مقالات رزومه امید علی احمدی

The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of the structural adjustment policies of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund on social inequality. In this research, after reviewing the theoretical and experimental background of the research, the dimensions of the main variables obtained from the theoretical framework were evaluated using structural equations. The research method is cross-sectional at this time and in the city of Arak, the Delphi method, which was measured with the questionnaire tool in the production units of Arak as the effectiveness measurement unit. The results obtained from the research variable modeling test showed that the privatization variable has 87% on the social rank of social inequality; 75.1 percent on the local mentality of social inequality; 94.7% had an effect on the social capital of social inequality and 77% on the social role of social inequality. The variable of economic liberalization and the creation of a free currency market had a 55.7% effect on the social rank of social inequality, 54.9% on the social capital of social inequality, and 59.4% on the social role of social inequality, but it did not have a significant effect on the positional mentality. The variable of non-payment of subsidies is 54.1% on the social rank of social inequality; 47.6 percent on the local mentality of social inequality; 52.9% had an effect on the social capital of social inequality and 51.2% had an effect on the social role of social inequality.

The comparison of two Islamic and Western thinkers, namely Ali Shariati and Hannah Arendt, due to the analysis of the pre-revolutionary societies, can tell the reasons for the occurrence of revolutions and efforts to create a new society. The question of the present article is, what are the differences and similarities between Shariati's and Arendt's views on the pre-revolutionary society? The hypothesis of the article is: according to Shariati and Arendt, pragmatism, identity search and humanity are the main concerns of the pre-revolutionary society; With the difference that in Arendt's thought, the ideal society is to establish a policy of friendship and based on action, but in Shariati's view, it ends in an ideological society based on constant change. The common point between Shariati and Arendt is that they want a dynamic society and the creation of a new value system based on action and human values and eliminating injustice, exploitation and tyranny. For this reason, according to Shariati and Arendt, the pre-revolutionary masses are considered to be thirsty for identity, meaning, and the creation of a normative system, which seeks to find a path to overcome oppression and create a platform for the implementation of human principles. . But from the point of view of the differences, it should be said that Arendt's approach, inspired by Aristotle's thought, considers the future situation as permanent and an attempt to establish friendship, therefore prefers action over labor and livelihood. But in Shariati's point of view, humanity is an inexhaustible subject and the inherent duty of politics is to create transformation as a qualitative and constantly changing matter. This article has used the comparative method.

Today, border markets are considered as one of the important components of social development. Therefore, the aim is the role of border bazaars in economic, social and cultural development in the western provinces of the country in 2021 (case study: Mehran border bazaar.( The data collection tool was carried out in two quantitative and qualitative sections, and in the quantitative section, a researcher-made questionnaire was the result of interviews with experts. In the qualitative part of this research, the Delphi technique and theme analysis were used. A stratified random method was used to select the sample. According to Cochran's formula, the sample size is 384 people, of which 192 people were selected from the border city of Mehran and 192 people were selected from the non-border city of Ivan. SPSS software was used to perform descriptive statistics, and structural equation modeling method with LISREL software was used to analyze the research data. The findings of the research showed that 44 indicators in the form of 7 economic, social, cultural, health, communication, educational and organizational and institutional components are among the works of Mehran border bazaars. According to the findings of the research and conducted interviews, border bazaars have had a favorable performance on the economic, social, cultural, health, communication, educational, organizational and institutional conditions in the western provinces of the country; So that these bazaars did not have a positive effect on the economic, social, cultural, health, communication, educational, organizational and institutional indicators in the western provinces of the country until the elimination of goods smuggling; But after the establishment of temporary markets and the elimination of smuggling, many people have found their jobs. Therefore, the establishment of temporary border markets has had a positive effect on the economic, social, cultural, health, communication, educational, organizational and institutional development in the western provinces of the country.

Ali Shariati's thoughts had a profound impact on Iran's political and social developments. One of his main works was emphasizing on the element of social responsibility in political behavior. In this framework, he redefined politics and related concepts. In this research, we have examined the theoretical foundations of Shariati's reading of politics, especially the theory of ummah and imamate, and in this framework we have answered the main question: How did Shariati redefine the main political concepts? The findings of the research show that in redefining political concepts, Shariati was influenced by the critical approach on one hand and the discourse of social democracy on the other hand. he attempt to combine both with the elements of the Shia theory of ummah and imamate and redefine political concepts in this framework. In conducting this research, the necessary information was collected through the library method and inferred using the qualitative method and descriptive-analytical approach.

Herbert Marcuse, a preeminent political philosopher of the 20th century, left an indelible mark on social theories. Shaped by the harrowing aftermath of the First World War, he became acutely aware of issues surrounding violence and humanitarian concerns, including the burgeoning awareness of environmental issues. Marcuse's distinctive contribution lies in his fusion of phenomenology and social philosophy, a synthesis that illuminates his analysis. Upon emigrating to the United States, the conflagration of the Second World War significantly influenced his intellectual evolution. It led him to scrutinize the technology-driven, consumer-centric American society through the lens of technological and instrumental rationality, a concept initially expounded by Max Weber decades earlier. In Marcuse's perspective, technological rationality serves as a yardstick for evaluating individual rationality. He posits that both people and their society are subjugated and manipulated by technology, which not only supplants human efforts across industries but permeates all aspects of life. Consequently, instrumental rationality, technological rationality, their interplay with culture, and the intricate connections that society and culture establish through instrumental rationality constitute the focal points of analysis within the culture industry (German: Kulturindustrie), a pivotal concept for Marcuse and other luminaries of the Frankfurt School. This study delves into Marcuse's viewpoints and theories regarding the repercussions of instrumental rationality in culture and human existence, which he coins as the "logos of life." It also seeks to dissect his critique of the culture industry, rooted in the notion of technological domination, heavily influenced by Martin Heidegger's insights. Lastly, the study investigates the impact of Sigmund Freud's concept of desire in Marcuse's articulation of technological rationality and its interaction with contemporary culture.

Theoretical framework:

Herbert Marcuse posits that reason operates through universal concepts, serving as the framework for organizing the boundless flow of human experience into a coherent and intelligible world. However, he acknowledges a longstanding philosophical insight dating back to Plato, which recognizes the inherent incompleteness in the ordering function of reason. Philosophers have thus sought to identify and elucidate the specific nature of this incompleteness. According to Marcuse, concepts cannot be entirely reduced to particular instances. They possess a transcendent quality that is perceived by the experiencing subject as a sense of imperfection or incompleteness. Therefore, he attributes this aspect to the realm of imagination rather than immediate perception, contending that only the imagination possesses the capacity to project beyond the given reality towards an ideal form. In Marcuse's framework, the imagination assumes a crucial role in rationality by directing the subject towards an existing, albeit unrealized, dimension of the experiential world. Drawing upon Hegelian terminology, he views the tension between the real and the ideal as the essence of the negative. Consequently, the imagination is both a psychological faculty and a wellspring of creative insights into reality. By ascribing a cognitive function to the imagination, Marcuse establishes a connection between ontology and psychology, rooted in Sigmund Freud's theory of the imagination, a link he endeavors to develop further in his work, "Eros and Civilization."

Data collection for this study relied on an extensive library research and indexing process. Initially, a comprehensive selection of sources was identified, encompassing a wide array of published materials such as books, encyclopedias, dictionaries, periodicals, available journal articles in both Persian and English, compilations of papers from scholarly conferences, and documents indexed in Iranian and foreign databases. These sources were then meticulously examined to extract and index the essential information, ensuring precise source attribution. Subsequently, the amassed data were systematically categorized according to a logical framework and subjected to thorough analysis. 

Herbert Marcuse contends that art stands as one of the most pivotal means for human liberation and emancipation from the culture industry, a concept inherently entwined with his "logos of life." In Marcuse's lexicon, "logos" pertains to the experiential world, encompassing the realities and the inherent value potentials that propel its historical evolution. Within this construct of logos, a normative principle, an "ought," transcends the realm of existing facts. Marcuse elucidates this interplay between the "is" and the "ought" through the concept of a two-dimensional ontology: the first dimension encapsulates empirical facts, while the second dimension encompasses the evaluative realm of potentialities. Scientific-technical rationality, as posited by Marcuse, strips the experiential world of many of its contents, notably the secondary qualities. In response, he repudiates this "one-dimensional" ontology and posits that the experiential world, as understood through phenomenology, brims with rich content that is often overlooked and indeed diminished by scientific methodologies. Furthermore, this perspective bridges the chasm between values and facts. Marcuse argues that humanity's connection to the world is forged through interaction with nature and production, a profound affiliation that is not solely causal and material but also existential in nature. It endows human existence with meaning and delineates what it signifies to be human, fostering participation in a distinct mode of being—a cultural heritage to which liberated individuals return.

Conclusion and recommendations:

Herbert Marcuse posits that technological rationality, a form of rationality rooted in domination and social control, exerts profound dominance in advanced industrial societies. This type of rationality, based on formal and instrumental principles, supersedes the more intrinsic and evaluative forms of reason that once characterized pre-industrial societies. It transforms the fabric of everyday life into what Marcuse terms a "technological reality," wherein individuals' perceptions, experiences, and thoughts are profoundly intertwined with the portrayal of objects and elements of the natural world as instruments or means to an end. To counter this situation, Marcuse introduces the concept of the "Great Refusal" and underscores the vital importance of resistance as a means to reconnect with the inherent value of one's existence. Life, in his view, necessitates a return to the fundamental tenets of human liberation, unveiling the immense potential latent in each individual. This entails departing from the shallowness of the consumer-oriented modern lifestyle, as it represents a life detached from false needs, in stark contrast to the artificial existence perpetuated by the culture industry.

Increased adaptability of the transferred law enforcement forces to their new place of service as one ofthe methods in management of human resources is effective both on their job performance and decreasedvulnerability of them and their families. Based on this fact, the present research studied the factors effective onthe adaptability of the transferred law enforcement forces to the host society. Survey methods was used in theresearch. Based on disproportionate stratified random sampling, the results were gained by analyzingcomplementary questionnaires administered to a statistical sample of 300 individuals selected from the lawenforcement forces transferred to Hormozgan province. The results showed that 68% of the respondents ratedtheir adaptability to the host society low and only 8.3% rated their adaptability high. The results of theregression test confirmed the presented hypotheses. Based on the multivariate regression analysis, the pureeffect of the variable the degree of similarity and congruence between the host society with the society of originis higher than the independent variables. R2 determining factor estimated by regression model showed thatindependent variables explain totally 41% of the changes. Based on the research results, to increase theadaptability of the staff, family consultation with qualified experts, native employment, and organizationalsupport play key roles. Organizational support may include organizational housing, cooperation with otherinstitutions in providing the staff welfare, completing the psychological profile of the individuals andpsychological training and education of the individuals as they and their families may expect.

It was associated with the policy maker's attitude based on the belief of greater participation of women in the social, economic and cultural scenes, therefore, compared to the previous two programs, attention to the situation of women was planned in a clearer way. One of the basic points in the third development plan was to align it with the establishment of an institution as "Women's Participation Affairs Center". In the important parts of the program, such as education and employment policies, no interesting needs are observed between the two sexes. The fourth program is interesting both in terms of the amount of materials of the program that are dedicated to women and also in terms of a different approach regarding the topic of gender. In the fourth development plan, it is emphasized to eliminate violence against women. The most important concern in the fourth development plan is the issue of women's employment and the improvement of the economic status of women in the society, and if we are talking about reforming public attitudes towards women, this reform of attitudes is related to holding economic positions and employment opportunities. In the third program, special educational and cultural-sports needs are emphasized by using Islamic principles and foundations. In the fifth development plan, which is considered to be the most important article of this plan about women and family. In the 6th Development Plan, it is very important to improve the status of women and a suitable position for women and family was considered in this program. Creating suitable job opportunities to attract unemployed graduates, which has increased as a result of the increase in the number of girls entering universities, paying attention to female heads of the household, self-headed and abusive women, reducing divorce, increasing the facilitation of marriage, the possibility of facilitating the entry of women into higher academic degrees such as Ph.D. Specialization and serious attention to improving the quality of women's health is one of the issues that should be given serious attention in the future. As a result, it is in accordance with the theories of gender justice, which is often equated with the concept of gender equality. But in reality, they are two separate concepts. Gender equality refers to equal life opportunities for women and men, which includes the ability to participate in the public sphere. Gender equality focuses on fair participation in education, the labor market, health services and politics. Legal reform is one of the key and important tools in the fight for equality. Gender equality does not necessarily ensure equality of outcomes; because it assumes that when barriers to participation are removed, there will be a level playing field for both sexes, and it does not consider that men and women may have different realities and experiences. Therefore, the concept of gender justice is raised. Gender justice refers to justice in life outcomes for women and men. As a result, it thinks beyond equal opportunities, reminds the need to change attitudes, emphasizes the different interests, preferences and needs of men and women, and emphasizes the need to redistribute power and resources. This paper examines the gender policies governing Iran's employment development programs before and after the revolution. Which is using qualitative content analysis. The purpose of this study shows that there are several elements and propositions of gender discourses in the set of employee development programs of Iran before and after the revolution.

The above paper is a documentary and library study. The research method used is of the secondary analysis type and is mostly done by using library data and using sites and the general population and housing censuses and registration information. The data used are second-hand data and partly third-hand data. According to the type of data, the study is descriptive and analytical. In this paper, due to the limitation of census information, that part of the gender analysis of employment based on Iran's development programs before and after the revolution and population and housing statistics has been used to some extent from registration data.

The results obtained from the employment status of women show that during different years before the revolution and even after the revolution, the changes in women's employment did not experience a regular upward or downward trend. Comparing the employment of women and men also shows superiority the regularity of men in the labor market during the statistical survey was from (1956-2020). Also, the unstable trend of development in the employment of women and men, especially women, shows that with the smallest changes in economic conditions, a large part of the female labor force has left the market. This issue is not only from an economic point of view but also from a social point of view. It also has adverse consequences for society. The current state of Iran's labor market, including its high unemployment rate, and low participation rate, shows limited employment generation. That the set of policies, laws, and regulations in the field of employment did not have the necessary efficiency. A review of each of the development programs in Iran shows that the issue of "gender justice" has been neglected and has faced shortcomings in its application and implementation. In the development programs before the Islamic revolution, the statesmen's view of development was purely economic. It was believed that the movement towards development begins with the growing trend of the growth of the national gross product. By dividing the population into two semi-urban and rural, the semi-urban brought new values following the increasing contact with the outside world.

In terms of the period, the approval authorities in the fields of employment, diversity, transformation, decline, and rise. In other words, while in the development programs, there have been things such as equal pay, insurance, equal working hours, and expertise for the employment of women and men. In some cases, policymakers have paid attention to things such as wage equality, skill-oriented, empowerment and structural changes in women's employment, and in general, by using the theory of Giddens, Barry, Tocqueville, Bloomberg, it can be seen that there are approaches to create jobs for women and men, change the structure, identified equality, development, dignity, economic power in the documents of Iran's employment development programs. That a diverse set of macroeconomic policies and active and inactive labor market policies have been implemented with the purpose and motivation of creating employment. Which have different and diverse positive and negative, strong and weak consequences and functions. The results of women's employment status show that during different years before the revolution and even after the revolution, the changes in women's employment did not experience a regular upward or downward trend.

The processes of urban growth, industrialization, and the collapse of former social formations have weakened the importance and influence of traditional and hereditary rules and conventions, and in this way, space has been opened for other sources of meaning, such as gender, and over time, researchers' attention has been drawn to the study of the city. And the gender has turned. The number and variety of scientific articles published in the field of city and gender is one of the signs of researchers' tendency towards this concept. This article, with a meta-analysis approach, has reviewed related articles that either mention the two concepts of city and gender in the title or keywords, and have been done until 1399 and 2020. Meta-analysis is actually the analysis of analyses. That is, the analysis of a large set of results of individual studies, which is done with the aim of integrating the findings. The multi-dimensional view and the use of composite indicators in conducting the reviewed researches have created the opportunity to be analyzed in three dimensions. The findings indicate that about half of the reviewed researches have used quantitative methods and the rest have used qualitative or mixed methods in data collection and analysis. In all domestic and foreign researches, the dimensions of "gender spaces, gender injustice and gender representation" have received the attention of city and gender researchers more than other dimensions, which includes more researches in the "gender spaces" dimension.

 The link between sciences, including disciplines such as psychology and social sciences, can bring practical and useful results for the society. In this regard, the current research examines the social and psychological structures of women in Tehran.

 The descriptive research method is a survey. The statistical population of the research by age group (14-50) in Niavaran and Molavi areas of Tehran is 370626 people and 384 people were selected as the research sample according to Cochran's formula. Independent t, Yeoman-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests and SPSS version 25 software at the level of 0.05 were used to analyze the data.

 The results showed that social structures and its components predict the psychological level of people in that society (P<0.05).

 It seems that paying attention to the psychological status of people according to different levels of society is one of the important points that can be considered in planning.

Research has shown that lifestyle components can be associated with human health and osteoporosis can endanger health, especially in women; Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between lifestyle and osteoporosis in women.

The research method is survey and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the present study in the 17th and 4th districts of Tehran is 253,360, of which 382 samples were selected based on random sampling. Independent t-test, Human Whitney, Wilcoxon were used to analyze the data.

Findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between lifestyle and osteoporosis (p <0.001).

It seems that lifestyle should be given more importance during adolescence, especially female adolescents, because lifestyle changes during adolescence play an important preventive role in the development of osteoporosis in adulthood. Therefore, it is suggested that more research be done in this regard to increase the external credibility of the research.

Religiosity is a fundamental factor in socialization and intellectual coherence, practicality and orientation in solving problems and phenomena and social issues, and thus a factor in improving the social health of individuals. Regarding the importance of the discussion of social health, the present study uses a field method, scanning technique, questionnaire tool, and SPSS and Smart PLS software to answer the main question. Whether between different dimensions of religiosity and social health Is there a relationship between the female head of household in Rasht? The statistical population of the present study is female head of household in Rasht, whose number is 26000 according to the latest statistics. The results of the research indicate that between the total amount of religiosity (0.33) and its dimensions, the consequences dimension (P=0.22), religious dimension (P=0.39), belief dimension (P=0.36) There is a positive, direct, and meaningful correlation between social and economic factors (P=0.25) and cognitive dimension (P=0.34). Therefore, all research hypotheses are rejected. The results of the Smart PLS structural equation model also showed that the total effect of the independent variable religiosity on the social health of female head of household is 0.57.

Changing the place of service is one of the methods of human resources management in organizations. The present research reconstructs semantically the movement of the staff of Iran Law Enforcement Forces to operational areas and its consequences using survey method. The research field includes all the relocated staff of Iran Law Enforcement forces who were in Hormozgan in 2020-2021. After conducting semi structured interviews with 40 of them, the data were analyzed using the systematic method of Strauss and Corbin. 129 initial codes, 41 minor categories, 13 major categories and 1 core category (structure-agency) were extracted from data coding and gathered into a paradigm as causal, intervening, and contextual conditions, strategies, and outcomes. Causal conditions included human resources of an organization, sense of organizational discrimination, and network of organizational support variables; contextual conditions included geographical relocation, and source-destination homogeneity; intervening conditions included the network of family support, and family's structural demand. In a dialectical relationship between structure and agency, the relocated staff adjusted themselves using family, economic, psychological, and communicational approaches. From the staff's point of view, structure and agency dialectics brings with itself unpleasant outcomes and consequences for their lives in social, domestic, organizational-occupational, and environmental aspects. To remedy and improve the situation, measures based on the modification of the transfer procedure, aside from local hiring, and elimination of deprivation in operational areas, some tactics are suggested to make relocation guide, organizational support, and proper family assistance more humanized to reduce occupational and environmental tensions.

Discourses on employment of women entail certain methods that individuals and groups stick to when talking about the need or no need, musts and must-nots about employing women in the society. This paper has picked up the theory and method of discourse analysis based on Laclau and Mouffe theory to develop a comparative study between Imam Khomeini’s views and other common discourses concerning employment of women to extract similarities and distinctions. Our statistical population is historical texts on purposely selected intellectual schools. Findings indicate that pro-women employment discourses chiefly place emphasis on self-sufficiency of women, whereas the opposing discourses invoke natural differences and argue that employment of women disrupts family order. In the midst of these two discourses, Imam Khomeini’s discourse is based on Islamic teachings, the hegemony of which in the area of employment of women, has had immense consequences in safe and calm entry of women into employment centers and at the same time, settling women’s multi-faceted roles in family and career.

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease and a silent and asymptomatic disease until a decrease in bone density leads to fractures; Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of osteoporosis in married women in districts 4 and 17 of Tehran.

The research method is survey and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the present study in the 17th and 4th districts of Tehran is 253,360, of which 382 samples were selected based on random sampling. Independent t-test, Human Whitney, Wilcoxon were used for data analysis.

 The results showed that vitamin D deficiency - eating habits - clinical diagnosis has a significant relationship with osteoporosis.

It can be stated that women through sun exposure to absorb more calcium and make vitamin D according to the results of regular physical activity and adequate intake of calcium and vitamins as well as a positive family history of osteoporosis and overweight has been observed. The most common method for determining bone density is to scan the bone density or measure the amount of X-ray absorption (DXA). In this rapid and minimally invasive scan, the bone density in the pelvis and spine is assessed. How much is affected or prone to osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease and a silent and asymptomatic disease until a decrease in bone density leads to fractures; Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of osteoporosis in married women in districts 4 and 17 of Tehran. The research method is survey and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the present study in the 17th and 4th districts of Tehran is 253,360, of which 382 samples were selected based on random sampling. Independent t-test, Human Whitney, Wilcoxon were used for data analysis.  The results showed that vitamin D deficiency - eating habits - clinical diagnosis has a significant relationship with osteoporosis. It can be stated that women through sun exposure to absorb more calcium and make vitamin D according to the results of regular physical activity and adequate intake of calcium and vitamins as well as a positive family history of osteoporosis and overweight has been observed. The most common method for determining bone density is to scan the bone density or measure the amount of X-ray absorption (DXA). In this rapid and minimally invasive scan, the bone density in the pelvis and spine is assessed. How much is affected or prone to osteoporosis.

Social science research examines the relationships between different variables with respect to social issues; In this regard, the present study investigates the sociology of improving body management and its relationship with lifestyle in body consumption.

The research method is survey and the data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the study by age group (14-50) in Niavaran and Molavi districts of Tehran is 370,626 people and 384 people were selected as the research sample according to Cochran's formula. Independent t-test, Human Whitney and Wilcoxon tests and SPSS software version 25 at the level of 0.05 were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that lifestyle, improved body management, mass media had an impact on women's consumption (P <0.05).

It seems that body consumption is higher among women than men, and since body management should be considered in terms of health for men, the health organization should take measures to increase body management in men.

Research on health and body management and with the advent of the new age and consumer society, the appearance of the body has become very important for people in society; In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of general health in the management of male body athletes.

In this study, in order to determine the sample size, the Cochran's formula of 381 samples was used as a multi-stage cluster sampling for an unlimited community. Independent t-test and Human Whitney were used for data analysis and SPSS software version 25 at the level of 0.05.

The results show that there is a significant relationship between general health of athletes's body management (P <0.05).

General health seems to play an important role in body management components. In this regard, it is suggested that more studies be done to increase the external credibility of the research.

 The physical and psychological health of people in society is of fundamental importance; In this regard, the aim of this research is to investigate the social mechanisms of young athletes in terms of physical and psychological health.

 In this research, in order to determine the sample size, Cochran's formula of 381 samples was used as a multi-stage cluster sampling for an unlimited population. Ajmon independent t and Yeoman-Whitney statistics were used for data analysis and SPSS version 25 software was used at the level of 0.05.

 The research results show that there is a significant relationship between social mechanisms and physical and psychological health (P<0.05).

It seems that planning on social mechanisms can play an essential role in the physical and psychological health of young athletes. (P <0.05).

Recognizing the concept of committed democracy in political thought Dr. Ali Shariati Ali MirzaeeDr. Darab Fouladi Dr. Omid Ali Ahmadi Abstract:Ali Shariati as an intellectual in various fields in the field of contemporary Iranian thought has taken great steps and has appeared as an author thinker. The part of his intellectual production that has had a profound effect on the political and social developments of our country has been the introduction of the element of social responsibility and the concept of "commitment" to the dictionary of intellectuals and political action. To do this, he redefined politics and related concepts. In this research, researchers have examined the theoretical foundations and background of Shariati's reading of politics, especially the theory of ummah and imamate or committed democracy. In the meantime, the main question that has been the focus of the research is which macro-political approach has been influenced by Shariati in the conceptualization of committed democracy and what have been its theoretical consequences. Findings show that Shariati has been influenced by the social democracy approach in conceptualizing committed democracy and his attempt to integrate it with elements of the Shiite school is to present a theory of Imamate and redefining political concepts has led to this framework. In the process of conducting this research, the necessary information has been collected through the library method and has been inferred using a descriptive-analytical method.

As the foundation for making a living as well as a context to demonstrate human creativity and capabilities, job and employment have not been free from the effects of gender, age, and class throughout history. The boundaries of these social variables’ impacts are determined by the dominant discourse in each period in the historical trend and in a certain social-cultural texture through exercising existent social powers.By choosing discourse theory and analysis based on Laclau and Murphy, the present research explores the history of women employment and its effects on individual and social lives of Iranian women and families. The present research is based on historical documents and data from different periods of Iran history: pre-modern, Qajar colonial economy, Pahlavi, and Islamic Revolution.The results show that in the discourse of Islamic Revolution - with “equality and non-similarity of rights for men and women” being its central signifier – a semantic system of signifiers, such as chastity and hijab, segregation by gender in professions and workplaces, and expectation for women to be at home, has been formed. Emphasis on a healthy and safe workplace along with simultaneous and tensionless playing of wife and mother’s role have made women employment in Iranian post-revolution period distinctive and better in comparison with Pahlavi Period and before.

The present research aims at the study of the social factors effective on the improvement of the organizational role of the employed women. By integrating theories of Giddens' structuration, social exchange, feministic theories and role conflict, the theoretical framework of the research offered a model to explain the transformations in an organization, motivations to role improvement, and women´s position on pyramid of organizational role.Explanation method was used for the research. Statistical community includes employed women at Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran. Sample size was 150 as calculated by random sampling based on Cochran's formula. Researcher-made questionnaire was used to gather data, and data processing was done using software.Results show that women are not present at higher levels of the organization and, despite the opportunities for their presence at the middle levels, the related role improvement during the employment period is less than %5. Pearson's correlation coefficient test showed that from different variables, including the number of successful exemplary women, support by the organization, and role transition, respectively had the most powerful correlation with the dependent variable. In multivariate regression analysis, job satisfaction, support by the organization, the number of successful exemplary women, role transition, and conditions of employment are the significant variables. And, net effect of job satisfaction variable on position improvement of the employed women is more than that of the independent variables. Multivariate regression could express %41 of the variable of job improvement of women. Thus, the results confirm the theoretical framework and