مقالات رزومه خاطره مغانی رحیمی

Cities increase urban stress despite their many benefits. This issue is many times more important in Tehran, the sixth most stressful city in the world. However, given its importance, the impact of various aspects of the city on stress has yet to be well known. For this purpose, this study was conducted to identify and structurally analyze the dimensions of stress relief urban planning in Tehran. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on the applied research's purpose. In fact, after analyzing the content of previous studies, the structural analysis of the mentioned dimensions has been done based on the opinion of experts familiar with the subject, using software (MICMAC). The research findings indicate that the environmental dimension is the most influential, and the individual characteristics dimension is the most influential. In fact, environmental, economic, transportation, cultural, land use, social, political, physical, personal, and housing dimensions are important in the stress relief urban planning in Tehran, respectively. Also, environmental and economic dimensions are the most important and key ones of stress relief urban planning in this city. As a result, paying attention to all these dimensions by emphasizing the environmental and economic ones can reduce urban stress in Tehran to a great extent

Urban stress is an important cause of physical and mental diseases in cities and access to urban services is one of the most important issues of today's urban planning. Therefore, urban planners and designers must pay special attention to them in their plans and designs. However, even though many studies have separately addressed urban stress and access to urban services in recent years, no study has been conducted to explain the relationship between the two. For this purpose, the present research was conducted to explain the relationship between urban stress and access to services in District 8 of District 1 in Tehran municipality, which is the most stressful district in this region according to experts. The research findings reveal that the value of the correlation coefficient between the independent and dependent variables is 0.790, which indicates a high correlation between access to services and urban stress. Moreover, the adjusted or modified coefficient of determination shows that 61% of the total changes are the stressfulness of the living environment of people dependent on access to urban services in their lives. Additionally, by using beta coefficients, indicators of access to green space, educational services, religious services, sports services, medical services, and transportation services are respectively the most important service indicators affecting the stress of citizens. Also, access to green space services, sports services, and religious services reduces citizens' stress, while proximity to educational services, transportation services, and medical services increases their stress. As a result, urban stress can be significantly reduced by paying special attention to the design and planning of educational services, transportation services, and medical services, as well as improving access to green space services, sports services, and religious services.

Mental health disorders pose a significant threat to human well-being, particularly affecting urban populations. Despite the paramount importance of addressing urban mental health, effective strategies for improvement remain elusive. This concern has garnered heightened significance in Tehran, a city with a pressing need for viable solutions. This research aims to identify key strategies to enhance the mental health of the city. Employing a descriptive-analytical research method, the study utilizes content analysis and structural analysis to pinpoint crucial solutions. The findings reveal that three primary strategies — the formulation and execution of a comprehensive mental health plan, the integration of aesthetically pleasing urban design to promote mental well-being, and the adoption of innovative approaches such as mobile health programs and online services — are deemed pivotal variables. Consequently, the implementation of these solutions holds the potential to significantly enhance urban mental health in Tehran.

Urbanization is growing rapidly in this world (Evans et al., 2020a, 1). In 2007, half of the world’s population lived in cities (Chinomnso, 2014, 4). This ratio will reach 70% in 2050 (Adli & Schondorf, 2020, 2). Cities are exposed to many issues and problems due to the many advantages they have (Mahmoudzadeh and Harishchian, 2017, 60). For example, urban life affects mental health (Kyriakou & Resch, 2019, 1) and exposure to stress is the most important factor in increasing mental disorders in cities (Streit et al., 2014, 352). In fact, the stress of modern urban life or urban stress can be a basis for mental disorders (Kennedy & Adolphs, 2011, 452). Urban stress is one of the important causes of physical and mental diseases, moral anomalies, reduction of security and waste of human capital in cities. For this reason, it is necessary for urban planners and designers to pay special attention to this issue in their plans and projects. The location of land uses also has a great impact on the quality of life and the efficiency of related services, and one of the basic tasks of urban planners is to allocate land to different uses (Javadi et al., 2013, 23, 24). Today, with the expansion of new urbanism, smart growth and sustainable development approaches, the application of land use mixing as one of the important principles of these approaches in urban planning in advanced countries has increased (Pourmohammadi et al., 2014, 34) and land use mixing has become one of the important cases in the model Spatial planning has become. which includes many benefits such as reducing intra-city trips and reducing dependence on cars, increasing productivity in land use, strengthening the efficiency of land use and increasing social relations of citizens (Javadi et al., 2013, 25). Also, mixing of uses reduces the cost of providing infrastructure in the city (Zarafshan et al., 2019, 175) and improves the sense of belonging of citizens (Kotharkar & Bahadure, 2012, 1). But even though in recent years, many studies have separately dealt with urban stress and mixed use, no study has been done to explain the relationship between the two. For this purpose, this research has been conducted with the aim of explaining the relationship between urban stress and land use mix in district 8 of district 1 of Tehran municipality, which is the most stressful district of this district based on the conditions of Tehran city and the opinion of experts. Considering the importance of the subject, this research has been done with the aim of measuring the amount of mixed use and urban stress in the studied sample and explaining the relationship between these two subjects.

The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and based on the purpose of applied research. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to collect data and regression analysis method was used to analyze them. First, in order to select the sample to be studied, Delphi method was used and by summarizing the opinions of a group of experts in district 8 of one district of Tehran municipality, it was selected as the sample to be studied. For the overall analysis of the research, 37 urban stress indicators have been identified, of which information on 15 cases has been collected through questionnaires and surveys from area residents, and others through quantitative methods such as field sampling, spatial analysis, and library studies. Also, the information related to the mix of uses has been obtained through the entropy coefficient method. According to the population of the area in the last census (59,429) and Cochran’s formula (with a confidence level of 95%, an error of 0.05% and a normal variable rate of 1.96), the minimum number of questionnaires was 381, and finally 413 questionnaires that provided information about It questions 20 measures, distributed in blocks as a simple random sampling. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, which was calculated as 0.73. Finally, in order to measure the relationship between mixed use and urban stress reported by citizens, regression analysis has been done. In fact, the analysis used in this article is a simple linear regression analysis. In this analysis, the degree of dependence and the direction of the influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable are examined.

The findings of the research indicate that the value of the correlation coefficient between the independent and dependent variable is 0.738, which shows that there is a high correlation between mixed use and urban stress. Also, the adjusted or modified coefficient of determination shows that 54% of the total changes in the stressfulness of people’s living environment are related to the mix of uses of their living areas, and the remaining 46% of the changes are related to other variables. In other words, the mix of uses predicts 54% of the variance of the dependent variable. These two variables have an inverse relationship with each other, and the greater the mix of uses in a block, the less urban stress. In fact, it can be said that the user mix index is able to predict changes in citizens’ stress.

As a result, by improving the mix of uses in urban blocks, urban stress can be significantly reduced and the mental health of citizens can be improved. In order to improve the mix of users, effective solutions can be used such as: 24-hour users, or the placement of compatible users in floors, etc. Also, conducting this study in other study samples can be very effective. Considering that the measurement of mixed use and stress in this study was investigated in one area, it seems that conducting this study in other areas or at the city level will clarify the hidden aspects of the relationship between these two variables.

An accurate understanding of the relationship between mental health and the city is necessary for urban planning and design and is essential for promoting health and quality of life in urban environments. Indeed, a better understanding of the relationship between urbanization and psychological problems may help to develop coping strategies and shape future cities in a better way. The importance of this relationship is such that the World Psychiatric Association has established the Scientific Mental Health Division for further study. But so far, studies on the urban environment and population health have focused mainly on physical health, and mental health has received less attention. Therefore, this study was conducted to summarize previous studies and present a conceptual model showing how the relationship between the city and mental health. The research method in this research is a review, and for data collection from documentary and library studies and for their analysis, the qualitative content analysis method has been used. In fact, this study uses an interpretive approach to analyze library documents and, based on the extracted textual codes, tries to analyze and describe the relationship between the city and mental health. Findings indicate that 25% of researchers in this field consider birth and life in the city as independent factor that reduces mental health. Of course, some other researchers have addressed this issue in more detail and introduced influential urban factors. In fact, social factors, with 44% repetition, are the most critical factors affecting mental health, followed by economic factors, with 13.2% repetition; environmental factors, with 12.4% repetition; various factors, with 10.4% repetition; factors related to Housing with 9.2% repetition, physical factors with 7.6% repetition and transportation-related factors with 3.2% repetition are essential, respectively. Also, population density, with 7.2 per cent repetition and then environmental pollution, with a repetition percentage of 6, are the essential urban factors affecting the mental health of citizens. As a result, thinkers in this field consider social factors such as population density and environmental factors such as environmental pollution as the most important factors reducing the mental health of citizens. As a result, the city has direct effects on mental health as well as through social, economic, and environmental stressors, various factors, housing-related factors, physical factors and transportation, which are essential, respectively, leading to stress and health. Reduces the psyche. Of course, the city also affects mental health by lowering public or physical health because the areas of health and mental health are highly interdependent. Mental health also affects the city, both directly and through stress and public health. As a result, urban stress and physical health can mediate the effects of urbanization on mental health and the impact of mental health on the city. A better understanding of this relationship and the result of mediation and trying to reduce the harmful effects of cities on mental health will significantly help in the development of coping strategies, better planning of future cities and maximizing the benefits of urban life.

Introduction :

Cities are expanding at a very fast pace, especially in Northeast Africa and Southwest Asia [1]. In 2007, the world’s urban population exceeded 50% for the first time in history, and this ratio is constantly growing [2]. According to predictions made in 2050, about 70% of the world’s population will live in cities [3] and about 90% of this growth will happen in Africa and Asia [4]. Although infrastructure, socioeconomic conditions, nutrition, and health care services are better in cities than in rural areas, living in an urban environment has long been recognized as a risk factor for mental illness [5]. Considering the mentioned advantages, creating a balance between these two issues requires a better understanding of the interaction between urban life and mental health [6]. The impact of urbanization on mental health is very significant and due to the forecast of the increase in the urban population, it is likely to increase in the next few decades [1]. Considering its role as an essential component of public health, mental health is a very important issue and has profound effects on individuals, societies, and the economy [7], and its promotion is necessary to increase the quality of life and resilience of society [8]. According to the World Health Organization report, mental health disorders have become one of the biggest threats to human health in 2020. This also has consequences for economic prosperity, because stress, depression, and anxiety have a great impact on people’s work efficiency [9]. Also, one out of every five adults in the world suffers from a mental disorder [10] and 13% of global diseases have a mental origin [11]. The importance of the relationship between urban life and mental health is so great that the World Psychiatric Association has established a scientific department of urban mental health to study it further [12]. According to the national survey of mental health in Iran, 23.6% of people who have been investigated need psychological interventions and 14.6% of people suffer from anxiety disorder [13]. While few studies have addressed the potential links between aspects of the built environment and mental health, studies in this area have mostly focused on physical health [14].Exposure to high stress and the resulting injuries are the most important factors in increasing the risk of mental disorders [15]. City residents are exposed to higher levels of stressful factors, and exposure to more stress may cause the prevalence of stress-related mental illnesses among city residents [16]. In fact, the stress of modern urban life can be a basis for developing psychosis and mental disorders [17]. In addition to being one of the important causes of physical diseases (such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and gastrointestinal diseases) and mental diseases (such as depression, schizophrenia, and isolation of people), urban stress also increases the number of moral abnormalities and reduces the security of citizens. Besides, the stress of the imposition of high medical costs on citizens also causes the loss of human capital in the city. For this reason, it is necessary for urban planners and designers to consider the mental peace of citizens as an important principle in their plans and designs and to avoid actions that fuel this mental confusion. In fact, considering that creating a healthy urban environment is the main priority of policy-makers [18] and urban stress is increasing in the cities of the world [19], it is necessary to formulate planned urbanization to prevent the negative effects of urban life[20]. Since the beginning of the 20th century, many studies have investigated the relationship between urbanization and stress and effective solutions to it with different approaches. But so far, no study has been done in the direction of urban planning that treats stress in a way that takes into account all the indicators that affect urban stress, discovers the most important indicators based on the connections between them, and presents a conceptual model that affects it. For this purpose, this research has been conducted to analyze the content of previous studies and identify the most important indicators, and present a conceptual model of urban planning that treats stress.

This research is a review and the research method is qualitative. Documentary and library studies were used to collect data and a content analysis method was used to analyze them. In fact, this research analyzes library documents in four basic steps using an interpretive approach and tries to identify, analyze, and explain the connections between stress-relieving urban planning indicators based on the extracted text codes.

The research findings indicate that urban mental health and urban stress have direct and indirect bilateral effects. The indicators extracted from theoretical studies are classified into two groups. The first group increases urban stress and consequently reduces urban mental health and includes cultural and mental deprivation, building density, sensory overload, modern architectural style, traffic density (busy roads), stressful urban design, air pollution, immigration, crime, social deprivation, violence, economic deprivation, being an ethnic minority, population density, amount of time pressure and waste of time and noise pollution. The second group reduces urban stress and consequently improves mental health and includes access to resources and services, social support, social capital, spatial diversity, social diversity, social interactions, local integration, green space and access to it, sense of belonging, identity, justice in the city, social cohesion, participation level, residential stability, vitality, degree of resilience, control, and prediction of the environment and visibility to the city environment (up to 10 meters). It should be mentioned that finally, after examining the final effects and consequences of urban planning, the stress treatment of improving the quality of life in urban environments has been identified as the most important and comprehensive effect of this planning.

As a result, by reducing cultural and psychological deprivation, building density, sensory overload, modern architectural style, traffic density (busy roads), stressful urban design, air pollution, immigration, crime, social deprivation, violence, and economic deprivation, being an ethnic minority, population density, the amount of time pressure and waste of time, noise pollution, increasing access to resources and services, social support, social capital, spatial diversity, social diversity, social interactions, local integration, green space and access to it, sense of belonging, identity, justice in the city, social cohesion, level of participation, residential stability, vitality, level of resilience, control, prediction of the environment, and visibility to the city environment (up to 10 meters) can greatly reduce urban stress and improve the urban psyche health. These indicators were selected after a comprehensive review of the theoretical literature and they cover all the identified indicators according to the effects they have on other indicators and the effects they get from them.

Stress in urban life can be a breeding ground for mental disorders. In addition to being an important cause of physical and mental illness, urban stress also increases the rate of moral anomalies in the city and reduces the security of citizens. For this reason, it is necessary for urban planners and designers to consider the peace of mind of citizens as an important principle in their plans and designs, and to avoid actions that cause this mental disorder. However, although many studies in the last century have examined the relationship between urbanization and stress and effective solutions to it with different approaches, so far no studies on urban planning stress therapy to consider all the indicators affecting urban stress and there is no effective strategic planning based on the results. Moreover, Tehran is the sixth most stressful city in the world, according to the Zipjet Institute. For this reason, it is very important to conduct theoretical studies in this field and formulate urban planning for stress therapists in this city. But due to its large scope, doing such research requires a lot of time and money. For this purpose, in this study, after determining the general indicators, using the Delphi technique, District 8, District 1 of Tehran Municipality has been selected as the study sample. The research method in this research is descriptive-explanatory and is based on the purpose of applied research. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to collect information and factor analysis was used to analyze them. Then the urban stressors have been identified and a strategic document has been presented.The findings of the research indicate that the stress factors caused by the access system, poor social and economic status, low security, lack of cohesion and social support, differentiation and social isolation, lack of resilience of the urban environment, lack of vitality of the environment, negative feelings of residents, discrimination and social displacement, stress caused by crowding, low sense of identity and belonging are the most important stressors in the study area. As a result, by considering these factors as micro-objectives, urban planning can reduce urban stress in the studied area to a great extent. This research develops the theoretical and empirical findings of previous studies. As a result, with the implementation of this research, the psychological pressure that is imposed on the citizens of this area can be reduced to a great extent. This research provides a suitable method for measuring and identifying urban stressors to urban planners who seek to reduce urban stress.. Applying the factor analysis approach in recognizing and analyzing urban contexts in terms of stress and developing a strategic document corresponding to stressful factors in other parts or the whole city of Tehran and developing a comprehensive mental health program in this city can be very effective in this field.

Urban residents are exposed to high levels of stressors and this exposure is the cause of the prevalence of their mental illness. Nevertheless, despite the importance of mental health and urban stress, few studies have been focused on the potential links between environmental aspects and mental health, and there has been a lack of research on urban stressors. It is of high importance, however, to focus on the characteristics of the urban context affecting this issue and reduce them in the development of urban planning and design of stress therapists. For this purpose, this study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting urban stress, expressed in related documents and research. A systematic review of theoretical foundations has been done for data collection and a content analysis method has been applied for data analysis. Findings indicate that urban stress is mostly due to social stressors such as population density (very high or very low), social isolation, social deprivation, and poor social interactions, as well as environmental stressors such as noise pollution and air pollution. Following these ones, job insecurity and unemployment, injustice in the city, high traffic density, lack of green space and poor access to it, lack of adequate educational opportunities, low quality housing, ethnic or group minority and economic and social status are the next important factors. As a result, high stress in cities, compared to rural areas, is due to social and environmental factors. Thus, policy makers, planners, designers and architects should identify the stressors and reduce them in the urban environment.

Mosques have historically been the most important centers for the presence and gathering of the Muslims, and religious, social, economic and political programs have been planned and implemented in these centers. These roles have been played by mosques such as the Prophet's Mosque in Medina since the beginning of Islam, and in modern times, although some of the mosque's roles have been entrusted to other institutions, mosques are still considered the focal point for Islamic communities. The mosques, as the most important religious institution and one of the most prominent public buildings in the cities of Islamic societies, had important roles. However, some of these roles have been diminished. It seems that the changes in the patterns of architecture of mosques has been one of the factors influencing this issue. The relationship between the mass and space of the mosque, as a part of the architectural pattern, has a great impact on spatial quality. So a proper pattern of mass and space improves the quality of the place. Hence, this study tries to identify and analyze the mass and space pattern in mosques of Kashan and compare this system in old and new mosques. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical, and library methods have been used for data collection. In fact, first, with library studies, the concepts of mosque, mass and space were explained, then according to the aerial image and map of Kashan, the structure of mass and space in the old and new mosques of the city has identified and then the collected information has been analyzed through descriptive statistics methods. Finally, a comparison has been made between the numerical and geometric pattern of mass and space in the old and new mosques of the city. It has been tried to answer the questions that "What is the geometric and numerical pattern of mass and space in mosques of Kashan city?" and "How does this system evolved in the new mosques of kashan city?". The findings indicate that the numerical pattern of mass and space in new and old mosques of Kashan has some differences. In fact, the average percentage of mass in the city's new mosques has increased compared to the old ones. While the average percentage of open spaces in new mosques is reduced to less than half of the old mosques, more than half of the city's new mosques lack open space and are completely mass-built. Also, the central courtyard pattern, which is the most suitable pattern for hot and dry climate buildings and mosques, have been neglected in the mosques of this city and have replaced by the southern courtyard pattern. Mass and space have a great impact on the quality of space and architectural sense and both are important and should be considered in the design of buildings equally, but nowadays more attention is paid to the mass in the construction of buildings. Mosques are not excluded from this, and while it is emphasized to allocate open spaces, they are often constructed as a completely mass pattern or with an emphasis on mass.