected to evaluate urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and urea. 

 The results indicated that sodium excretion were increased as well as exercise intensity increased in hypoxia and normoxia conditions (p < 0.05). Results demonstrated that after high intensity exercise in hypoxia and normoxia conditions and after moderate intensity exercise in hypoxia condition, potassium excretion were decreased significantly (p < 0.05). For urea excretion, no significant differences were observed after different exercise intensities in hypoxia or normoxia condition. 

 Generally, it seems that sodium excretion increased and potassium excretion decreased as well as exercise intensity increased in hypoxia and normoxia conditions and this predominate in hypoxia condition. Therefore, this is very important to electrolyte balance maintaining during high intensity exercise in hypoxia condition.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of eight weeks moderate-intensity endurance training on hypocampic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) receptor gene expression in the rats with hippocampal degeneration model. In this experiment, twenty four mature Sprague-dawley male rats were subjected to Alzheimer’s disease through intraperitoneally injection of 8 mg/kg Trimethytin (TMT) and then were divided into (1) Alzheimer-infected control group, (2) endurance training, and (3) sham to study the impact of the disease on the variables. Sixteen healthy rats were assigned to the control group that eight rats sacrifice at first week and eight rats sacrifice at last week. The rats in the endurance training group ran on a rat treadmill with the speed of 15 to 20 meters per minute for 15 to 30 minutes in each session, 3 times a week for 8 weeks. To analyze the results of the tests, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were run using SPSS The results revealed that induction of Alzheimer’s disease by TMT decreases the BDNF and TrkB receptor gene expression in rats. The results, also indicated that there were no significant differences in hypocampic BDNF and TrkB receptor gene expression between endurance training group and sham group. According to the study results, it seems that endurance training with specific intensity and duration utilized in this study had not significant effect on changes of hypocampic BDNF and TrkB receptor gene expression in the rats with hippocampal degeneration model.

The aim of present study was to examine the prevalence of sport injuries in 14th sports and cultural Olympiad of Iranian universities and higher education institutes for male and female students.

The present study is the retrospective-descriptive and cross sectional study. Statistical population of this study was all of the students who injured in 14th sports and cultural Olympiad of Iranian universities and higher education institutes for male and female students. The daily incidence of injuries was collected using injury report form, completed by team physicians.

A total of 1430 injuries were documented, consisting of 535 injuries in female and 895 in male students. The most common types of injuries were muscle cramp, knee and finger injuries respectively. Most of the injuries of male participants were from the following: Basketball 14 types, handball 12 types, futsal and free-style wrestling 14 types. For the female students the common types of injuries were in: Handball 12 types, volleyball 9 types, and karate 7 types.

These findings are useful to medical staff to cover the competition and also to design prevention strategies to minimize injury.

Disrupted hypothalamo – pituitary - adrenal (HPA) axis, psychological impairment and depression are widespread comorbidity in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Exercise training may regulate HPA axis and improve psychological status in these patients. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks resistance training on HPA axis, psychological status and depression level in female patients with MS.

Twenty-seven women with MS disease (32.3 ± 6.9 year of old) and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) of 2.0 ± 1.3 participated in this study. Subjects were divided into control group (n=13) or training group (n=14) randomly, according their EDSS scores. The training group performed progressive resistance training program, 45 min with 50-70% 1RM, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Psychological status, depression level and ACTH and cortisol concentration were assessed before and after the intervention. Independent sample t-test was used for mean differences between groups.

The results demonstrated that psychological status (11.2%, P=0.04) and depression level (27.4%, P=0.01) improved and ACTH (11.6%, P=0.03) and cortisol (9.9%, P=0.04) concentration reduced significantly after 8 weeks resistance training.

In summary it seems that resistance training utilized in this study effective for psychological status and depression level improvement in female patients with MS by regulating HPA axis.

The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise on C-reactive protein and lipid profile in men with colorectal cancer.27 male patients with colorectal cancer (mean age 51.56±11.28 years, height 1.71±0.07 m, weight 69.69±12.03 kg and body mass index 23.67±3.67 kg.m-2) were selected as the subjects. Subjects were divided into two groups: experimental (n=15) and control (n=12). At the beginning of the study, they were asked to complete Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q). The exercise program included 8 weeks of aerobic exercise, 3 sessions per week, 45 minutes per session and was performed with an intensity of 50-60% of target heart rate. Descriptive statistics were used to describe data such as mean and standard deviation and analysis of covariance was used to statistically analyze the data (α≤0.05). The results showed that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise had a significant effect on CRP (F=99.251 and P=0.000), BMI (F=11.25 and P=0.02), cholesterol (F=6.95 and P=0.015) and VO2peak (F=16.56, P=0.02). However, aerobic exercise had no significant effect on LDL, HDL and TG (P≥0.05). In conclusion, 8 weeks of aerobic exercise with moderate intensity can reduce CRP and cholesterol and increase VO2peak in men with colorectal cancer.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a curriculum known as Sports, Play and Active Recreation for Kids (SPARK) on fine and gross motor skills and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in educable intellectual disabled children.

Twenty intellectual disabled boy students aged 7 to 9 years were randomly divided into experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. The experimental group performed a selected SPARK program 3 days a week for 12 weeks. Fine and gross motor skills and BDNF level were measured before and after the intervention. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with repeated measures was used for data analysis (α = 0.05).

Data revealed that there were no significant differences between two groups in any of the measured variables at the baseline. After the intervention, the experimental group performed significantly better in fine motor skills and had higher level of BDNF as compared to the control group. Regarding gross motor skills, there were no significant differences between experimental and control groups in the post-test.

According to the results, it can be argued that the selected SPARK program increases BDNF level and improves fine motor skills however it has not significant effect on gross motor skills in the educable intellectual disabled boy students. Thus, it seems that improves in fine motor skills partially are due to increases of brain-derived neurotrophins especially BDNF levels in the educable intellectual disability boy students.

Although studies that emphasize the importance of exercise exist, the interaction effects of exercise with saffron intake on cognitive functions in Alzheimer’s patients are not well known. The aim of present study was to examine the effect of eight weeks endurance training with saffron intake on working memory and passive avoidance memory in rats treated with neurotoxin as a model of Alzheimer’s disease.

In this experiment, forty mature Sprague-dawley male rats were subjected to Alzheimer’s disease through intraperitoneally injection of 8 mg/kg Trimethytin (TMT) and then were divided into 1) Alzheimer-infected control group, 2) endurance training, 3) endurance training with saffron intake, 4) saffron intake, and 5) sham to study the impact of the disease on the variables. Eight healthy rats were assigned to the control group. The rats in the second and the third groups ran on a rat treadmill with the speed of 15 to 20 meters per minute for 15 to 30 minutes in each session, 3 times a week for 8 weeks. The rats in the third and the fourth groups received daily IP injections of 25 mg/kg body weight of saffron liquid extract for 8 weeks. Working memory and passive avoidance memory were measured through Y-maze test and shuttle box text, respectively. To analyze the results of the tests, one-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test, and two-way ANOVA were run using SPSS.

The data indicated that the endurance training alone and the intake of saffron liquid extract could significantly improve the working memory (F=11.09 and P=0.002 for endurance training and F=7.51 and P=0.01 for saffron liquid) and passive avoidance memory (F=22.20 and P=0.001 for endurance training and F=25.83 and P=0.01 for saffron liquid) in Alzheimer-infected rats. Also, the effect of the interaction of the endurance training and the saffron liquid extract in reducing the time spent in the dark chamber was significant (F=23.07 and P=0.001) while this interaction was not significant in increasing the time spent in the dark chamber and the percentage of the intermittent behavior of the rats in the TMT model of Alzheimer’s disease.

It seems that endurance training and saffron liquid extract intake, improve the working memory and passive avoidance in rats with Alzheimer’s disease in TMT model.

Obesity is associated with cardiovascular disease, followed by pathological cardiac hypertrophy. However, physical activity (resistance training) plays a role in modulating some of the intracellular messenger pathways associated with the regulation of pathologic hypertrophy. The aim of this study was to investigate The effect of resistance training on the expression of cardiac muscle growth regulator messenger genes in obese male rats.

 In this experimental study, 18 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups; healthy control (n=6) and obesity control (n = 6) and resistance training (n = 6) after eight weeks of using high fat diet. Total resistance training was performed for a total of eight weeks. 48 hours after completion of the curcumin supplement protocol, the rats were dissected and their heart muscle removed. The expression of genes (AMPK, mTOR, S6K, 4EBP, COL1, COL3, AngII) was calculated using Real Time-PCR technique and the 2-∆∆CTmethod. One way ANOVA was used to determine the significance of the variables among the study groups.

The results showed that the resistance training group compared to the control group showed an increase in expression of mTOR (P = 0.068), 4EBP (P = 0.054), which was not statistically significant. On the other hand, expression of S6K (P = 0.002) AMPK (P = 0.008) increased significantly. Also, there was a decrease in the expression of collagen 1 (P = 0.225), collagen 3 (p = 0.044) Ang II (p = 0.104) and differences were statistically significant.

Muscle obesity seems to cause cardiac pathological hypertrophy and accelerate the process of heart aging, but resistance training, which is an appropriate replacement, has somewhat reduced the negative effects of obesity on cardiac function in the cardiac aging process. that replaces the proper and partly negative effects of obesity on cardiac function in the process of heart aging has been reduced.