دکتر رضا الوندی

Urban management, with the aim of thinking and planning on how to improve the current situation of a city and its citizens, tries to represent a good perspective for the future development and progress. Traditional urban water management in the Qajar period, despite its gradual awareness of modern management models on an international scale, was inefficient in developing the water supply networks in Tehran and unable to equip the city's water structures with modern systems. There are fundamental ambiguities about the underdevelopment and the roots of this inefficiency. This article employs an analytical approach and an explanatory-interpretive method in order to pathology the roots of the underdevelopment of urban water management and water structures in Tehran in the Qajar period. The authors tried to answer this question that why the water supply network of Tehran during the Qajar period was not adjusted despite the growing awareness of the government officials about the modern urban water management in other countries. The results showed that the lack of clear laws and structural and administrative interference, as well as the preference of personal interests over public interests, parasitism and "crisis escape" policy when Tehran water problems occured, were serious and fundamental harms that hinder the efficiency of urban water management and development of sustainable water supply networks.

The history and ancestry of clans and tribes is one of the most important historical and social issues of Iran. There is a deep disagreement about the ancestry and historical past of Gharagozlous, a tribe that inhabited in Hamadan in the past. There is not enough information to the question when and how and from which tribe of Torks they were branched. Among the studies about their origin and ancestry there are huge disagreements. This research in an analytical and explanatory way and by criticizing different viewpoints about Gharagozlou,s origin, tries to find a reasonable answer to the question and fill the gap about their chronicle. The results of the research show that Gharagozlou,s were a little branch of Bighdeli tribe and this tribe as Oghoz Torks entered Iran platean in Salgughid,s period.

The military tribes are one of the important phenomena during the political and social history of Iran which have been intertwined with the society and government from ancient to contemporary periods.It is impossible to study the history of this territory without knowing these tribes; Since some of them have had an active role in political and military terms ,there existed a particular relationship among them and the reign. Although the historians have tried to clarify the influential figures of the tribunal clans,little studies have been conducted about some of these clans.  That is why still there exist a layer of dust on some parts of the history of our country.  One of these clans which deserves a historical study is the local clan of Gharaguzlu. By casual determination and relying on the historical data and library evidence,this research aims to specify the emergence of Gharaguzlus in the political events and their military role up to Afsharian period. The research results indicate that Gharaguzlu with a tribunal nature which had been emerged from within a big military tribe and from the very beginning had military power,maintained it's position against enemies in this way.