مقالات رزومه دکتر عباس قمری زارع

According to the IUCN, Fraxinus excelsior L. is a near-threatened species due to the spread of Ash dieback disease. Thus, it is important to preserve the genetic resourse of this species. Seeds and plant organs storage under cryopreservation conditions  is a very efficient method to maintain the germplasm of plant species for a long time. Ash seeds were collected from Sangdeh region of Mazandaran province, Iran. Three dehydration treatments were applied to store ash seeds in the cryopreservation. The treatments were 30% glycerol pretreatments, vitrification, and desiccation which were used before entering to liquid nitrogen. After 24 hours, the treated seeds were removed from liquid nitrogen and thawed. Then, they were evaluated for viability and seed germination traits in coimparison to the control. The highest seed viability (92%) and germination (36%) were related to desiccation treatment. The moisture content of F. excelsior seeds at maturity was 5%(w/w). For desiccation treatment, the seeds were placed in a desiccator containing silica gel under vacuum conditions. The moisture content of the seeds decreased by 1.66% compared to the ripening time. Reducing the amount of seed moisture prevents crystallization and rupture of plasma membranes in liquid nitrogen. Glycerol 30% and vitrification treatments were also successful, but probably damaged the seed embryo and reduced the seed survival rate. Due to higher efficiency and no need to use chemicals, the collected ash seeds successfully cryopreserved in the Cryo-Bank of the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Iran, to preserve for a long term and to prevent the extinction of this valuable and unique species.

The aim of this study was to use the potential of productive cultivars to produce new hybrids and to evaluate the morphological and anatomical traits of hybrid seedlings between P. nigra and P. deltoides. In the present project, the male and female bases of the superior clones of Populus nigra and Populus deltoides were used, which had a high performance in terms of wood production and proper trunk quality, and were introduced to the implementation department. In winter 2018, the flowering branches of the base material with flower-bearing buds about 60–100 cm in length were collected from the end branches of the tree and planted in 20 litre plastic pots consisting of mixture of soil, sand and well-rotted cattle manure. To prepare pollen grains, a sufficient number of flowering branches were separated from the male branches of each of P. nigra and P. deltoides species and placed in a container of water and the pollen was collected by opening the male flower catkins. Pollination was achieved by lightly dusting the receptive flowers with a camel-hair brush. Catkins were collected from the branches when capsules mature and all of sterilized hybrid and open pollination capsules were cultured on Half-MS medium without hormone in the form of splitting. Produced plantlets taller than 1 to 2 cm in size were transferred to jiffypots with a mixture of sterilized perlite and peat moss and sand and kept in greenhouse and the characteristics of the percentage of contamination, height of plantlets and the number of plantlets transferred to jiffypots were recorded. The hybrid seedlings were transferred to large pots after gradual adaptation, and then they were evaluated based on quantitative traits such as height, collar diameter, branch and quantitative characteristics and anatomy of leaves after two years. The results showed that the highest catkins height, number and weight of capsules were in open pollinated cross. A total of 28 progeny were obtained from Populus different crossings. The highest stem height in crosses of PD♀xPS♂ (P. deltoides Marquette x P. deltoides Samsun) and PD♀xPB♂ (P. deltoides Marquette x P. nigra betulifolia 17/13), the maximum branch angle, leaf area and specific leaf area in open pollinated cross of PD♀ (P. deltoides Marquette) was observed.

Tanacetum pinnatum Boiss. is a perennial plant native to Iran belonging to the Asteraceae family. Which has been used to treat migraine, rheumatism and anti-inflammatory diseases. In this study, phytochemical charchterisic of different populations of T. pinnatum in natural habitats was evaluated by multivariate methods. First, the aerial parts of plant in blooming were collected from Tehran, Alborz, Hamedan and Kermanshah provinces in mid-June to mid-August 2016. The essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation clevenger device and were analysed by using GC/MS. The results were showed that the effect of population on leaf and flower essential oil was significant (P<0.01) which seems to be due to geographical factors and type of climate. According to the results, 50 compounds were identified in the flower and leaf essential oils of the populations, of which 13 compounds had the highest frequency among the populations and the highest percentage in the leaf and flower essential oils. Based on the principal component analysis and cluster analysis, populations 1, 2, 9, 3 and 5 had the highest composition of flower essential oil, while populations 4, 8 and 10 had the weakest values for most essential oil compounds. Populations 6, 7, 11 and 12 also had moderate amounts of compounds in flower essential oil. However, for leaf essential oil, populations 1, 2, 6, 3, 5 and 10 had the highest essential oil composition, while population 4 had the weakest values for most essential oil compounds and only had a high amount of cubenol. Populations 9, 12, 7, 8 and 11 also had moderate amounts of compounds in leaf essential oil. Population grouping based on their phytochemical assessment did not match their geographical distribution. However, areas with higher E, Z-geranyl acetate،ß-eudesmol and cubenol levels in flowers and leaves had average annual rainfall and higher altitude, average sunshine, and lower annual temperatures (populations 4 and 1). While in areas where populations had higher levels of α-cadinene in flowers, they had the highest average relative humidity, the lowest rainfall and annual temperature. Population 1 had the highest amount of flower ß-eudesmol and was one of the populations that showed a positive correlation between the amount of flower and leaf essential oil and essential oil components. As a result, the best population in the natural habitat was population 1.

The aim of this study was to use the potential of productive cultivars to produce new hybrids and to evaluate the morphological and anatomical traits of hybrid seedlings between P. nigra and P. deltoides.In the present project, the male and female bases of the superior clones of Populus nigra and Populus deltoides were used, which had a high performance in terms of wood production and proper trunk quality, and were introduced to the implementation department. In winter 2018, the flowering branches of the base material with flower-bearing buds about 60–100 cm in length were collected from the end branches of the tree and planted in 20 litre plastic pots consisting of mixture of soil, sand and well-rotted cattle manure. To prepare pollen grains, a sufficient number of flowering branches were separated from the male branches of each of P. nigra and P. deltoides species and placed in a container of water and the pollen was collected by opening the male flower catkins.Pollination was achieved by lightly dusting the receptive flowers with a camel-hair brush. Catkins were collected from the branches when capsules mature and all of sterilized hybrid and open pollination capsules were cultured on Half-MS medium without hormone in the form of splitting. Produced plantlets taller than 1 to 2 cm in size were transferred to jiffypots with a mixture of sterilized perlite and peat moss and sand and kept in greenhouse and the characteristics of the percentage of contamination, height of plantlets and the number of plantlets transferred to jiffypots were recorded. The hybrid seedlings were transferred to large pots after gradual adaptation, and then they were evaluated based on quantitative traits such as height, collar diameter, branch and quantitative characteristics and anatomy of leaves after two years. The results showed that the highest catkins height, number and weight of capsules were in open pollinated cross. A total of 28 progeny were obtained from Populus different crossings. The highest stem height in crosses of PD♀xPS♂ (P. deltoides Marquette x P. deltoides Samsun) and PD♀xPB♂ (P. deltoides Marquette x P. nigra betulifolia 17/13), the maximum branch angle, leaf area and specific leaf area in open pollinated cross of PD♀ (P. deltoides Marquette) was observed.

supplying the certified and suitable seeds and seedlings of forest trees and shrubs species that have suitable compatibility and genetic diversity for different vegetation areas of the country has been accepted as a prerequisite for executive programs in forest rehabilitation and development. Since the strategic plan for forest development of Iran, envisages about 2,000,000 hectares of seedling planting or seeding in a 10-year duration, it is necessary to pay more attention to the development of seed orchards as a tested strategy. Based on the existing research-executive experiences, models should be presented that, by creating a balance between genetic diversity and genetic gain, have the necessary efficiency in mass production and quality seeds and seedlings in the short, medium, and long term. With this approach, seed supply sources in Iran will include both seed production areas and seed orchards. Therefore, in order to form a seed orchard in different vegetation areas, first, the seed production areas are identified and evaluated. By genetic and phenotypic evaluation of the seed production areas (by molecular methods and progeny tests), suitable rootstocks for temporary seed supply before the formation or sowing of seed orchards or in some cases due to the impossibility of forming the seed orchard, to be permanently identified, selected and managed. In the next step, by combining the data related to molecular studies and the results of progeny tests, an appropriate number of maternal rootstocks, and the seed orchard formed with the seedlings of these maternal plants.

In a study of growth and morphological differences among Populus caspica Bornm., trees within Hyrcanian biogeographical region, 15 stands were selected from which one-year cuttings were cut from three plus-trees in each stand. The cuttings were planted in March 2017 at Chamestan Research Station, and the rooted cuttings were cut from the collar base after one year. Cuttings were separated from the one-year sprouts in the next winter and planted based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. We sampled five leaves of each stand-tree seedling on late June and 17 leaf morphological and growth traits as well as collar diameter and height of the rooted cuttings. Data were analysed by hierarchical cluster analysis, two-way ANOVA and Duncan comparison of means test. Four groups were separated according to cluster analysis, among which rooted cuttings from Golestan province showed the highest morphological diversity. The maximum and minimum collar diameters and height growth were observed in seedlings originated from Rostam-Abad (Guilan province) and Golestan National Park (Golestan province) respectively, yet they were similar in some of their morphological traits like their minimum leaf width at 10% of the total length, maximum leaf width, lobe depth and number of veins, which id presumably due to the location of their mother stands at the border of Hyrcanian and Irano-Turanian regions. Thus, they can be considered as morphological traits of P. caspica in the ecotone regions. However, the two regions had a high value for conservation, especially in Rostam-Abad due to high growth rate as well as prominent morphological differences in comparison with the other genotypes. Therefore, they are suggested for being integrated in tree improvement programs in the future.

Sweet cherry (Cerasus avium (L.) Moench.) is an endangered species in Iran, which necessitates the preservation of its genome. Cryopreservation condition storage is an efficient way for long-term maintenance of the germplasm. To store sweet cherry seeds in cryopreservation conditions in this study, the first treatment was to dehydrate seeds to prevent free water crystallization and rupture of the plasma membrane at cryo temperatures. Therefore, 30% glycerol pretreatments, vitrification solution, and reduction of seed moisture were used before entering liquid nitrogen. The treated seeds were exposed to heat shock after taking out from liquid nitrogen, followed by examination of their seed survival and germination. The nitrogen control treatment showed the highest survival and germination percentage. Some cryopreservation treatments reduced germination percentage, since they reduced seed moisture. Furthermore, the highest germination percentage (40%) was found in seeds that were not treated with any moisture reduction. Therefore, cryopreservation preservatives impair seed germination. As a result, the amount of moisture in the seed is the minimum amount of moisture needed for survival and germination, and reducing the moisture will damage the seed embryo. Thus, by using cryopreservation technology and applying pretreatment without reducing moisture, the seeds were collected from four different regions and stored in the cryopreservation bank of the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands in Iran, in order to preserve this species for long term.

Transfer of tissue culture seedlings to the greenhouse is the most important step in the micropropagation process and requires an adaptation stage. This phase of acclimatization is the beginning of autotrophic life and is associated with the establishment of physiological processes necessary for survival. During the acclimatization phase, seedlings should increase water and salt uptake as photosynthesis accelerates. Among the strategies to improve the survival and growth of tissue culture plants in the greenhouse, inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi has been introduced as an efficient method. In this study, the symbiotic effects of ectomycorrhizas on improving the compatibility of Quercus castaneifolia seedlings in greenhouse were investigated. Basidiocarps of Tricholoma acerbum were collected from Mazandaran province and pure colony of the ectomycorrhizal fungus was isolated. Seedling regeneration was performed by culturing single-node fragments with special hormonal treatments then inoculated by pure cultivation of the fungus in the laboratory and in the greenhouse. Fourteen weeks after seedling transfer to greenhouse, their physiological characteristics were evaluated. According to the results of ectomycorrhiza inoculation, it was not only useful for the establishment and survival of plants in the adaptation phase, but also improved the water and physiological condition of plants. Therefore, the establishment of this ectomycorrhizal relationship can be considered as a solution to increase the tolerance of Quercus castaneifolia seedlings against the shock of transfer to the greenhouse and the success of seedling production in oak reforestation programs.

Plant diversity is disappearing at an unprecedented speed. As a result, ecosystems face many risks. About one-third of the world's plant species are endangered for reasons such as over-exploitation, environmental pollution, urbanization, land-use change, global climate change, and cultivation of invasive species. Supplying good seeds and seedlings is the first need to revitalize natural areas. Botanical gardens play an important role in the development and conservation of plant species. The germination percentage of seeds collected from the National Botanical Garden of Iran (100%) was 46% to 65% higher than the seeds of three natural areas in Mazandaran province. Planted Populus caspica trees in the botanical garden for growth and regeneration were superior to those found in natural areas. However, regarding the limited diversity of Populus caspica in the National Botanical Garden of Iran, the individuals of Populus caspica from natural habitats or seed orchards should be used for reforestation to preserve genetic diversity in the reforestation areas.

 Cryopreservation is regarded as a technology with high importance to conserve the plant germplasm for a long period. The use of this technology to preserve the plant materials is useful when it does not change the chemical composition of the essential oil. Satureja sahendica is one of the endangered medicinal species in Iran; thus, conservation of its genetic materials is considerably important. In order to investigate the phytochemical stability and to compare the type and content of the compositions identified, the plant samples were studied under cryopreservation condition and then, the treated seeds were transferred to the liquid nitrogen at –196°C for one week. In the present study, the flowering shoots resulted from various treated seeds were collected and dried in the laboratory; then, their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation method. Afterwards, the essential oil compositions were identified using analytical gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer (GC/MS) as well as retention index calculation. Finally, 15 compositions were identified in the essential oil of the study plant under cryopreservation condition. The main components in the essential oil included, p-cymene (43.3%), terpinene (21.5%), thymol (18.3%) and carvacrol (5.1%). Results indicated that regarding the number, type and percentage of compounds existing in the essential oils, there was no difference between the control and cryopreservation treatments; therefore, the seeds of this valuable endangered species can be preserved for a long period and its extinction may be avoided by using the cryopreservation technique

Iranian mountain ash (Sorbus persica Hedl.) is one of the endangered species with great values in terms of soil conservation, climate stratification, medicinal properties, high resistance to frost, and importance of habitat for wildlife. Present research was conducted with the aim of achieving to an appropriate method of micropropagation of the species. Nodal segments were taken from stem axis of in vitro elongated plants. The segments were cultured on WPM medium, supplemented with 27 hormonal composition of BAP, IBA and TDZ. Then the resulting shoots were transferred to a media supplemented with various concentrations of IBA or NAA for rooting induction, and finally they were moved to a greenhouse. Percentages of regeneration of the explants were 98 -100%. The highest number of shoots was obtained by TDZ (0.23 μM) + IBA (0.1 μM) and BA (4.4 μM), the highest shoot length (5.2 cm) was obtained by TDZ (0.0 μM) + IBA (0.0 μM) and BA (4.4 μM) and the highest number of nodes (8) was achieved by TDZ (0.23 μM) + IBA (0.0 and 0.1 μM) and BA (2.2 and 4.4 μM). There was a significant difference between IBA concentrations in different treatments for rooting percentage. Maximum rooting percentage was 14.7% in IBA concentration of 5 μm. The rooted segments were successfully acclimated to greenhouse conditions. Results of the experiment showed that in the absence of BAP hormone, umber of shoots produced by the segments significantly were decreased for all of the tested treatments. Fifteen percent of the transferred explants to the rooting media produced one to three roots per explant.

This research was aimed to compare the type and content of phytochemical compounds of Satureja rechingeri as a valuable, indigenous and endangered species of Iran under cryopreservation. The seeds were kept in liquid nitrogen at -196 °C for 1 week. The flowering shoots resulted from the treated seeds were collected and dried in the laboratory condition and their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation method. The essential oil compositions were determined using analytical gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Finally, 15 and 16 componentswere identified in the essential oils in the cryopreservation and control groups, respectively. The main components in the essential oil were carvacrol, p-cymeneand and thymol. Regarding the type and percentage of compounds existing in the essential oil, there was no significant difference among the control and cryopreservation treatments. Therefore by cryopreservation technique, the seeds of this valuable endangered species could be preserved for a long period and its extinction may be avoided.

Hybridization is one of the most important methods in tree improvement. This method can helps plant breeders to increase yield of tree species. Adaptability investigation of interspecific hybrids for planting in different regions is necessary because of different climate conditions in the regions. Populus species were planted in Iran for wood production from many years ago. In this research clones of P.alba× P.euphratica and P.euphratica × P.alba were selected and saplings were supplied from them. Saplings from P.alba× P.euphratica and P.euphratica×P.alba with P.alba and P.nigra as a native species were planted in Boldaji station in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province based on a Randomized Complete Block Design. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics such as total height, trunk height, diameter (DBH), disease and cold tolerance were recorded. Results showed that plant height, trunk height and DBH growth of P.alba×P. euphratica were significantly more than other treatments (p

Much attention being paid on silviculture of different Populus species and their inter-specific hybrids have increased hopes for wood yield increments in Iran. For the mentioned reason much efforts have been done on hybridization between various Populus species in order to broaden their genetic basis, as well as utilizing their entire potentials and extending their ecologic zones. However, experiences of researchers have shown that produced hybrids have increased new genetic variability, as well as differences with their parental species, by which new high yielding cultivars were introduced. This research was performed in order to quantify possible differences between new inter-specific hybrids between Populus alba as female parent and P. euphratica as male parent based on their rooting capability to be introduced as a criteria for selecting new high yielding poplar genotypes.
Producing a number of inter-specific hybrids between two poplar species, Populus euphratica and P. alba, vegetative propagation of three of the best hybrids through apical meristem culture was performed. First active vegetative buds were harvested and surface sterilized by dipping in 20% sodium hypochlorite for five minutes. Then one to two mm of the apical tips were inoculated on half-MS medium containing IBA and BA of 0.01 and 0.5 mg/l respectively. The explants were maintained in growth chamber at 24 ±1°C and 16/8 hr photoperiod for 60 days. DKW with 0.5 mg/l of BAP, 0.5 mg/l of 2iP and 0.5 mg/l IBA were used as proliferation medium. Propagated shoots were inoculated on two rooting media, DKW and ACM. Data were recorded on characteristics such as freshness, number and length of shoots and roots on rooted plantlets and analyzed based on a factorial experimental model.
The studied hybrids were significantly different based on freshness, stem length and rooting ability, in such a way that one of the hybrids even highly rooted at proliferation stage. The hybrid was strongly different with the others studied hybrids at rooting stage by producing much more roots than others as well as producing longer shoots.
The studied hybrids differentiated significantly by meristem culture based on vegetative characteristics such as rooting ability and shoot length. Superior hybrids with specific rooting ability may be selected based on the observed differences between the studied genotypes..

The cryopreservation of plant genetic resources could preserve their viability for many years, even centuries. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands has had successful achievements on practical protocols for preservation of a wide range of forest, rangeland, desert and medicinal species during the past two decades and established the cryobank of natural resources species. The natural resources cryobank of Iran is a national long-term strategic plan, promising a very long-term, cost-effective and safe protection of plant genetic reserves of the country. This strategic action and prioritizing endangered, threatened, rare, and endemic species would hopefully prevent the specie's extinction of the country's natural resources in future. Also, if necessary, the extinct species could be brought back into nature.

Populus species have distinct capabilities for which they are clearly differentiated. But the different capabilities made the species to be adapted to divergent climatic conditions. Inter-specific hybrids between the species have inter-mediate capabilities for which they may extend ecologic distribution of the genus. Asexual propagation of three inter-specific hybrid genotypes between two poplar species, Populus alba and P. euphratica were propagated through micropropagation technique, in order to optimize aseptic asexual propagation of the hybrids as well as investigating possible differences between the genotypes in responding to the propagation method. The hybrids showed different responses to three culture media so that one of the hybrids, in contrast to other hybrids, even produced plenty of roots in proliferation phase. The mentioned hybrid was highly superior to others, based on the recorded characteristics such as stem number, stem length, bud number and root score. The hybrids were significantly different based on their responses to rooting culture media. The superior hybrid of proliferation phase, showed superiority in rooting phase as well. In case of selection of the superior hybrid as a commercial cultivar, it should be propagated by cutting, for which easiness of rooting may be its specific and noticeable character. Interaction effects between the two factors, hybrids and culture media, also revealed the superiority of the mentioned hybrid.

One of the serious problems across the world is heavy metal pollution in water bodies that caused by Lead (Pb). This study was designed to find out the effect of Pb toxicity on physiological and biochemical changes in three Eucalyptus species (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., E. microtheca F. Muell and E. occidentalis Endl.).Seeds were grown in marble chips and irrigated with nutrient solution. The seedling (42 days old) were exposed to Pb(NO3)2 treatments (Pb:50, 100, 200 mM) for ten months. After this period, leaf, stem and root tissues were harvested. Lead content were determined by ICP-OES and some physiological and morphological characters were determined. The order of Pb accumulation in three species were E. occidentalis> E. camaldulensis> E. microtheca. The concentrations of lead in root tissue were higher than leaf and stem tissue and stem concentration was lower than the concentration of leaf (root Cu>leaf Cu>stem Cu). Tissue concentration increased as Pb increased in three species. The content of prolin, soluble sugar raised by increasing metal concentrations, but the content of pigments, relative water content and specific leaf area decreased. These results suggest that eucalypts have efficient mechanism to tolerate Pb toxicity, as evidenced by accumulating of osmoprotectants. Comparison of three Eucalyptus species revealed that E. occidentalis had the highest concentrations of Pb in the leaves and stems. Accumulation of Pb in the E. occidentalis leaves was 2.38 and 1.82 times more than E. microtheca and E.camaldulensis respectively. Although the least amount of stress tolerance index (0.76) was observed in E. occidentalis. In general, the results showed that Eucalypts could be considered as a tolerant species for hyperaccumulation of lead and phytoremediation of contaminated soil by lead.