مقالات رزومه زهرا زارع

One of the concerns of virtual education during the Corona was the teaching of laboratory courses in universities, which made teaching and learning a challenge. The purpose of the research is to investigate the effect of virtual training in the plant physiology laboratory course on the academic progress and satisfaction of Biology students of Farhangian University.

The research method is observational-cross-sectional research with a descriptive-analytical approach. The statistical population is all the teacher-students of the bachelor's degree in biology education of Farhangian University, Shahid Beheshti Center, Tehran, who registered in the plant physiology lab in the first semester of 1400-1401 and were selected by the full number method. The educational content of the lesson was designed in a virtual way and taught in one academic semester for the statistical population. The measuring tools and methods of the variables included the researcher-made cognitive-skill test to evaluate academic progress and the researcher-made questionnaire of satisfaction. The validity of the instrument is considered through content validity and its reliability through Cronbach's alpha (0.85).

The findings show that plant physiology laboratory training in a virtual way has had an effect on increasing the grades of students and their satisfaction in the three areas of learning, knowledge, skills, and attitudes. The highest level of satisfaction was observed in the field of knowledge and the lowest level of satisfaction was observed in the field of skill.

It seems that with the appropriate design and explanation of a strategic plan, it is possible to deal with the challenges of virtual teaching of laboratory courses to a certain extent and provide the basis for improving the teaching and learning of students in laboratory courses in a virtual way.

Behavioral sensitivity in response to morphine injection is a suitable model for studying the neuronal substrates of behavioral plasticity that is associated with reward and opioid abuse. The lateral septum (SL) plays a vital role in the reward and learning processes. The LS nucleus contains GABAergic neurons, and the outputs of this region into the ventral tegmentum (VTA) precisely regulate the amount of released dopamine. In the present study, we investigated the effects of injection of GABAB receptor agonists and antagonists on behavioral sensitivity to morphine in the conditioned place preference (CPP) model. In this experimental study, male Wistar rats were divided into 17 groups. Doses of 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15 mg/kg of morphine were injected subcutaneously (S.C) into animals to determine effective and ineffective doses of morphine. An adequate amount of morphine was injected for 3 days to induce sensitization; after 5 days, CPP was performed with an ineffective dose of morphine. Doses of 1.5, 6, and 12 / µg/rat of agonist (baclofen) and antagonist (CGP35348) were injected into LS in the first 3 days of sensitization, 10 minutes before morphine injection. Baclofen at 6 µg/rat (p<0.05) and CGP35348 at 12 µg/rat (p<0.01) significantly reduced morphine sensitivity. GABAB receptors in the LS region can be an important target in the treatment of drug abuse.

Lead is a heavy metal and an environmental pollutant that affects the structure and performance of plants. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of lead on some morphological and anatomical features of Calendula officinalis, as ornamental plants are particularly important in terms of preventing pollutants from entering the food chain. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted with a completely random design and with three repetitions and applying treatments at the stage of 3-4 leaves. The treatments included control, lead with a low concentration of 2 mmol and high concentration of 3.5 mmol of lead. After about a month of plants planting, foliar spraying was done for a month with an interval of three days. The results of the research showed that plant length, root length and leaf length showed a significant difference with the application of lead heavy metal compared to the control. In stress, the leaf became smaller and the mesophyll parenchyma cells became less and thicker. The germination percentage of the seeds also showed a significant decrease compared to the control. Anatomical study of the stem also showed that while the diameter of the stem decreased, the number of vascular vessels decreased in severe stress, but they became larger in size. Although lead poisoning had some effects on the mentioned parameters in seedlings, these seedlings tolerated the effects of poisoning and were able to tolerate 2 mM concentration of lead.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the "Brain-Based Learning" teaching method on the level of learning biology in students' cognitive, skill and emotional domains. The method of this research is quasi-experimental with two groups of control and experimental. The statistical population includes 11th-grade female students in Tehran's 13th district in the 2019-2020 academic year. A total of 52 individuals from the statistical population were selected by the purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to two groups. The instruments for measuring the variables were the researcher-made cognitive-skill test and the researcher-made attitude questionnaire. The validity of the researcher-made instrument was determined using the opinions of expert teachers and their reliability was determined by retesting. Statistical tests (t-test, Mann-Whitney, and Chi-square index) were used by SPSS26 to evaluate and analyze the hypotheses. The results showed that teaching in a "brain - based learning" method compared to the usual method increased students' scores in cognitive and skill areas and improved their attitudes in emotional domain in Biology lesson at a statistical level of 5% (P>0.05). These results demonstrate the role and importance of brain-compatible teaching methods in learning.

The aim of this study was to develop and validate an instructional design model based on the principles of flipped learning using a qualitative action research method. The initial model was formulated of data collected from semi-structured interviews with 12 experts in flipped learning. The initial model then evaluated, validated and modified based on data collected from interviews with seven number of those experts. In the next step, sixth grade science lesson plans designed based on this model and through focused group meetings with ten elementary school teachers familiar with flipped learning. The initial model modified according to teachers’’ feedbacks when designing lesson plans. The developed lesson plans were implemented during the school year to evaluate the model based on the researcher's observations and students' feedback. The insights obtained of this evaluation were also used to improve the model. The flipped learning design model developed from the present study describes the process of instructional design in three stages including analysis and needs assessment, design and development, implementation and evaluation. In the first stage, the learners' characteristics, curriculum documents, and situation / environment are analyzed in order to gain insights that are important to illuminate the next steps. The decisions about instructional objectives, organizing instructional materials and resources, and designing the environment are made by the next stage, design and development. The third stage is the implementation and evaluation stage which includes a set of activities that are done in three conditions including before the classroom (such as sharing instructional resources and materials, and the expectations from learners), during the classroom (such as assessment of assignments and tasks, and providing feedback) and after the classroom (such as introducing additional sources and materials and providing questions for reflection). The flipped instructional design developed from this research has the potential to applied by instructional designers and teachers as a practical guide.

Chicory (Cichorium intybus L) is an important medicinal plant with valuable secondary metabolites. Chicory callus is a good source for the production and extraction of metabolites of this plant. In this study, chicory callus changes were investigated about some morphological and biochemical characteristics to obtain the best hormonal treatment. Healthy seedlings were prepared from sterile chicory seeds in ½ MS culture medium. Stem, leaf, and root explants were prepared from seedlings and used for culture in liquid MS and 2,4-D, BAP, and kinetin hormones at concentrations of 0.5, 0.75, and 1 mg / l were cultured. The results showed that callus was yellow and green to dark brown and callus texture also showed from weak and soft to firm. The highest percentage of callus (76.22%) related to leaf explant and treatment 2,4-D (0.5mg / L), the highest amount of fresh weight of callus (7.30 g), and dry weight of callus (0.077 g) In leaf explant and Kin treatment (0.75 mg / L), the highest amount of chlorophyll a, b and total was related to leaf and BAP hormone treatment (0.75 mg / L). The highest amount of carotenoids was related to root explant and Kin (1 mg / L). In general, the interactions of hormones and explants affect different callus-forming characteristics and these effects depend on the type of explants and the concentration of growth regulators, and the greatest effect was observed in leaf explant culture.

The research purpose is to determine the adaptation degree of the content of the biology book based on Guilford's creativity factors. The method is a descriptive-survey type of content analysis. The statistical papulation is the 11th grade biology book and the study sample is the book botanical content. The research tool is the content analysis form by the researcher according to Guilford's model of creativity factors. A four-stage coding scheme was used for content analysis. In the first stage, the content was divided into four parts (text, assignments and activities, pictures and tables). In the second, Guilford's four categories of creativity, including cognitive memory, convergent thinking, divergent thinking, and evaluative thinking, were defined. at Third, the units were matched with the desired classes and recorded in the relevant tables. at fourth, units at different levels of creativity were identified and counted. validity of the research tool was calculated based on the opinions of education experts and the reliability was calculated with the Holstein formula (0.91). The results showed more attention was paid to cognitive memory and convergent thinking levels in the studied sample, while the contents of divergent thinking content were at appropriate level and evaluative content was at a low level. Although the content dedicated to memory-cognitive thinking and convergent thinking has a higher level, the level of divergent content in new books has also grown appropriately and provides creativity. it seems necessary to pay attention to divergent thinking and evaluative thinking in preparing the contents of this section.

Calendula officinalis L. belongs to Asteraceae and is an ornamental and medicinal plant. Since diagnosis of medicinal plants growth under different irrigation conditions and drought stress can be a guide for growing plants in dry and low water conditions, the aim of this study was investigating of the effects of drought stress on morphological characteristics and quercetin amount, in different stages of plant growth of C. officinalis L. This research was conducted in Gorgan in a completely randomized factorial design, each treatment with 3 replications. The experimental treatments included three levels of stress (no stress, mild stress and severe stress) in pots under greenhouse conditions, at vegetative, pre-flowering, flowering, and fruiting stages. After determining the soil field capacity in the pots, the water content was calculated for control pots, and then its content was set at 2/3 for mild and 1/3 for drought stress. The pots were irrigated with the specified amount. After the treatments, plants were pulled from soil and their morphological traits including plant height, root length, stem length, leaf length, number of flowers, and flower diameter were measured. Moreover, their predominant flavonoid production (quercetin) was measured by liquid chromatography. Statistical analysis was performed SPSS software and means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level. The results showed decreased plant height, leaf number and area and flower number and diameter, and increased root length by decreasing of soil moisture content at all stages of growth. The amount of quercetin increased in mild stress condition and decreased in severe stress condition at flowering and fruiting stages. The highest level of quercetin (59.11 mg g-1 dry weight) was belonged to mild drought stress at fruiting stage and the lowest level (41.05 mg g-1 dry weight) was belonged to severe drought stress at flowering stage. It can be concluded that plants produce more secondary metabolites in response to stress, and in severe stress, they produce fewer secondary metabolites due to lower plant growth rate.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the method of teaching concept map as a new strategy in teaching-learning biology course. The method used in this research is quasi-experimental (independent two-group design). A documentary method has been used to collect the theoretical foundations and research literature, and a questionnaire (researcher-made written exam) has been used to evaluate research hypotheses and assess the amount of learning. The statistical population of this study includes all male students of the third year of experimental sciences in Kerman in the academic year 2017-2018, in the number of 385 people. By cluster sampling, the sample size was selected and divided into control and experimental groups. Lectures were used for the control group and teaching methods were used for the experimental group using researcher-made concept maps. In order to analyze the data in this research, statistical methods and SPSS software have been used. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the control and experimental groups in academic achievement. Also, in two subscales, namely low levels and high levels of Bloom, the students in the experimental group showed a noticeable and better progress. It seems that Biology teachers use this method to achieve deep and fast learning as well as achieving higher levels of cognition and abstract thinking in students.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of the curriculum of biology Education at Farhangian University. The method of data collection in this study is documentary and survey.The dimensions studied are research-oriented, problem-centered, classroom management, active teaching methods, evaluation skills, and the benefit of scientific discussions. The statistical population of the study consisted of all male and female student biology Education (input 2015), Farhangian University. The data collection tool was a questionnaire designed by the researchers and completed by the statistical community after confirming its validity and reliability. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics by one-way t-test and SPSS software. The results showed that students' satisfaction with the quality of the curriculum was at a moderate level. But in terms of evaluation skills and classroom management, students were more satisfied with the other components. In the problem-oriented components and active teaching methods, the curriculum at the qualitative level was almost close to average and was somewhat unsatisfactory, and in terms of the research-oriented components and the use of scientific topics, it was somewhat unsatisfactory at the qualitative level. And from the perspective of student teachers, the curriculum of biology education at Farhangian University needs to be changed, refined, and revised.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of teaching by lesson study method of teachers on increasing students' grades in biology topics of experimental sciences. The statistical sample of this study is 128 female students in the eighth grade of school who were divided into two groups of experiments (teaching by lesson study method) and control (teaching by traditional method). To achieve this goal, a research tool including a researcher's academic achievement test has been developed. The validity of the academic achievement test was confirmed by teachers and professors of educational sciences and experts in biology. And its reliability was calculated based on Cronbach's alpha and was performed as posttest on two groups of students. In this study, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyze the data using SPSS software. The results showed that teaching by lesson study of teachers increase students' grades in the biology topics of the experimental science course.

5E teaching method or structuralism is a theory derived from philosophical social movement of postmodernism in the 20th century. This method, is considered as the major five stages to conduct structuralism pattern consisting of engagement, exploration, explanation, extension, and evaluation. The aim of this research is to determine the difference resulted by 5E teaching method in 6 dimensions of cognitive domain (knowledge, understanding, application, analysis, combination and evaluation) of learning of biology lesson. The technique used in it is qwasi- experimental (independent, two- group (experimental and control) with post-test). The statistical universe of this research consists of all ten th grade boy high school students Khalkhal during 1395-96. In order to gather theoretical bases and the literature of this research, documental technique as well as other related studies were used while questionnaire technique (researcher-made written test) was employed to evaluate hypotheses. Regarding the abnormality of data, the non-parametric test of Mann-Whithney was uses and to analyze and evaluate the hypotheses the spss-21 statistical software was employed. The results showed, there is a meaningful difference between the control and experimental groups in this regard, by using 5E method. These results show the role and importance of employing 5E in teaching.

Ocimum basilicum L.from Lamiaceae is used as a herb, spice and fresh vegetable. Since medicinal plants have different reactions to drought stress in the production of effective compounds, Diagnosis of medicinal plants growth under different irrigation conditions and drought stress can be a guide for growing plants in dry and low water conditions. Therefore, in order to evaluate the effect of drought stress on morphological characteristics and essential oil content, especially linalool, in different stages of plant growth of Basil plant, a completely randomized factorial design was carried out in 3 replications. The experimental treatments included three levels of dryness (no stress, mild stress and severe stress) in potted conditions, in vegetative, pre-flowering, flowering and fruit-growing stages. The results showed that drought stress had a significant effect on evaluated characteristics. So, with decreasing of soil moisture content, plant height, number and leaf area, decreased in all stages of growth and Stem diameter increased at all stages, especially in severe stress and root length, increased during flowering stage. In reproductive stages, drought stress caused a significant reduction in the number of flowers than the control. Extreme stress in flowering and fruiting stages has had decrease in the amount of essential oil production, especially linalool. However, mild stress showed increase in the production of these compounds in both steps. The highest percentage of essential oil was related to mild drought stress at flowering stage and the highest amount of linalool was due to mild drought stress in the fruiting stage.

Lippia citriodora H.B.K. was imported in Iran for food and medical industry. In this research due to essential oil composition and antifungal activity, the aerial parts of plant in before and after flowering satages were collected from the field in Khuzestan in June 2011. The Essential oils were obtained by hydro distillation (Clevenger apparatus) and were analyzed by (GC) and (GC - MS). To measure antimicrobial activity, the methanolic extracts of these organs were prepared by percolation method and antimicrobial activity were measured against four gram-positive and negative strains of bacteriaand two fungi starins by disk diffusion method in inhibition zone diameter. Results were showed that the geraniol (35.78%) and zingiberene (19.9%) were the main compounds of essential oil in before flowering, althought the davanone (36.4%) and p-cymene (16.5%) were predominant components in after flowering stage. The tested fungi and gram-positive bacteria were showed higher sensitivity to the concentrations of plant extracts than gram-negative bacteria. In addition, the antimicrobial effects increased with increasing concentrations of the extracts. There was no significant difference between the degree of antimicrobial activity of vegetative and reproductive extracts.

The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important agricultural plants in the world. It is propagated predominantly by asexual methods. The traditional methods for asexual propagation of the plant faced important problems. Therefore, the seed tubers can be replaced by micro tubers produced by tissue culture. The aim of this study is search about effect of different concentrations of CaCL2 and MgSO4 in media culture In vitro in histological - cellular variations of the microtubers. In this study solid and liquid MS media were used to prepare sterilized seedlings and micro tuberization.The concentrations of 0, 1/2, 1, 3/2 and 2 times more than standard concentrations of the mentioned compounds in MS medium were used in separate induction media . Induction was done in the alternating photoperiod. In order to the developmental and anatomical studies cross sections of microtubers was prepared and studied by light microscopy.The number of cell rows, the dimensions of the cells and the starch content of the parenchymal tissues of microtuber were analyzed. the results showed significant variations in histological features of the microtubers developed in media containing different concentrations of macronutrients. CaCL2 with concentrations of 0.5 to 1 time more than standard concentration in MS medium yielded maximum number of cell rows and maximum starch granules content. However, the presence of a minimum amount of magnesium is essential for the formation of the micro tubers. But there is no statistically significant effect on cellular changes of microtubers and starch content.

The purpose of this research is to uncover the effect of e- learning education with emphasis on the use of smart boards on motivation and academic achievement of the students in the Biology lesson and to compare it with lecture method. The method of this study is quasi-experimental (two-group design: experiment and control) and the statistical population of this study includes all boys who are studying in the tenth grade of empirical sciences of Secondary School in Borujen in the academic year 1395-1396. The documentary method was used to collect the theoretical foundations and literature, and to evaluate the hypotheses, a questionnaire (made written exam) was used to measure the educational achievement , Hartler's standard educational motivation questionnaire was used to measure academic motivation. To analyze and evaluate the hypotheses, statistical software spss21 was used. Regarding the normality of the data, a parametric test of the difference between two groups (independent T) was used. According to the findings, there is a significant difference between the students of the control and experiment group in educational motivation and achievement of Biology lesson . Th results show the role and importance of e-learning specially using smart boards in teaching.

The use of active teaching methods transforms learning into a two-way/reciprocal flow and enhances the students' skills; The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of structuralism approach in the field of teaching on the understanding of students in the domain of biology learning (the related topic is heart for the 10th grade of students in the city of Khash). The method used in this research is a semi-experimental design of the unequal control group. In this method, a test group and a control group were selected. The test group consisted of the students who participated in the class of teaching structuralism methodology of biology and the control group consisted of the students who participated in the classroom in a traditional way. The statistical community of this research includes all female students who study in the 10th grade, Khash city, during the academic year of 2016-2017. The results showed that the educational progress of the biology of the experimental group by the structuralism approach was more than the control group and the difference between their means was significant. Also, in subscale of conceptual understanding, students in the experimental group had better progress.

by a total sight we can find out the new education system needs.these needs are going to be more operational as educations and learning these days. to achieve these goals which make students understand better we have to use action base new methods instead of those passive education methods. in this article we have suggested some of these skills and basic techniques, specially in science. for example we can name techniques like: using poster, traffic light system, visualization, peer set question,... that i'll explain them widely. We need some backgrounds to do these methods as good as possible; work in a group, be good at writing, have consideration and concentration. Teachers have to help their students to achieve these backgrounds from basic levels; for being more operational. we can not separate these methods completely, and it's better to use them together. so we can improve the students skills in different dimensions.

Educational organizations the task of providing a foundation for the development of creativity and innovation and use the talents and abilities of people are responsible. That the development of cultural, economic and social society. Education is the most important educational institution by generating creative content can affect about. The research method is descriptive - survey content analysis and practical. The population of this research includes the content of plant part of tenth biology book. the population of this research includes content of plant part of tenth Biology Book. sample size is selected equals The population size. The research instrument was a self-made content analysis form base on Guildford Creativity pattern .To analyze the content is encoded using. This work is done in 3 steps. The first step is encoded Questions and activity books. Next, all the units of creativity index is matched Guildford and the table recorded. All the units in the third stage in accordance with the pattern Guildford were identified and counted. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. plant part of this book Emphasizes on Cognitive memory and Convergent thinking and Less attention has been on divergent thinking and evaluation.

Creativity is an important factor in life and also entrepreneurship, job creation and problem solving abilities is based on increasing the skills and capabilities of individuals. Capacity also depends on the creativity and the application of new ideas.so The spirit of inquiry and ideas in various disciplines, including biology that contributes to solving major issues in today's world, both in social and environmental terms is essential. Today has been proven the boost of creativity is teaching based ,then traditional ways of teaching biology is a serious challenge in this area .The aim of this study is to provide solutions for strenthen creative and idea making education with an eye to the future in teaching. Library method for data gathering and the analytical approach is used for this study. Strengthen the application of "observation based" method rather than mere " class based" in biology education, teaching and application of inductive teaching based on motivational techniques in biology teaching is the most important finding of this study

The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important agricultural plants in the world. Today, potato is the fourth most important food crop in the world after wheat, rice and corn. It is propagated predominantly by asexual method (tubers and minitubers). However, propagation by true seed is primarily used for breeding purposes (enhancement of breeding populations) and genetic studies. The traditional methods for asexual propagation of the plant face important problems including contamination of tubers and plants and decreased crops. Therefore, the seed tubers can be replaced by micrutubers produced by tissue culture. In this study solid and culture media used for produce of sterile plantlets and microtuberization. The aim of this study is search about effect of different concentrations of NH4NO3 and KNO3 in media culture Invitro in histological/ cellular variations of the microtubers. The concentrations of 0, 1/2, 1, 3/2 and 2 times more than standard concentrations of the above mentioned compounds in MS medium were used in separate induction media. The results showed that the alternating light and darkness is more suitable for the variety Agria and the samples kept in absolute darkness demonstrated no microtuberization in this study. Sections for light microscopy were prepared from microtubers in each sample after their dimensions were measured and morphological studies carried out. The aim was to study the histological aspects of samples. The number of cell rows, the dimensions of the cells and the starch content of the parenchymal tissues of microtuber's pulp and the cortex were analyzed. The results again showed significant variations in histological features of the microtubers developed in media containing different concentrations of macronutrients. In this study, KNO3 with concentrations of 1.5 times more than standard concentration in MS medium yielded maximum number of cell rows and maximum starch granules content which were proportional to the average dimensions of microtubers. NH4NO3, with concentrations of 1/2 to 1 time more than standard concentrations in MS medium yielded a better differentiation of parenchymal tissues than other concentrations.