مقالات رزومه دکتر مریم قاسمی

Border villages are among the most sensitive and strategic parts of the country that have unique and unique characteristics in various economic, social, political, cultural and security aspects. Migration of rural inhabitants of the border will deprive these regions of the productive and protective population of the country and create problems in the destination of migration.

the present study aims to measure the tendency of households to migrate to the border villages of Torbat-Jam city which is more 95% of them are Sunnis.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and it is applied-developmental. Documentation and field data were collected using a questionnaire. The sample size is 214 Sunni households residing in 17 villages 10 km from the Iran-Afghanistan border.

Studied Areas: 

The geographical area of this research is the villages located 10 kilometers from the Iran-Afghanistan border in Torbat-e Jam County of Razavi Khorasan province according to the country divisions of 2015 and before the separation of Saleh Abad County.

The results show that the mean tendency to migrate construct is 1.98 lower than the theoretical average and is low in the Likert spectrum. This is due to the religious dualism of the destination with the source of immigration, which creates a large social cost for the migrant at the destination. Therefore, among the inhabitants of the border villages of the city, migration as a defensive strategy in the face of livelihood challenges and the latest strategy to achieve Minimal living standards.

This study showed that only the existence of some deprivations does not cause migration, because for the Sunni villagers living on the border, cultural reasons (living in birth place and with people of the same religion) cause a low desire to migrate. Since the population in the border villages is considered as a strategic reserve of the country, it is an inevitable necessity to try to solve the livelihood problems, especially considering the low desire of the residents to migrate and the relative stability of the population.

Flood hazards in Iran annually inflict significant damages on rural areas, particularly impacting the housing sector. Consequently, focusing on the physical resilience of rural housing is essential due to its heightened vulnerability to floods. This study aims to assess the level of physical resilience of rural dwellings in Dargaz county facing floods and examine the influential contextual factors. The research, characterized by an applied purpose and a descriptive-analytical nature, relies on field surveys. The structure of physical housing resilience is quantified across five components: spatial, legal, structural, functional, and perceptual resilience, utilizing 36 indicators within the Likert spectrum. Following preliminary exploratory studies, nine villages with the highest flood vulnerability in the city were identified as the research sample. At the time of the 1399 study, these villages housed 1514 residential units, with 225 units determined as the sample using the Cochran's formula. The research tool was completed with the assistance of household heads. The reliability of the questionnaire, assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient in the resilience structure, was 0.95, indicating a desirable level. Results indicated that the overall average of physical housing resilience (excluding the legal dimension) and the resilience structure was significantly lower than the theoretical average, falling within the low to moderate range. Furthermore, as residence duration and the age of homeowners in the village increased, the physical resilience of housing showed a weakening trend. Conversely, increased years of education and income were associated with a higher level of physical housing resilience, albeit with weak intensity.

With the spread of Covid-19, the demand for tourism decreased to a minimum. As a result, tourism businesses suffered from much damage, including a reduction in tourist stay, a decrease in the sale of rural products, an increase in unemployment of tourism sector workers, a decrease in income and an increase in economic pressure that faced a lack of capital efficiency in the tourism sector. This issue is of particular importance in tourism destination villages due to the dependence of a large part of the residents' income on tourism; Therefore, the current study has examined the vulnerability of rural tourism businesses in the face of Covid-19.

The descriptive-analytical research method is of applied type. Field data collection was done in the spring of 2021 before the start of the seventh wave of Covid-19. The study area is Kalat-e Naderi county in Razavi Khorasan province. In this study, eight villages were identified and studied as tourist destinations with the help of cultural heritage experts and district administrations. The unit of analysis was 201 tourism business owners who had direct and indirect income from tourism before Covid-19. The situation of tourism businesses in two periods before and after the Covid-19 outbreak was investigated with the help of the Pseudo-panel method with six variables on a relative scale. Also, the damage caused to the tourism sector was quantified with the help of 18 indicators on an ordinal scale. Data analysis was done with the help of paired sample and single sample t-test, two independent samples, exploratory factor analysis, and one-way analysis of variance. The reliability of the questionnaires was checked with the help of Cronbach's alpha, and its coefficient was 0.81 for 18 indicators.

The average vulnerability of tourism businesses on the Likert scale has been evaluated as high, with 4.03. The vulnerability of mature businesses is 4.1 more than that of start-up businesses, with 3.9 and growing businesses at 3.8. The high age and low level of education of mature business owners can help explain the high vulnerability of mature businesses. Exploratory factor analysis divided the most significant damages of tourism businesses under five factors with 63% variance. A significant decrease in tourism demand with a 29.91% variance is the main damage to tourism businesses. Then they are: jeopardizing job security and investments, stopping the activities of the tourism sector, lack government support for tourism businesses and closure tourism businesses, respectively.

The outbreak of Covid-19 showed that tourism businesses are extremely vulnerable in the face of external crises, and the owners of these businesses suffered an economic shock. In such a situation, these businesses were left alone, with no plan for survival or reducing their vulnerability. About 40 percent of the surveyed businesses, which had income from the tourism sector before Covid-19, lost their income from the tourism sector altogether after the outbreak, and the organizations in charge of rural tourism could not play an effective role in the survival and increasing the resilience of tourism businesses. Therefore, it is necessary to play the active role of trustee institutions in adopting effective measures to increase the resilience of tourism businesses, especially in the villages of tourism destinations, in the face of external impulses.

 Changing the cultivation pattern of water-bearing crops to medicinal plants is emphasized by agricultural and rural experts due to the preservation of essential environmental resources and high added value. The present study deals with the feasibility of introducing four medicinal plants, pumpkin, black seed, asparagus, and cumin, in the cultivation pattern of farmers in Chenaran county.

 The descriptive research method is analytical, and the type of research is applied. In this study, 245 rural farmers in 16 villages were studied. 

 The farmers' acceptance of introducing medicinal plants into the cultivation pattern is low, so only 11% of the farmers had a great desire to cultivate the four proposed plants. Also, 98 percent of the farmers needed more technical knowledge in planting, growing, harvesting, processing, maintaining, and selling the proposed medicinal plants. The most important reason for farmers' failure to introduce medicinal plants into the cultivation pattern has been the government's lack of support for producing medicinal plants, drought, and problems related to the labor force. Agricultural land potential assessment showed that of the total area of 327,000 hectares in Chenaran county, 32% is suitable for cultivating asparagus, 11% for cultivating pumpkin, and 32% for cultivating cumin and black seeds.

 Since medicinal plant producers must be sure of guaranteed markets, it is necessary to increase the farmer's share in the potentially profitable value chain of the market by adopting appropriate strategies.

Innovation: 

One of the most important innovative and practical aspects of the research is to identify the degree of acceptance of farmers towards the cultivation of the proposed medicinal plants and the level of their technical knowledge in this field.

Iran is the fourth flood-prone country in the world in terms of vulnerability to floods, and Khorasan-Razavi province, in the north-east of Iran, is at a relatively high risk of flooding that suffer from damage caused by floods every year. This province is the first in the number of floods, the third in damage, and the sixth in casualties in the country, therefore, the annual flood causes extensive damage to the villagers, especially in the residential area. The present study examines the physical vulnerability of houses of rural households in Dargaz county in facing floods. The research method is descriptive, analytical, and based on field survey. The housing vulnerability structure is quantified in 6 components of body, content, superstructure, infrastructure, living space, facilities, and equipment using 18 indicators in the Likert spectrum. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.96 and favorable. In this study, out of all the villages affected by floods in the county, 9 villages that were most vulnerable to floods in Dargaz county were selected as samples. In total, these villages have 1514 residential units, of which 225 were selected as samples using Cochran's formula. The results showed that among the examined components, the average vulnerability of the infrastructure or foundation with a number of 2.55 is higher than other components. Although the level of physical vulnerability of houses of rural households in Dargaz county in the face of floods has been evaluated with an average of 2.16 less than the theoretical average and in the low to medium range, the amount of damage caused to 38 surveyed households is over 50%, which is not a low figure. Since it is not possible to completely protect against the flood risk, it is necessary to implement appropriate policies to reduce housing vulnerability when living in a flood-prone area.

Inevitably, inconsideration of the population evacuation of villages can have irreparable consequences for the human settlements. Analysis and identification of the qualities of this issue can greatly help planners and decisionmakers in the spatial planning domain to prevent full evacuation of population from rural settlements. The study at hand was an applied research project done using descriptive-analytical approach. The statistical population comprised of villages with less than 100 residents in Khorasan Razavi province from 1986 to 2016. Moran’s local spatial analysis was used to investigate the spatial dimensions, and arithmetic mean and skewed distribution were used to examine the direction and range of distribution. The results showed that in the 1986, 1996, 2006, and 2016 censuses, 92.2, 90.1, 94.8, and 79.9 percent of the villages evacuated in the previous decade have had lower than 100 residents. The results of Moran’s spatial autocorrelation analysis demonstrated that the distribution pattern of villages on the threshold of evacuation during these three decades is cluster-like. Moreover, the results of arithmetic mean and skewed distribution indicated that 68 percent of the villages that are on the threshold of population evacuation are within the oval domain, and except for the 1986-1996 period – when the distribution direction of villages on the threshold of evacuation has been northwest-southeast, the direct has been northeast-southwest from 1996 to 2016.

Agricultural marketing starts from production planning and continues to the last step after harvest, i.e. selling and gaining customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to identify factors developing tobacco marketing, considering the specialization of tobacco cultivation in Boghmach Rural District, Chenaran County. The research is a descriptive-analytical one. The statistical population of the study were tobacco producers and market agents in Boghmach. Based on Cochran’s Formula, 110 people were selected as the sample. Through extensive documentary and field studies, 29 factors were identified as promoting tobacco marketing in Boghmach and then surveyed using a five-point Likert scale questionnaire. The identified factors were categorized under 9 main components (with 72.5% of the total variance), using exploratory factor analysis. These components include, respectively, high capability of tobacco producers (14.6% of the variance), ending the monopoly of tobacco company (11.8% of the variance), specialization in cultivation, production and processing of tobacco (10.9% of the variance), existence of foreign market suitable for tobacco (8.5% of the variance), existence of domestic market suitable for tobacco (6.5% of the variance), tobacco processing at the origin (5.8% of the variance), relative agency of tobacco producers in the market (5.5% of the variance), government supervision over tobacco market (4.7% of the variance), and the capacity required to expand tobacco activity (3.7% of the variance). The results of Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) showed that, in terms of tobacco marketing, Boghmach is the main center for tobacco production in Chenaran and Razavi Khorasan Province, and it is the starting point of tobacco marketing in the province. Considering the production of 80% of Razavi Khorasan tobacco in Boghmach and the specialization of cultivation, it is suggested that appropriate planning be done for better marketing in the country and abroad based on the factors identified.

One of the main flows between urban and rural settlements is economic relations in the field of agriculture, which takes place by transferring the products produced to the urban market, followed by other existing flows (labor, people, capital, etc.). It affects. Spatial flows between urban and rural areas over time are key factors in the spatial evolution of rural settlements. These relationships, if complementary, lead to two-way operations and can pave the way for rural development. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to explain the pattern of rural-urban economic relations in Khorramabad city with emphasis on agriculture. The research method is descriptive-analytical and information has been collected through documentary and field methods. The unit of farmers' analysis was the sample villages of Khorramabad city. In this study, 22 villages were selected using the assigned classification and in each of them, the economic relations of 383 rural agricultural households were examined as a sample. In this study, 5 main components and 41 items were used to explain the pattern of rural-urban economic relations. Data were analyzed in SPSS software using one-way analysis of variance. Findings showed that in most components, rural-urban economic relations in Khorramabad city are mainly with Khorramabad city and the pattern of rural-urban economic relations in the field of agriculture is a special type of "domination relations" with an exploitative nature. "Shows the rural areas from the city of Khorramabad. In fact, the existing economic relations have not led to complementary rural-urban ties and have been established in a parasitic manner with the domination of the city of Khorramabad and in favor of the city.

AIn Iran, the risk of annual floods causes great damage to the villagers of the affected areas, especially in the housing sector. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to physical resilience due to the high vulnerability of rural housing in the face of floods. Based on this, the present study has investigated the optimal strategies for physical resilience of rural housing in the face of floods. The research method is descriptive-analytical based on documentary studies and field survey After initial exploratory studies, 9 villages in Dargaz city that were most vulnerable to floods were selected as a sample.data analysis was performed using two strategic planning instruments (SWOT-QSPM(. Due to the expertise of these two tools, the research questionnaire was completed with the help of 25 rural experts (Dehyar and members of the village Islamic council). Based on initial exploratory studies, 14 strengths and opportunities were identified as advantages and 18 weaknesses and threats as constraints on the physical resilience of rural housing in the face of floods. According to the final score IFE = 2.46 And EFE=2.41 "Defensive strategies" or at least - at least as focal strategies were selected to increase the physical resilience of rural housing. The overall goal of defensive strategies, or "survival strategies," is to reduce system weaknesses to reduce and neutralize threats. Based on the analysis performed in the QSPM matrix, among the defensive strategies of "Increasing residents' knowledge and awareness of the principles of standard construction in flood-prone areas", it has obtained the highest score of 2.637 and was selected as the first strategy.

The sustainable development of rural tourism requires the recognition and proper use of potentials and proper planning. Tourist attractions are one of the main elements of tourism without which it is difficult to create a demand for a tourist destination. Neishabur township is one of the main tourist destinations of Razavi Khorasan province with various natural and human rural tourism attractions. After Mashhad township, Neishabur has a special position of tourism in Razavi Khorasan province. However, until now, its diverse and valuable natural and human attractions have not received enough attention. In the present research, it has been tried to identify the axes of rural tourism by measuring the capacity of attractions. Identifying tourism potentials can provide good opportunities for the development of villages. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the field information was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire that was completed by 233 local experts. Data analysis and classification of villages was done using GIS and AHP model. For this purpose, 44 information layers including 15 natural attractions, 8 cultural attractions and 21 historical attractions were prepared and errors were corrected in the GIS environment. Appropriate weights were also determined with the help of Expert Choice. Then, by combining and overlapping the layers of information in the GIS environment, suitable areas were identified and the top priorities for the development of rural tourism were introduced separately for each type of attraction in Neishabur township. The results showed that the villages with high tourism potential are stretched in a strip from the northeast edge of the township to the northwest. The villages of Bozhan, Grineh, Yingjeh, Chekneh Olya, Klidar, Barzanun, Taqan, Eishabad, Ghar, Souqand, Hesar, and Deezbad Olya have more capabilities and need to be prioritized in tourism development programs. Also, 46.6% of the township area is in the very unsuitable class, 16.61% in the unsuitable class, 21.22% in the middle class, 14.81% in the suitable class and 0.74% in the very suitable class in terms of rural tourism attraction potential. If rural tourism is managed and planned in a suitable way with the dispersion and variety of attractions, it can lead to the process of sustainable development of rural and tourism.

Today, tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. Among the different types of tourism, nomadic tourism is one of the most unique types of tourism, which provides the opportunity for tourists to gain different experiences compared to other types and also increases the economic power of nomads. Despite the reception of this type of tourism by tourists during the last decade, the owners of nomadic ecotourism residences are facing many problems.The present study identifies the challenges faced by the owners of nomadic ecotourism residences/entrepreneurs of the Qashqai nomads of Fars province.The research method is descriptive and analytical. The unit of analysis is the owners of nomadic ecotourism residences. The research tool was the questionnaire and the field data collection method. In this study, 40 challenges under 10 main challenges were identified and investigated. At the time of the research, Fars province had 132 urban, rural and nomadic ecotourism residences, of which 15 were nomadic ecotourism residences. These residences are scattered in 10 cities of the province.The first and most important challenge facing nomadic ecotourism residences is the problem of providing capital with an average of 3.9. The second challenge is not paying attention to the environmental capacities with an average of 2.3 and the third challenge is the weakness in the required infrastructure such as transportation, communication and public infrastructure with an average of 1.3.

In rural areas, Covid-19 has, directly and indirectly, affected all aspects of rural society in the medium and short term. Thus, the economy of the tourist destination villages of Kalat county, which has a lot of dependence on tourism, has faced a severe recession due to the impact of Covid-19 and has been severely damaged. In general, based on the initial exploratory studies of the economy, these tourist destinations have faced the following problems:A) Decrease in tourism demand: Due to the impact of Covid-19, the number of tourists entering the rural tourism destinations of Kalat county has decreased significantly. The average annual number of tourists in Ortakand village has decreased from 200 thousand people to 10 thousand people, in Baba Ramzan village from 20 thousand people to 4 thousand people, and in Abgarm village, from 40 thousand people to less than 20 thousand people after the outbreak of Covid-19 which has created many problems for the economy of these villages. 
B) Decrease in the income of the tourism sector: Due to the decrease in tourism demand, we are witnessing a decrease in money coming to tourism destinations and a decrease in the direct and indirect income of activists of the tourism market in the villages of tourism destinations, so that in the village of Ortakand, the income of those working in the tourism sector has decreased by about 90%. Before Covid-19, the people of this village earned money by selling livestock, and agricultural and horticultural products, as well as through supermarkets and renting resorts to tourists. Also, before the outbreak of Covid-19 in Baba Ramzan village, 90% of dairy products, 80% of handicraft products of the villagers, as well as other products of the village such as gardens, agriculture, livestock, fisheries, medicinal plants and rice were bought by tourists, but after the outbreak of Covid 19, The income that the people of this village earned from the sale of these products has decreased by 85-90 percent. 
C) Increase in unemployment: The decrease in tourism demand has caused a decrease in job opportunities in tourism destinations and the unemployment of many tourism activists in rural areas. After covid-19, those villagers who have been active in the tourism sector, such as eco-tourism resorts, guest houses, renting beds and gazebos, selling agricultural, garden, livestock, dairy products etc., due to the lack of tourists, have faced unemployment. So 80% of people in Ortakand village, 30% in Baba Ramzan village and 20% in Abgarm village have become unemployed due to the spread of Covid-19.
D) Inefficiency of investments: After Covid-19, due to the decrease and absence of tourists, the investments that some people in these villages had made in the tourism sector, such as eco-tourism resorts, beds and gazebos, supermarkets, etc., which has often been by obtaining facilities, but has remained without returns, which, in addition to the problem of unemployment, has made it difficult for these people to repay these facilities.
According to these, the research question is raised as follows: To what extent has the spread of Covid 19 affected the economy of the tourism target villages of Kalat County?

The research method is descriptive-analytical and of the type of applied-developmental research. In this study, eight tourism destination villages in Kalat Naderi County were identified and studied with the help of field and documentary studies. The impact of Covid-19 on the economy of tourism destination villages was quantified based on the Likert scale and under the three components of employment, investment and income with the help of 19 indicators. The research tool was completed with the help of 22 experts from tourism destination villages. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated using 19 indicators, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was favorable with a value of 0.9.

With the spread of Covid-19, rural tourism destinations have faced many economic problems. Since these villages get a large part of their income from the tourism sector, they faced unemployment after the spread of Covid-19, and finally, the economy of these villages faced stagnation. According to the obtained results, it can be said that Covid-19 has had many negative effects on the economy of tourist villages. The results showed that the average impact of Covid-19 on the economy of tourist destination villages was 3.68 on the Likert scale. Also, the impact of Covid-19 on income, with an average of 3.8, is higher than on investment, with 3.54 and employment, with 3.53. Obviously, the income from the tourism sector has decreased greatly due to the sharp decrease in the number of tourists. Also, the average impact of Covid-19 on the economy of all the studied tourism target villages was higher than 3. Therefore, there is a significant difference between the average effects of Covid-19 on the economy of the studied villages after the outbreak of Covid-19 compared to before, and the average of the investigated variables has decreased significantly after Covid-19. So that in the villages of tourism destinations, there has been a decrease of 19,941 tourists per year compared to before the outbreak of Covid-19. This situation has caused an average decrease of 31 direct businesses and 44 indirect businesses active in tourism, 47 direct and 77 indirect employees and 1.5 eco-tourism resorts compared to before the outbreak of Covid-19 in each of the tourism destination villages.

Today, water is one of the greatest challenges of the present century and is the source of many changes in the world. Since the distribution of water resources and rainfall is generally disproportionate, storage and transfer on a micro scale, as well as between water basins in the form of water schemes for collection, transmission is necessary for the balanced development of human activities. Therefore, the optimal and correct use of water resources and preventing their loss is very important. The present study seeks to identify the most important effects of small-scale local projects of water control and transfer on the development of rural economy in the territory of Neishabour city and identify the problems facing them. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The number of samples is 165 shares per pool water or dam, which was determined by using formula N0 according to the number of water shareholders. According to the obtained results, the creation of small-scale and local plans to control and transfer water has increased the level of power of the rural economy, especially in the agricultural sector. Because the efficiency and area of agricultural and garden lands have increased significantly after the creation of small-scale and local plans for water control and transfer. There are also problems such as disputes over water sharing, destruction by strangers and lack of capital, poor cooperation between owners and funding, lack of security, surface water management and financial problems in this area

Nowadays, globalization has had a tremendous and undeniable impact on all aspects of life, with the rapid dissemination of ideas through new media technologies - satellite - adding to the diversity of cultural components and their diversity and impacts across geographical areas. Has left. The present study investigates the rural girls' acceptance of satellite serials and strategies to reduce their negative effects. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the type of research is applied. The statistical population of the villages has the highest satellite receiver in Miami suburb of Mashhad and the rural girl analysis unit and questionnaire research tool. In this study, 160 girls and 24 local informants, and a total of 184 participants, completed the questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. The results showed that the dominant pattern of using satellite TVs included entertainment programs and the most popular among rural girls were: music and dance, Persian dubbed serials, cooking and movies. It's cinematic. From the girls' point of view, the best satellite networks were PMC and GEM TV, respectively. The most important strategies for reducing the negative impact of satellite TV from rural girls' perspective include: Improving and diversifying domestic TV networks with a mean of 3.9, planning to fill leisure time for young rural girls by expanding cultural institutions in the Rural areas with a mean of 3.8, reinforce religious beliefs among young rural girls with a mean of 3.7.

Political organizing of the space of every country is done through national divisions with the main goal of decentralizing. Decentralizing is done for easier managing of the country and providing better services. This study was done to investigate and analyze the effects of political divisions on the economic and social stability of rural settlements in Firouzeh. The survey used a descriptive method and quasi-panel design. Using Likert scale, the stability of rural settlements regarding economic dimensions (having 11 variables and 45 indicators) and social dimension (having 13 variables and 30 indicators) before and after the country divisions were compared. The sample consisted of 249 rural households of the city. The validity of the questionnaire was determined by confirmatory factor analysis (Kaiser-Meyer ≥ 0.87, Sig ≤ 0.05) and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha was 0.87, meaning suitable. The results of the paired samples test showed that the average social stability had increased significantly as it was 2.42 before the divisions and 2.94 after the divisions. Though the average economic stability increased from 1.98 to 2.34, it is not significant. The reason is the impact of larger variables like economic sanctions imposed on the country. Generally the decentralization policies at the local level, however, have influenced significantly and positive the stability of the rural settlements of the city.

Integrated watershed management can be considered a prerequisite for sustainable management and improving the lifestyle and livelihood of local people. The present study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical and survey in terms of method. To do so, a questionnaire was used, which was completed by experts and executives (including faculty members and natural re-sources staff, active NGOs and local communities). Its members were selected by the snowball sampling method. The MICMAC model was used to identify challenging drivers. Based on the re-sults, indicators such as low average income and capital of users, Lack of low-interest lending facil-ities of banks, credit institutions and the Fund for Supporting the Development of Diversity of Liv-ing and the weak reliance of the government on the private sector in delegating powers to this sector for reasons such as bankruptcy or negligence of investors, etc. are the most important drivers in-volved in the field of integrated Davarzan watershed villages management. Wizard scenario soft-ware was used to explain the possible scenarios. The results of this section showed that out of a total of 24 existing situations, the tenth scenario was considered the most desirable scenario.

Today, the development of women entrepreneurship is one of the most vital issues on the development agenda in many developing countries. Therefore, the present study seeks to identify the best strategies for entrepreneurship development among rural women. The research method is descriptive-analytical in nature and applied in terms of purpose. In this study, two strategic planning tools were used. The study area is Nasrabad section of the border city of Torbat-e Jam and the Rural Women Entrepreneurs Analysis Unit is familiar with the internal and external environment in relation to the research topic. Based on exploratory studies, 22 strengths and opportunities as advantages and 21 weaknesses and threats as limitations and obstacles to the development of entrepreneurship of rural women were identified and asked in the form of a researcher-made questionnaire on the Likert scale. Results show; In the SWOT matrix, according to the internal and external factors evaluation matrix score of 2.51 and 2.19, the focal strategy of entrepreneurship development among rural women is diversity (minimum-maximum). With the help of quantitative strategic planning matrix, the first priority was identified by "encouraging women to form entrepreneurial NGOs" with a score of 0.852. Due to the capability and capacity of the region, the development of entrepreneurship in rural women needs to be reviewed and appropriate policies proposed to establish rural women entrepreneurial organizations. Because the entry of rural women into organizations provides the basis for their empowerment and accelerates the development of entrepreneurship among them.

In Iran, drought is the main cause of the water crisis. On the other hand, the study of the economic structure of rural areas of the country shows that agriculture is the main axis of livelihood and the only pillar of rural economy. Drought can reduce the vulnerability of rural farming households to external shocks. Accordingly, the present study identifies strategies for diversification of economic activities in rural areas exposed to drought. The research method is descriptive-analytical in terms of structure and practical in terms of nature. The statistical population of 133 villages had more than 20 households, which were selected as a sample based on the sample size determination formula of 15 villages and the research tool was completed with the help of 46 local experts. Data analysis was performed using two strategic management tools SWOT-QSPM. Based on exploratory studies, 19 strengths and opportunities were identified as advantages and 27 weaknesses and threats as constraints on the diversification of economic activities in rural areas exposed to drought. The results showed; According to the scores obtained from the matrix IFE = 2.99 and EFE = 3.24, in order to diversify the economic activities of rural areas exposed to drought, aggressive strategies (maximum / maximum) are optimal. According to the QSPM matrix, the strategy of "efforts to develop and expand the activities of the industrial sector (small conversion and complementary industries) based on agricultural and livestock raw materials in the village" is a priority. Given that the diversity of economic activities leads to the sustainability of livelihoods in rural areas, politicians and rural planners can accelerate the "diversification of activities", especially in the non-agricultural sector, by adopting appropriate strategies with each region.

One of the important factors that fail to achieve the goals of agricultural development and increase production and income of farmers in developing countries is the inadequacy of the marketing system of agricultural products. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the type of research is applied. The farmers' analysis unit has been producing medicinal plants and rural experts. In this study, two strategic planning and management tools, namely SWOT and QSPM, were used. Based on field and documentary studies, 14 strengths and opportunities were identified as advantages and 24 weaknesses and threats as limitations and bottlenecks in the marketing of medicinal plants. According to the final score in the internal factors evaluation matrix IFE = 2.12 and in the external factors evaluation matrix EFE = 1.725, "defensive" (minimum-minimum) strategies were found to be desirable. Also, with the help of Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM), 11 defensive strategies were prioritized. In the meantime, the strategy of "reforming the marketing system of medicinal plants in the country" by identifying target markets for effective presence in the international trade of medicinal plants, determining a traceable code on the export shipments of medicinal plants, establishing specialized companies for exporting medicinal plants And standards and the like, with a score of 3.758, were prioritized as the focal strategy. Obviously, in this regard, adopting appropriate policies and strategies based on realistic knowledge of the current situation, can lead to an increase in the share of medicinal plants in global markets while making optimal use of available resources (water and soil) and meeting domestic needs.

One of the most important strategies presented in the framework of rural sustainable development model is the observance of the principle of diversification in economic activities. Given the existence of multiple instabilities in different dimensions in rural areas, the present study investigates the impact of diversification of economic activities on the sustainability of rural settlements.

The research method, based on the nature of the work, was descriptive-analytical based on field and documentary methods. The statistical population is consistent with all rural settlements of Mashhad city. The dependent variable is "Sustainable Rural Development" in three economic, social and ecological dimensions, and the independent variable is "Rural Economy Diversity", which was examined separately for agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. The scale of all indicators and variables is relative research. The data were extracted using a questionnaire of local experts (Dehyar and village council members) in 21 villages over 100 people.

The results showed that only 27.8% of rural workers work in non-agricultural jobs. The results of regression also showed that the variety of agricultural activities had a significant statistical effect on explaining the sustainable development of rural settlements. That is, by increasing one standard deviation unit in the variability of agricultural activities, sustainable development increased by 0.43 standard deviation.

Entrepreneurship in agriculture means using creativity and innovation in activities related to agriculture and a key strategy in solving the challenges of the agricultural sector in rural areas. The present study examines the level of development of agricultural entrepreneurship among micro-entrepreneurs and the role of individual factors affecting it. The research method is descriptive-analytical and in terms of purpose is applied research. In this study, 55 villages that have micro-entrepreneurs in Mashhad were identified and all micro-entrepreneurs (90 entrepreneurs) were examined. Therefore, both at the village level and at the level of the analysis unit, counting was done. Entrepreneurship development among micro-agricultural entrepreneurs was quantified with the help of 4 dimensions of modernization, pioneering, risk-taking and modernity and 18 indicators with the help of a questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha of 0.83 indicates the optimal reliability of the research tool. The results showed that the average of the modernization dimension with 3.26, the pioneering dimension with 3.24, the risk-taking dimension with 3.48, and the modernization dimension with 3.19 are significantly higher than the average theoretical average. Also, the average structure of entrepreneurship development among agricultural entrepreneurs is 3.29 higher than the theoretical average; Therefore, the rate of entrepreneurship development among micro-entrepreneurs in rural areas of Mashhad has been evaluated at an average level. The results of Pearson correlation showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between the history of agricultural activity, satisfaction with entrepreneurial business and income with the structure of development of agricultural entrepreneurial activities. Also, no significant difference was observed between the average development of agricultural entrepreneurial activities based on indigenous / non-indigenous, gender, marriage, having / not having specialized education, participation / non-participation in training courses.

Drought is one of the natural hazards that has far-reaching consequences. Due to the dependence of the rural economy on the agricultural sector, the vulnerability of farmers to this risk is very high. Researchers say the most important way to reduce farmers' vulnerability is to diversify their sources of income. Therefore, the present study investigates the role of diversity of agricultural and non-agricultural income sources on the vulnerability of farmers in rural areas to drought. The research method is structurally descriptive-analytical and practical in nature. Independent variables are the diversity of agricultural and non-agricultural economic activities and the dependent variables are vulnerable to three economic, social and ecological dimensions. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.94 indicates the optimal reliability of the research instrument. In this study, 271 rural farmer families in 15 villages of Chenaran city participated in the research. The results of analysis of variance showed that "non-agricultural diversity" has reduced the vulnerability of rural farming households. So that the average vulnerability in households with diverse non-agricultural income sources is 3.72, semi-diverse 3.88 and non-diverse 18.4. Also, crop diversity has not had a statistically significant effect on the vulnerability of rural farming households in the face of drought. According to the results of the analysis of the "non-agricultural diversity" route, the rate of vulnerability of rural farming households has decreased by -0.23. Because farmers with a variety of non-farm income sources are less vulnerable to crises and sudden shocks such as drought, it is important for planners to adopt appropriate strategies to strengthen the diversity of non-farm economic activities in drought-prone areas.

"Vareh" NGO is a long-standing spontaneity and has continued to function as a manifestation of the participation of rural women in empowering them for a long time. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the status of these cements, strengths and weaknesses and their impact on women's empowerment in rural areas of the central part of Roshtkhar County. The necessary information for the research was obtained through a semi-structured interview with a selected sample of semen groups and fixed members (n = 20) and was compiled using the conventional coding process based on the basic theory. The results showed that the creation and continuity in arid and desert areas of villages with the predominant livelihood of small and traditional livestock and has social functions such as establishing justice, fairness and order and congratulations and cultural relations between peers and economic effects such as; It has led to time savings, profitability, a sense of authority and financial independence, and empowered rural women. At the same time, this NGO also faces challenges such as successive droughts and forage problems, the possibility of storing milk in the refrigerator and the development of machines for collecting and transporting milk to the factory, in reducing the importance and function of "Vareh". Has been effective. The permanence of this veteran NGO and the success of the real participation of women in it can be systematically applied and institutionalized in a pattern in the newly established and formal NGO.

Land use planning in rural areas is tantamount to spatial planning of land use and distribution of land uses and evaluates the type of land use commensurate with its capacities. Today, seeking to achieve goals such as balanced distribution of land use, land use planning based on two principles of land development values and improve quality of life, in order to achieve goals such as balanced distribution of land uses, mitigation of use of land uses, compliance, dependency, dependency and use capacity. The present research method is descriptive - analytic and for examining the qualitative evaluation of tourism applications from four fit matrices, compliance, capacity and matrix dependency matrix, and questionnaire presented by 48 local experts were completed. The results show that among the existing applications, the highest score obtained has been allocated to the use of the main network of main roads within the village with a value of 3.47 and the least to the use of historical water storage with a value of 2.32. Also, among the studied villages, it was determined that the village of Nuchah with a score of 3.45 in the best condition and the village of Hear-e-Sorkh with a mean value of 3.03 was the lowest. Also, among the four matrices, it was found that the capacity matrix with the value of 2.74, the utility with the value of 3.84, the dependency matrix with the value of 2.54 and the matrix of compatibility with the value of 3.85.